RESUMEN
In the mid-nineteenth century, magnetic theories penetrated other recognized medical practices in Argentina in order to rationalize their procedures, in a culture that accepted and validated magnetism as a positive science. At the start of the twentieth century, mesmerists created a society, published books and journals, and carried out a large welfare programme; there were public lectures, and magnetic treatment for spiritualists and the general public, emphasizing the therapeutic properties of mesmerism. Magnetologists/mesmerists measured vital radiation and built devices using sensitive objects as 'physical' evidence of it. There was an interest in acquiring and using artefacts to measure human radiation useful in medicine. Magnetic practices survived until the end of the 1920s, when they lost importance.
Asunto(s)
Hipnosis , Argentina , Humanos , Historia del Siglo XX , Historia del Siglo XIX , Hipnosis/historia , Espiritualismo/historia , Magnetismo/historiaRESUMEN
The goal of this article is to document early attitudes to X-rays in scientific culture in the city of Buenos Aires. Using various types of periodical sources, the text explores the different reactions to the novelty among different actors in the literary world. Newspapers and weekly magazines for the general public quickly broadcast the discovery, stressing its marvelous or prodigious nature. Meanwhile, physicians in the city took contrasting positions, ranging from mistrust to enthusiasm. Lastly, spiritualists in the city wrote numerous texts about the innovation, and reinterpreted it in accordance with their strategies for self-legitimation.
El objetivo de este artículo es documentar la recepción temprana de los rayos X en la cultura científica de la ciudad de Buenos Aires. Haciendo uso de fuentes periódicas de diversa índole, el texto explora las diferentes reacciones despertadas por la novedad en distintos actores del mundo letrado. Los periódicos y semanarios generales difundieron rápidamente el hallazgo y se encargaron de subrayar su naturaleza maravillosa o prodigiosa. Por su parte, los médicos de la ciudad asumieron posiciones contrastantes que iban desde el recelo hasta el entusiasmo. Por último, los espiritistas de la ciudad escribieron numerosos textos sobre la innovación, y la reinterpretaron en función de sus estrategias de auto-legitimación.
Asunto(s)
Actitud del Personal de Salud , Periodismo Médico/historia , Opinión Pública/historia , Radiografía/historia , Rayos X , Argentina , Historia del Siglo XIX , Humanos , Médicos/historia , Espiritualismo/historiaRESUMEN
Resumen El objetivo de este artículo es documentar la recepción temprana de los rayos X en la cultura científica de la ciudad de Buenos Aires. Haciendo uso de fuentes periódicas de diversa índole, el texto explora las diferentes reacciones despertadas por la novedad en distintos actores del mundo letrado. Los periódicos y semanarios generales difundieron rápidamente el hallazgo y se encargaron de subrayar su naturaleza maravillosa o prodigiosa. Por su parte, los médicos de la ciudad asumieron posiciones contrastantes que iban desde el recelo hasta el entusiasmo. Por último, los espiritistas de la ciudad escribieron numerosos textos sobre la innovación, y la reinterpretaron en función de sus estrategias de auto-legitimación.
Abstract The goal of this article is to document early attitudes to X-rays in scientific culture in the city of Buenos Aires. Using various types of periodical sources, the text explores the different reactions to the novelty among different actors in the literary world. Newspapers and weekly magazines for the general public quickly broadcast the discovery, stressing its marvelous or prodigious nature. Meanwhile, physicians in the city took contrasting positions, ranging from mistrust to enthusiasm. Lastly, spiritualists in the city wrote numerous texts about the innovation, and reinterpreted it in accordance with their strategies for self-legitimation.
Asunto(s)
Humanos , Historia del Siglo XIX , Opinión Pública/historia , Rayos X , Radiografía/historia , Actitud del Personal de Salud , Periodismo Médico/historia , Argentina , Médicos/historia , Espiritualismo/historiaRESUMEN
The purpose of this article is to present an historical account of an intersection that occurred in Brazil between popular healing treatments and conventional psychiatric practices during the first half of the 20th century. To illustrate our argument, we analyzed data retrieved from the medical records of patients admitted to the Spiritist Sanatorium of Uberaba, Brazil, between 1934 and 1948. Although the Uberaba Spiritist movement founded the institution, it was directed by a physician educated in the biomedical tradition at the Rio de Janeiro School of Medicine. Based on the theory of the circulation and appropriation of knowledge, we elucidated the adaptations and negotiations that were necessary for the reception and dissemination of the practice of the two different therapeutic methodologies on Brazilian psychiatric soil. (PsycINFO Database Record
Asunto(s)
Psiquiatría/historia , Espiritualismo/historia , Brasil , Historia del Siglo XXRESUMEN
This article traces the history of Cuba's first and only Spiritist mental clinic, founded in the 1940s in the central province of Camagüey and shut down by the revolutionary government in the 1960s. It analyzes the history of the clinic with respect to the virtual absence of institutional psychiatric care outside of Havana in these decades, but also in the context of a more enduring problematic: the persistent preference shown by Cubans for religiously grounded forms of mental healing. Namely, "In the Shadow of the Double" explores the broader geography of mental care within which Spiritists defined the uniqueness of their healing practice, vis-à-vis both institutional psychiatry, to which they theorized a relationship of strategic complementarity, and other forms of religiously grounded healing, which they disparaged as "backwards" and even dangerous. It is precisely this liminal status within the psychotherapeutic marketplace, I argue, that made their healing practice uniquely appealing to some, but also vulnerable to revolutionary atheism and public health extension after 1959. (PsycINFO Database Record
Asunto(s)
Psiquiatría/historia , Espiritualismo/historia , Cuba , Historia del Siglo XXRESUMEN
Resumo No início do século XIX, investigações sobre a natureza de fenômenos psíquicos/espirituais como transes e supostas aquisições de informações indisponíveis aos canais sensoriais normais geraram grande debate no meio científico. Este artigo discute as principais explicações oferecidas pelos pesquisadores dos fenômenos psíquicos entre 1811 e 1860, concentrando-se nos dois movimentos principais no período: sonambulismo magnético e espiritualismo moderno. As investigações desses fenômenos geraram diversas teorias, sem que se chegasse a consenso, mas trouxeram implicações para a compreensão da mente e de seus transtornos, notadamente na área do inconsciente e da dissociação, constituindo-se como parte importante da história da psicologia e da psiquiatria.
Abstract In the early nineteenth century, investigations into the nature of psychic/spiritual phenomena, like trances and the supposed acquisition of information unattainable using normal sensory channels, prompted much debate in the scientific arena. This article discusses the main explanations offered by the researchers of psychic phenomena reported between 1811 and 1860, concentrating on the two main movements in the period: magnetic somnambulism and modern spiritualism. While the investigations of these phenomena gave rise to multiple theories, they did not yield any consensus. However, they did have implications for the understanding of the mind and its disorders, especially in the areas of the unconscious and dissociation, constituting an important part of the history of psychology and psychiatry.
Asunto(s)
Humanos , Historia del Siglo XIX , Hipnosis/historia , Espiritualismo/historiaRESUMEN
In the early nineteenth century, investigations into the nature of psychic/spiritual phenomena, like trances and the supposed acquisition of information unattainable using normal sensory channels, prompted much debate in the scientific arena. This article discusses the main explanations offered by the researchers of psychic phenomena reported between 1811 and 1860, concentrating on the two main movements in the period: magnetic somnambulism and modern spiritualism. While the investigations of these phenomena gave rise to multiple theories, they did not yield any consensus. However, they did have implications for the understanding of the mind and its disorders, especially in the areas of the unconscious and dissociation, constituting an important part of the history of psychology and psychiatry.
Asunto(s)
Hipnosis/historia , Espiritualismo/historia , Historia del Siglo XIX , HumanosRESUMEN
Significance has been attached to the pineal gland in numerous different cultures and beliefs. One religion that has advanced the role of the pineal gland is Spiritism. The objective of the present study was to compile information on the pineal gland drawing on the books of Francisco Cândido Xavier written through psychography and to carry out a critical analysis of their scientific bases by comparing against evidence in the current scientific literature. A systematic search using the terms "pineal gland" and "epiphysis" was conducted of 12 works allegedly dictated by the spirit "André Luiz". All information on the pineal having potential correlation with the field of medicine and current studies was included. Specialists in the area were recruited to compile the information and draw parallels with the scientific literature. The themes related to the pineal gland were: mental health, reproductive function, endocrinology, relationship with physical activity, spiritual connection, criticism of the theory that the organ exerts no function, and description of a hormone secreted by the gland (reference alluding to melatonin, isolated 13 years later). The historical background for each theme was outlined, together with the theories present in the Spiritist books and in the relevant scientific literature. The present article provides an analysis of the knowledge the scientific community can acquire from the history of humanity and from science itself. The process of formulating hypotheses and scientific theories can benefit by drawing on the cultural aspects of civilization, taking into account so-called non-traditional reports and theories.
Asunto(s)
Características Culturales/historia , Humanidades/historia , Neuroendocrinología/historia , Glándula Pineal , Ciencia/historia , Espiritualismo/historia , Historia del Siglo XX , Historia del Siglo XXI , HumanosRESUMEN
O espiritismo é uma doutrina religiosa que surgiu na França durante o século XIX por meio da obra de Allan Kardec. No Brasil, assumiu certa originalidade: o espiritismo racional e científico cristão, liderado por Luiz de Mattos, foi uma de suas vertentes doutrinárias nacionais. Luiz de Mattos criou o Centro Espírita Redemptor onde, durante alguns anos, acompanhou o tratamento dos doentes mentais. O artigo analisa as características do tratamento espírita racional e científico cristão à doença mental e as estratégias que Luiz de Mattos adotou para defender sua forma de tratamento. Apresenta ainda algumas semelhanças e diferenças entre o tratamento espírita e o médico.
Spiritism is a religious doctrine originated in France during the nineteenth century through the works of Allan Kardec. In Brazil, it assumed an original configuration: rational and scientific Christian spiritism, pioneered by Luiz de Mattos, was one of the national doctrinal variants. Luiz de Mattos created the Centro Espírita Redemptor where, for some years, he monitored the treatment of the mentally ill. The article analyzes the characteristics of rational and scientific Christian spiritism treatment applied to mental illness and the strategies that Luiz de Mattos adopted to defend his form of treatment. Some similarities and differences between spiritist and medical treatment are also outlined.
Asunto(s)
Humanos , Historia del Siglo XX , Psiquiatría/historia , Religión , Espiritualismo/historia , Salud Mental/historia , Brasil , Salud Pública/historia , Historia del Siglo XXRESUMEN
Este trabalho tem como objetivo apresentar, a partir da análise dos prontuários de internamento de uma instituição destinada ao tratamento de alienados administrada por seguidores do espiritismo, as concepções particulares sobre saúde, doença e loucura produzidas por essa doutrina e o modo pelo qual elas eram transpostas para o interior de uma instituição de caráter asilar, o Sanatório Espírita de Uberaba, no Brasil da primeira metade do século XX.
Based on the analysis of the medical records of an institution destined for the treatment of the insane and managed by followers of spiritism, this paper has the purpose of presenting the specific notions about health, disease and madness produced by this doctrine and the way in which they were transferred to an institution with the character of an asylum, the Sanatório Espírita de Uberaba, in Brazil, during the first half of the 20th Century.
Cet article vise à présenter, à partir de l'analyse des dossiers d'un établissement pour le traitement hospitalier d'aliénés par des adeptes du spiritisme, les conceptions particulières sur la santé, la maladie et la folie produite par cette doctrine et la façon dont elles ont été appliquées dans un asile d'aliénés, le Sanatorium Spirite à Uberaba, Brésil, pendant la première moitié du XXe siècle.
Este trabajo tiene como objetivo presentar, a partir del análisis de los registros de internación para tratamiento de alienados en una institución psiquiátrica dirigida por seguidores del espiritismo. Se analizan las concepciones particulares producidas por esta doctrina en lo que se refiere a salud, enfermedad y locura así como la forma en que se implementaron estas concepciones en las prácticas de asistencia que se llevaron a cabo en el interior de esa institución, el Sanatório Espírita de Uberaba, en un Brasil de la primera mitad del siglo XX.
Asunto(s)
Humanos , Espiritualismo/historia , Trastornos Mentales , Enfermos Mentales , Psiquiatría/historiaRESUMEN
Este trabalho tem como objetivo apresentar, a partir da análise dos prontuários de internamento de uma instituição destinada ao tratamento de alienados administrada por seguidores do espiritismo, as concepções particulares sobre saúde, doença e loucura produzidas por essa doutrina e o modo pelo qual elas eram transpostas para o interior de uma instituição de caráter asilar, o Sanatório Espírita de Uberaba, no Brasil da primeira metade do século XX.(AU)
Based on the analysis of the medical records of an institution destined for the treatment of the insane and managed by followers of spiritism, this paper has the purpose of presenting the specific notions about health, disease and madness produced by this doctrine and the way in which they were transferred to an institution with the character of an asylum, the Sanatório Espírita de Uberaba, in Brazil, during the first half of the 20th Century.(AU)
Cet article vise à présenter, à partir de l'analyse des dossiers d'un établissement pour le traitement hospitalier d'aliénés par des adeptes du spiritisme, les conceptions particulières sur la santé, la maladie et la folie produite par cette doctrine et la façon dont elles ont été appliquées dans un asile d'aliénés, le Sanatorium Spirite à Uberaba, Brésil, pendant la première moitié du XXe siècle.(AU)
Este trabajo tiene como objetivo presentar, a partir del análisis de los registros de internación para tratamiento de alienados en una institución psiquiátrica dirigida por seguidores del espiritismo. Se analizan las concepciones particulares producidas por esta doctrina en lo que se refiere a salud, enfermedad y locura así como la forma en que se implementaron estas concepciones en las prácticas de asistencia que se llevaron a cabo en el interior de esa institución, el Sanatório Espírita de Uberaba, en un Brasil de la primera mitad del siglo XX.(AU)
Asunto(s)
Humanos , Espiritualismo/historia , Enfermos Mentales , Trastornos Mentales , Psiquiatría/historiaRESUMEN
Pela análise de prontuários médicos de instituição para tratamento de alienados, dirigida por uma associação de seguidores do espiritismo de orientação kardecista, identificam-se as diferentes percepções e estratégias de tratamento e administração social da loucura desenvolvidas por setores da população brasileira na primeira metade do século XX, numa região interiorana do país. Enfatiza-se o aspecto multidimensional da experiência da loucura, tomando-a como acontecimento sociocultural capaz de produzir diferentes análises e interpretações por grupos heterogêneos de atores sociais, que irão interpretá-la a partir de seus sistemas próprios de significação e entendimento.
Asunto(s)
Historia del Siglo XX , Espiritualismo/historia , Historia de la Medicina , Hospitales Psiquiátricos/historia , Registros Médicos , Psiquiatría/historia , Salud Mental/historia , BrasilRESUMEN
O Espiritismo é uma das práticas religiosas com maior número de adeptos einteressados no Brasil. Apesar de sua incontestável importância, poucos são os estudoshistóricos que se dedicam ao tema. Esta pesquisa visa analisar a atuação de uma dascorrentes espíritas mais influentes no início do século XX: O Espiritismo Racional eCientífico Cristão, criado e dirigido por um rico cafeicultor português chamado Luiz deMattos. Sob a égide desta doutrina foi construído o Centro Espírita Redemptor, no Rio deJaneiro, que adotava um método particular de tratamento da loucura. A presente pesquisavisa analisar as divergências desta doutrina com a doutrina Kardecista e a concepção deloucura e terapêutica para o tratamento da mesma adotadas publicamente pelo representantedo Redemptor entre os anos de 1912 e 1924.
Spiritism is a religious practice with a greater number of supporters and interested in Brazil. Despite its undeniable importance, there are few historical studies that focus on this issue. This research aims to analyze the performance of one of the most influential currents spiritualists in the early twentieth century: The Rational Spiritualism and Christian Science, created and headed by a wealthy planter named Portuguese Luiz deMattos. Under the aegis of this doctrine was built Redemptor Spiritual Center in Rio de Janeiro, which adopted a particular method of treatment of madness. This research aimsto analyze the differences of this doctrine with the doctrine and the concept of madness Kardecist and therapeutics for the treatment of the adopted publicly by the representative of the Redemptor between the years 1912 and 1924.
Asunto(s)
Historia del Siglo XX , Espiritualismo/historia , Historia de la Medicina , Psiquiatría/historia , Religión , Salud Mental/historia , BrasilRESUMEN
The article analyzes the religiosity of Hansen's disease patients who lived during two distinct treatment periods of the sick: that of internment in asylums and the current practice. Ten semi-structured interviews focused on health, religion and Hansen's disease, broaching the ways the two groups faced religion. In the former inmate group, the presence of institutionalized religion was noted, which served the purposes of vigilance and isolationist therapeutics. Present day Hansen's disease patients still feel the stigmatic weight of'leprosy" in certain situations. Five questionnaires were also given to DHDS health professionals, who presented their considerations concerning the patient's religion and the treatment.
Asunto(s)
Lepra/psicología , Religión , Actividades Cotidianas , Adulto , Anciano , Anciano de 80 o más Años , Catolicismo/historia , Femenino , Historia del Siglo XX , Humanos , Entrevistas como Asunto , Colonias de Leprosos , Lepra/tratamiento farmacológico , Lepra/historia , Masculino , Persona de Mediana Edad , Aislamiento de Pacientes/historia , Religión/historia , Religión y Medicina , Espiritualismo/historia , Estereotipo , Encuestas y CuestionariosRESUMEN
Analisa a religiosidade de pacientes portadores de hanseníase que viveram dois períodos distintos da história do tratamento dos doentes: o do internamento em asilos e o da prática atual. Dez entrevistas semiestruturadas focalizaram saúde, religião e hanseníase, abordando os meios de enfrentamento religioso nos dois grupos. No grupo de ex-internos, constatou-se a presença da religião institucionalizada, que atendia aos propósitos de vigilância e da terapêutica isolacionista. Os atuais portadores de hanseníase ainda sentem o peso do estigma da 'lepra' em determinadas situações. Foram aplicados também cinco questionários a profissionais de saúde do DHDS, que apresentam suas considerações sobre a religião do paciente e o tratamento.
The article analyzes the religiosity of Hansen's disease patients who lived during two distinct treatment periods of the sick: that of internment in asylums and the current practice. Ten semi-structured interviews focused on health, religion and Hansen's disease, broaching the ways the two groups faced religion. In the former inmate group, the presence of institutionalized religion was noted, which served the purposes of vigilance and isolationist therapeutics. Present day Hansen's disease patients still feel the stigmatic weight of 'leprosy" in certain situations. Five questionnaires were also given to DHDS health professionals, who presented their considerations concerning the patient's religion and the treatment.
Asunto(s)
Adulto , Anciano , Anciano de 80 o más Años , Femenino , Historia del Siglo XX , Humanos , Masculino , Persona de Mediana Edad , Lepra/psicología , Religión , Actividades Cotidianas , Catolicismo/historia , Entrevistas como Asunto , Colonias de Leprosos , Lepra/tratamiento farmacológico , Lepra/historia , Aislamiento de Pacientes/historia , Religión y Medicina , Religión/historia , Estereotipo , Encuestas y Cuestionarios , Espiritualismo/historiaRESUMEN
In the context of the globalizing New Age movement and of the "turismo mistico" (mystical tourism) industry emanating from Peru, white and mestizo New Age practitioners and tourists fashion ideologies emphasizing the spiritual energy which supposedly resides in Quechua bodies, even as they freely appropriate Quechua cosmology and ritual for a hybridized New Age Andean spirituality. This case shows how racialized structural inequalities are expressed and experienced by tourists and New Age movement leaders through particular, essentialist representations of the body and through a common repertoire of emotional responses to inequality, commodification, and privilege. The paper provides an ethnographic account of how racialization may be perpetuated, negotiated, and resisted through religious systems, particularly through the work of constructing ideologies and experiences of the body and of emotional subjectivity.
Asunto(s)
Antropología Cultural , Emociones , Misticismo , Espiritualismo , Viaje , Antropología Cultural/educación , Antropología Cultural/historia , Historia del Siglo XX , Historia del Siglo XXI , Cuerpo Humano , Características Humanas , Acontecimientos que Cambian la Vida , Misticismo/historia , Misticismo/psicología , Perú/etnología , Espiritualismo/historia , Espiritualismo/psicología , Viaje/economía , Viaje/historia , Viaje/legislación & jurisprudencia , Viaje/psicologíaRESUMEN
Investiga como foi costruída, no Brasil, uma forma de terapêutica e de saber de orientação Kardecista sobre a loucura, tomando também como aspecto a ser investigado a percepção e o posicionamento da classe médico-psitquiátrica diante desse saber. Destaca, neste estudo, os pontos de aproximação e de afastamento que podem existir entre as estratégias de atuação dessas duas propostas de intervenção sobre este mesmo objeto.
Asunto(s)
Historia del Siglo XX , Espiritualismo/historia , Hospitales Psiquiátricos/historia , Psiquiatría/historia , Religión , Salud Mental/historia , Brasil , Registros MédicosRESUMEN
Spiritism is widely accepted in Brazil and influences psychiatric practice, especially through religious-oriented hospitals. However, during the first half of the twentieth century it was considered an important cause of mental illness. This paper first reviews opinions on 'Spiritist madness', written by the most eminent psychiatrists of the time, and then discusses the epistemological factors that have contributed to the conflict between medicine and Spiritism. We critically examine the appropriateness of the methods used in the debates, and how this has led to inferences about associations and causal relationships.
Asunto(s)
Trastornos Mentales/historia , Psiquiatría/historia , Espiritualismo/historia , Brasil , Historia del Siglo XX , Humanos , Conocimiento , Trastornos Mentales/etiología , Religión y PsicologíaRESUMEN
As vivências tidas como mediúnicas são descritas na maioria das civilizações e têm um grande impacto sobre a sociedade. Apesar de ser um tema pouco estudado atualmente, já foi objeto de intensas investigações por alguns dos fundadores da moderna psicologia e psiquiatria. Foi revisado o material produzido por Janet, James, Myers, Freud e Jung a respeito da mediunidade, com ênfase em dois aspectos: suas causas e relações com psicopatologia. Esses pesquisadores chegaram a três conclusões distintas. Janet e Freud associaram mediunidade com psicopatologia e a uma origem exclusiva no inconsciente pessoal. Jung e James aceitavam a possibilidade de um caráter não-patológico e uma origem no inconsciente pessoal, mas sem excluírem em definitivo a real atuação de um espírito desencarnado. Por fim, Myers associou a mediunidade a um desenvolvimento superior da personalidade e tendo como causa um misto entre o inconsciente, a telepatia e ação de espíritos desencarnados. Como conclusão, é apontada a necessidade de se conhecer os estudos já realizados para dar continuidade nessas investigações em busca de um paradigma realmente científico sobre a mediunidade.