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The objective of this study was to investigate whether cleaning surgical materials used to close pelvic flexure enterotomies with a wet sterile gauze will reduce contamination and whether the use of a full thickness appositional suture pattern (F) or a partial thickness inverting (or Cushing) suture pattern (C) would make a difference in the level of contamination. Large colon specimens were assigned to group F or C and divided into subgroups N and G. In group G, a wet sterile gauze was passed over the suture material, another over the instruments, and another over the gloves. In group N, no treatment was applied. The bacterial concentration was measured by optical density (OD) at 24 h. The OD of subgroup CG was lower than that of subgroup CN (P = 0.019). The OD of subgroup FG was lower than that of subgroup FN (P = 0.02). The OD of subgroups CG, CN, FG, and FN was lower than that of the negative control (P < 0.003, P < 0.001, P < 0.001, and P < 0.00). The use of a sterile wet gauze significantly reduced contamination of suture materials. A partial thickness inverting suture pattern did not produce less contamination than a full thickness appositional suture pattern.

L'objectif de la présente étude était d'examiner si le nettoyage du matériel chirurgical utilisé pour fermer les entérotomies de la courbure pelvienne avec une gaze stérile mouillée réduisait la contamination et si l'utilisation d'un patron de suture d'apposition de la pleine épaisseur (F) ou d'un patron de suture inversé d'une épaisseur partielle (ou Cushing) (C) faisait une différence dans le degré de contamination. Des spécimens du gros côlon ont été assignés au groupe F ou C dans les sous-groupes N et G. Dans le groupe G, une gaze stérile mouillée a été passée par-dessus le matériel de suture, une autre par-dessus les instruments, et une autre par-dessus les gants. Dans le groupe N, aucun traitement ne fut effectué. Les concentrations bactériennes ont été mesurées par densité optique (DO) à 24 h. La DO du sous-groupe CG était inférieure à celle du sous-groupe CN (P = 0,019). La DO du sous-groupe FG était inférieure à celle du sous-groupe FN (P = 0,02). Les DO des sous-groupes CG, CN, FG, et FN étaient inférieures à celles des témoins négatifs (P < 0,003, P < 0,001, P < 0,001, et P < 0,00). L'utilisation d'une gaze stérile mouillée a réduit de manière significative la contamination de matériel de suture. Un patron de suture inversé avec épaisseur partielle n'a pas entrainé moins de contamination qu'un patron de suture par apposition avec pleine épaisseur.(Traduit par Docteur Serge Messier).

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OBJECTIVE: To compare a 2-layer closure with suture line reversal for a pelvic flexure enterotomy to 1-layer and traditional 2-layer hand sewn closures. STUDY DESIGN: Ex vivo, simple randomized study. SAMPLE POPULATION: Large colon segments from adult horses (n = 18). METHODS: Pelvic flexures were harvested from 18 horses and randomly assigned to 1 of 3 closure techniques (n = 6 per technique). A 10-cm enterotomy was made in each pelvic flexure and closed with the assigned technique. Closure time, luminal diameter via contrast radiographs, and bursting pressure were recorded for each specimen and compared between techniques using 1-way ANOVA with Duncan post hoc test at P < .05. RESULTS: There was a significant difference in closure time (P = .034) with 1-layer closure faster than both the traditional 2-layer closure (P=.024) and the 2-layer closure with suture line reversal (P = .030). There was no significant difference in luminal diameter or bursting pressure between the 3 closure techniques. CONCLUSIONS: Two-layer closure with suture line reversal may be an alternative to traditional 2-layer closure for closure of the pelvic flexure based on ex vivo bursting pressure testing and closure time. A 1-layer simple continuous closure resisted bursting pressure not different to both 2-layer closure techniques. Further in vivo evaluation may be indicated.

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OBJECTIVE: To compare the performance of an absorbable barbed suture device to absorbable monofilament suture after single layer, appositional gastrotomy and enterotomy closure. STUDY DESIGN: Experimental comparative study. ANIMALS: Purpose-bred adult mongrel hounds (n = 14). METHODS: Bursting strengths up to 250 mmHg of incisional closure with either monofilament or barbed suture in a simple continuous, appositional pattern at sites in the stomach (2), jejunum (4), and colon (4) were compared at postoperative Days 3, 7, and 14. Time for incisional closure was compared between materials. RESULTS: Bursting strength was not significantly different between gastrotomies/enterotomies closed with the monofilament suture or the barbed device. Closure time was significantly reduced with the barbed device in jejunal enterotomy closure. CONCLUSION: The barbed device compared favorably with monofilament suture for gastrotomy and enterotomy (small intestine, colon) closure. Results demonstrate comparable burst strengths between monofilament suture and the barbed device. Closure time was significantly reduced in jejunum closure using the barbed device.

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Our objective was to compare survival and complication rates of horses undergoing pelvic flexure enterotomy closure with a TA-90 stapler to those with hand-sewn closure. Medical records of horses undergoing pelvic flexure enterotomy between 2001 and 2008 were reviewed. History, clinical signs, surgical findings, surgical techniques, and post-operative complications were recorded. Long-term outcome was established by telephone questionnaire. Of 84 pelvic flexure enterotomies performed, 70 were stapled and 14 were hand-sewn. Seventy-seven horses survived to discharge (91.7%). There were no significant associations between survival and closure technique (P = 0.69). Follow-up was available for 54 horses; 50 survived long-term (93.0%). No statistical significance was identified between long-term survival and closure method (P = 0.39). Forty horses went on to athletic performance (80.0%). TA-90 stapled closure of pelvic flexure enterotomies is a safe technique resulting in survival and complication rates equivalent to those of hand-sewn closure.

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Our objective was to compare thoracoabdominal (TA Premium™ 90) stapled enterotomy closure to traditional hand-sewn closure, using time to perform the technique, luminal diameter, and bursting pressure in ex-vivo specimens. The pelvic flexures of 13 client-owned horses were harvested. Each pelvic flexure had 1 enterotomy performed; 6 were closed via staples, 7 closures were hand-sewn. Luminal diameter at the enterotomy site was assessed via contrast radiography performed pre-and post-enterotomy. Bursting pressure of the closure was assessed by continuous manometry during rapid infusion. Time to perform stapled closure was significantly shorter than hand-sewn closure (P < 0.0001). Percent reduction of luminal diameters was significantly decreased in stapled specimens (P = 0.034). There was no significant difference in bursting strength between closure techniques (P = 0.196). In conclusion, stapled enterotomy closure offers statistically significant reduction in closure time and better maintains pre-enterotomy luminal diameter without reducing biomechanical strength, compared to a double layer hand-sewn closure.

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The ultrasonographic findings in 20 dogs with 25 healing enterotomy and enterectomy sites resulting from the removal of foreign material or correction of intussusceptions are presented. In this prospective study, dogs had preoperative abdominal ultrasound examinations followed by sequential sonographic examinations on the first, third, sixth, and 10th days postenterotomy or enterectomy with an additional sonographic examination after 20 days postoperatively. Documented sonographic features included length and maximal intestinal wall thickness of the enterotomy or enterectomy sites, echogenicity of omental/mesenteric fat, amount of free gas and abdominal effusion, and gastrointestinal motility. Sonographically, 57% of enterotomies and 100% of enterectomies were visualized. Pneumoperitoneum, hyperechoic omental/mesenteric fat, and abdominal effusion did not appreciably hamper evaluation of the intestinal surgical site. Absent wall layering at the surgical site was noted in 96% of dogs at day 1 postoperatively. At the final sonographic examination, wall layering remained altered to absent in 100% of dogs and normal thickness was noted in only 20% of dogs. The median maximal wall thickness was 7 and 8 mm for enterotomies and enterectomies respectively, which occurred between days 1 and 3 and days 3 and 6 postoperatively. Effusion and increased echogenicity of omental/mesenteric fat localized to the surgical site were noted in 42% and 60% of dogs respectively at day 1 postoperatively, with resolution noted between days 3 and 10 postoperatively in 92% and 80% of dogs. Generalized abdominal effusion and pneumoperitoneum were seen in 100% of dogs immediately postoperatively and resolved in 80% by day 10.

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This article reviews the etiology, diagnosis, and treatment of rectal perforation and rectocutaneous fistula in small animals. In addition, the literature regarding use of enterostomy in small animals is reviewed and comparative aspects of this procedure in humans and horses are presented. A case report of rectal perforation leading to rectocutaneous fistula formation and the use of colostomy in the management of the case is presented.

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Fifteen dogs with extrahepatic biliary tract disease underwent cholecystoenterostomy. Long-term survivors were significantly older at presentation (mean age 140.5 months) than dogs that survived the first 20 days after surgery but subsequently died from causes related to the surgery or hepatobiliary disease (mean age 72 months). Dogs that died during the first 20 days had significantly more complications in the hospital than dogs that survived this period. The type of underlying hepatobiliary disease (i.e., benign or malignant) was not associated with either short-term outcome or long-term survival. Eight dogs died from causes related to surgery or hepatobiliary disease. Long-term complications included hepatic abscesses, acquired portosystemic shunts, pancreatitis, and vomiting.

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OBJECTIVE: To describe a surgical approach to the coelomic cavity through the axillary and inguinal regions in sea turtles. DESIGN: Descriptive report. ANIMALS: 9 loggerhead sea turtles (Caretta caretta) that had ingested fishhooks or monofilament fishing line. PROCEDURE: Turtles known to have ingested foreign bodies were anesthetized. For the extraction of fish-hooks located in the stomach, an approach to the coelomic cavity through the soft tissues of the left axillary region (along the cranial margin of the plastron) was made. For the removal of fishhooks and long fishing lines in other portions of the intestinal tract, an approach to the coelomic cavity was performed via the inguinal region. Foreign bodies were removed via gastrotomy or enterotomy. RESULTS: Of the 9 loggerhead turtles, 3 had a fish-hook in the stomach, 1 had a fishhook in the stomach and fishing line throughout the intestinal tract, 2 had a fishhook in the ileum and fishing line in the ileum and colon, and 3 had fishing line throughout the intestinal tract. Following surgery, 8 turtles recovered successfully; 1 turtle (in which an enterectomy was performed) died. After approximately 8 weeks, the surviving turtles were well enough to be released from captivity. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE: Results indicated that an axillary approach to the coelomic cavity in sea turtles could be a useful alternative to plastron osteotomy. Moreover, the inguinal approach allows the exteriorization of the intestinal tract from jejunum to colon, which facilitates surgical removal of long linear foreign bodies ingested by turtles.

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No período de janeiro de 1993 a janeiro de 2003, foram realizados 195 procedimentos cirúrgicos de abdômen agudo em eqüinos, no Serviço de Cirurgia de Grandes Animais do Hospital Veterinário da Faculdade de Medicina Veterinária e Zootecnia da Universidade de São Paulo. Dentre eles, foram diagnosticados 30 casos de enterolitíase e sete casos de corpo estranho, localizados em intestino grosso. Das 37 laparotomias, 35 foram realizadas em decúbito dorsal com acesso pela linha média e duas em estação com acesso pelo flanco. Os animais apresentaram idade variando de um a dezoito anos com média de oito anos, sendo 25 machos e 13 fêmeas. As formações e corpos estranhos apresentaram a seguinte localização: 13 (35,14%) em cólon maior, 19 (51,35%) em cólon menor, 03 (8,10%) em cólon transverso e 02 (5,41 %) em cólon transverso e menor. Em relação à evolução, 23 (62,16%) receberam alta e 14 (37,84%) evoluíram para óbito (6) ou foram submetidos à eutanásia (8). Seis procedimentos de eutanásia, foram realizados no período trans-operatório e dois no período pós-operatório. Dentre os animais que apresentaram evolução satisfatória, destacam-se um caso em que foram retirados sete enterólitos e outro em que a ponta de um prego que era o núcleo do enterólito se mantinha proeminente e em contato com a mucosa intestinal. Comparativamente às demais afecções do intestino grosso dos eqüinos e pela análise dos resultados obtidos neste estudo, conclui-se que os processos obstrutivos causados por enterólitos ou corpos estranhos apresentam prognóstico favorável.

In the period from January 1993 to January 2003, 195 surgical procedures of equine acute abdomen were performed at the Service of Large Animal Surgery of the Veterinary Hospital of the School of Veterinary Medicine and Zootechnics of the University of São Paulo. From these 195 cases there were 30 enterolithiasis and seven foreign bodies located in the colono Thirty-five out of 37 laparotomies were performed in dorsal recumbency, with access through the ventral midline and two were performed through the flank, with the animal in standing position. Of the 37 animals, 25 were male and 12 were females. Age varied from one to 18 years old with any average of eight years of age. Location of enteroliths and foreign bodies was as follows: 13 (35.14%) in large colon, 19 (51.35%) in small colon, 03 (8.10%) in transverse colon and 02 (5.41 %) in both transverse and small colon. In regards to the clinical evolution, six were humenely eutmanized killed during surgery. From the 31 remaining, 23 (74,19%) were discharged,6 (19,36%) died and 2 (6,45%) were killed eutmanized during the post-operative period. Among those animals with satisfactory evolution two animals stand out. One of them had seven enteroliths and in the other, the nucleus of the mass was the tip of a nail, which protruded from the mass and was in constant contact with the intestinal mucosa. In spite of the large incidence of obstruction caused by enteroliths or foreign bodies in comparison of other studies, the prognosis of post-operative recovery is favourable.

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Four cases of extrahepatic biliary tract surgery in the cat are described. The causes of the disease were inflammation of the gallbladder, distal common bile duct (CBD) or major duodenal papilla, and traumatic avulsion of the CBD. Bile peritonitis was present in two of the cats. Biliary enterostomy was performed in three cats, two of which were euthanased at five weeks and three months postsurgery; the third was alive at the time of writing, four months postsurgery. Cholecystectomy was curative in one cat. A literature review reveals high early mortality following biliary diversion, with only 50 per cent of cases surviving more than two weeks, and 23 per cent surviving more than six months. Surviving cats had repeated intermittent vomiting and anorexia that responded to antibiotics. No postoperative mortality was seen when biliary diversion was avoided. Whenever biliary enterostomy or temporary diversion methods are performed, a poorer prognosis should be offered due to the increased likelihood of postoperative complications and mortality.

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OBJECTIVE: To develop laparoscopic-assisted techniques for enterostomy feeding tube placement and full-thickness biopsy of the jejunum in dogs. ANIMALS: 15 healthy dogs. PROCEDURE Dogs were anesthetized, and positive pressure ventilation was provided. A trocar cannula for the laparoscope was inserted on the ventral midline caudal to the umbilicus. For enterostomy tube placement, a second trocar cannula was placed lateral to the right rectus abdominis muscle, and a Babcock forceps was used to grasp the duodenum and elevate it to the incision made for the cannula. The duodenum was sutured to the abdominal wall, and a feeding tube was inserted. For jejunal biopsy, a third trocar cannula was placed lateral to the left rectus abdominis muscle. A portion of jejunum was elevated to the incision for the second or third cannula, and a full-thickness biopsy specimen was obtained. A second specimen was obtained from another portion of jejunum, and retention sutures for the 2 biopsy sites were tied so that serosal surfaces of the biopsy sites were apposed to each other. Dogs were euthanatized 30 days after surgery. RESULTS: The enterostomy tube was properly positioned and functional in all 8 dogs that underwent laparoscopic-assisted enterostomy tube placement, and sufficient samples for histologic examination were obtained from all 7 dogs that underwent laparoscopic-assisted jejunal biopsy. None of the dogs had any identifiable problems after surgery. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE: Results suggest that in dogs, laparoscopic-assisted procedures for enterostomy tube placement and jejunal biopsy are an acceptable alternative to procedures performed during a laparotomy.

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A 3-year-old Rhodesian Ridgeback was examined because of recurrent pancreatitis of 2 months duration. The dog had signs of abdominal pain and jaundice. Blood biochemical findings were consistent with extrahepatic bile duct obstruction, but on abdominal ultrasonography no cause of obstruction was identified. At surgery a pancreatic pseudocyst was found in the body of the pancreas. Cystoduodenostomy, cystic omentalization and biliary diversion resulted in excellent long-term recovery.

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The enteral route is the preferred method of nutritional support in patients with functional gastrointestinal tracts. Many techniques for obtaining enteral access are available, and the decision regarding which one to use depends on several issues, including the functional integrity of each part of the gastrointestinal tract, the duration of anticipated nutritional support, and the risk of aspiration and gastroesophageal reflux. Nasoesophageal tubes are useful for short-term supplementation; however, patients needing nutritional support for longer than 2 weeks may be better served with a more permanent tube. Blenderized pet food diets are recommended for nutritional support because these diets do not need to be supplemented with protein or micronutrients. Commercial human enteral formulas provide a useful alternative for patients with specific nutrient requirements or for feeding via nasoesophageal or jejunostomy tubes.

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Intestinal resection and anastomosis, bypass enterostomy, and typhlectomy are indicated for many intestinal disorders. The thoracoabdominal and end-to-end anastomosis stapling instruments all may be used to perform a variety of small intestinal surgical procedures.

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A technique for duodenal alimentation (needle catheter duodenostomy) of birds was developed, using the domestic pigeon (Columba livia) as the experimental model. A needle catheter was inserted into the descending duodenum of 5 pigeons and was secured to the body wall and dorsum of each bird. A liquid diet was administered daily (in equal amounts of 0, 4, 8, 12, and 16 hours) for 14 days without adverse effects. On day 15, the catheters were removed, and the birds immediately resumed normal consumption of a pigeon ration and water diet. Although 4 of the 5 birds had minor weight loss, dietary alterations probably could be used on an individual basis to alleviate this problem. After oral alimentation was resumed, the 5 birds exceeded their initial body weight within 7 days. Four weeks after catheter removal, positive-contrast radiographic evaluations indicated that the duodenum of each pigeon appeared normal. Needle catheter duodenostomy was a viable method of alimentation in the domestic pigeon. This technique should be applicable for other avian species requiring bypass of the upper gastrointestinal tract proximal to the region of catheter insertion in the duodenum.

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