RESUMEN
The present report describes a case of acanthocephaliasis associated with necrotic enteritis in quetzals (Pharomachrus mocinno). Three juvenile quetzals exhibited depression, anorexia, ruffled feathers, and sudden death. They were submitted to the laboratory for examination. The birds had hatched and lived in captivity in an aviary in Mexico. Gross lesions observed were hemorrhagic, fibrinoid necrotic enteritis, with acanthocephalans adhered to the intestinal mucosa. The specimens were identified by parasitology, electronic microscopy, and molecular biology as Plagiorhynchus (Prosthorhynchus) sp. Lesions compatible with necrotic enteritis were also confirmed by isolation and genotyping of Clostridium perfringens type E. This is the first report of Plagiorhynchus (Prosthorhynchus) sp. in quetzals in captivity in Mexico. The findings in this manuscript suggest that this parasite could be a predisposing factor for necrotic enteritis as well as a risk component in the breeding programs and survival of this avian species in captivity.
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Acantocéfalos , Enfermedades de las Aves , Enteritis , Helmintiasis Animal , Necrosis , Animales , Enfermedades de las Aves/parasitología , Enteritis/veterinaria , Enteritis/parasitología , Necrosis/veterinaria , Helmintiasis Animal/parasitología , México , Clostridium perfringens/aislamiento & purificación , MasculinoRESUMEN
INTRODUCTION: Chickens with Necrotic Enteritis (NE), caused by Clostridium perfringens, exhibit acute and chronic symptoms that are difficult to diagnose, leading to significant economic losses. Vaccination is the best method for controlling and preventing NE. However, only two vaccines based on the CPA and NetB toxins have been commercialized, offering partial protection, highlighting the urgent need for more effective vaccines. OBJECTIVE: This review aimed to identify promising antigens for NE vaccine formulation and discuss factors affecting their effectiveness. METHODS: A systematic review using five scientific databases identified 30 eligible studies through the Rayyan tool, which were included for quality review. RESULTS: We identified 25 promising antigens, including CPA, NetB, FBA, ZMP, CnaA, FimA, and FimB, categorized by their role in disease pathogenesis. This review discusses the biochemical, physiological, and genetic traits of recombinant antigens used in vaccine prototypes, their expression systems, and immunization potential in chickens challenged with virulent C. perfringens strains. Market supply challenges, immunogenic potential, vaccine platforms, adjuvants, and factors related to vaccination schedules-such as administration routes, dosing intervals, and age at immunization-are also addressed. Additionally, the study notes that vaccine formulations tested under mild challenges may not offer adequate field-level protection due to issues replicating aggressive conditions, strain virulence loss, and varied methodologies. CONCLUSIONS: An ideal NE vaccine should incorporate multiple antigens, molecular adjuvants, and delivery systems via in ovo and oral routes. The review underscores the challenges in developing and validating NE vaccines and the urgent need for a standardized protocol to replicate aggressive challenges accurately.
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Vacunas Bacterianas , Pollos , Infecciones por Clostridium , Clostridium perfringens , Enteritis , Enfermedades de las Aves de Corral , Animales , Clostridium perfringens/inmunología , Clostridium perfringens/genética , Enteritis/prevención & control , Enteritis/veterinaria , Enteritis/microbiología , Enteritis/inmunología , Vacunas Bacterianas/inmunología , Vacunas Bacterianas/administración & dosificación , Enfermedades de las Aves de Corral/prevención & control , Enfermedades de las Aves de Corral/microbiología , Infecciones por Clostridium/prevención & control , Infecciones por Clostridium/veterinaria , Infecciones por Clostridium/inmunología , Antígenos Bacterianos/inmunología , Desarrollo de Vacunas/métodos , Vacunación/veterinaria , Vacunación/métodos , Necrosis/veterinariaRESUMEN
Cottonseed meal (CSM) and cottonseed protein concentrate (CPC) serve as protein alternatives to fish meal and soybean meal in the feed industry. However, the presence of gossypol residue in CSM and CPC can potentially trigger severe intestinal inflammation, thereby restricting the widespread utilization of these two protein sources. Probiotics are widely used to prevent or alleviate intestinal inflammation, but their efficacy in protecting fish against gossypol-induced enteritis remains uncertain. Here, the protective effect of Pediococcus pentosaceus, a strain isolated from the gut of Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus), was evaluated. Three diets, control diet (CON), gossypol diet (GOS) and GOS supplemented with P. pentosaceus YC diet (GP), were used to feed Nile tilapia for 10 weeks. After the feeding trial, P. pentosaceus YC reduced the activity of myeloperoxidase (MPO) in the proximal intestine (PI) and distal intestine (DI). Following a 7-day exposure to Aeromonas hydrophila, the addition of P. pentosaceus YC was found to increase the survival rate of the fish. P. pentosaceus YC significantly inhibited the oxidative stress caused by gossypol, which was evidenced by lower reactive oxygen species (ROS) and malondialdehyde (MDA), as well as higher activities of glutathione peroxidase (GSH-Px) and superoxide dismutase (SOD) in PI and DI. Addition of P. pentosaceus YC significantly inhibited enteritis, with the lower expression of pro-inflammatory cytokines (il-1ß, il-6, il-8) and higher expression of anti-inflammatory cytokines tgf-ß. RNA-seq analysis indicated that P. pentosaceus YC supplementation significantly inhibited nlrc3 and promoted nf-κb expression in PI and DI, and the siRNA interference experiment in vivo demonstrated that intestinal inflammation was mediated by NLRC3/NF-κB/IL-1ß signaling pathway. Fecal bacteria transplantation experiment demonstrated that gut microbiota mediated the protective effect of P. pentosaceus YC. These findings offer valuable insights into the application of P. pentosaceus YC for alleviating gossypol-induced intestinal inflammation in fish.
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Alimentación Animal , Cíclidos , Enfermedades de los Peces , Gosipol , Pediococcus pentosaceus , Probióticos , Transducción de Señal , Animales , Cíclidos/inmunología , Enfermedades de los Peces/inmunología , Enfermedades de los Peces/inducido químicamente , Enfermedades de los Peces/prevención & control , Probióticos/farmacología , Probióticos/administración & dosificación , Alimentación Animal/análisis , Transducción de Señal/efectos de los fármacos , Gosipol/administración & dosificación , Gosipol/farmacología , Dieta/veterinaria , Interleucina-1beta/genética , Interleucina-1beta/metabolismo , Aeromonas hydrophila/fisiología , FN-kappa B/metabolismo , FN-kappa B/genética , Microbioma Gastrointestinal/efectos de los fármacos , Intestinos/efectos de los fármacos , Intestinos/inmunología , Inflamación/veterinaria , Inflamación/inducido químicamente , Inflamación/inmunología , Infecciones por Bacterias Gramnegativas/veterinaria , Infecciones por Bacterias Gramnegativas/inmunología , Proteínas de Peces/genética , Proteínas de Peces/metabolismo , Proteínas de Peces/inmunología , Enteritis/veterinaria , Enteritis/prevención & control , Enteritis/inducido químicamente , Enteritis/inmunología , Enteritis/microbiologíaRESUMEN
Duck enteritis virus (DEV) may lead to vascular injury, gastrointestinal mucosal erosion, lymphoid organ injury, and Polyinosinic-polycytidylic acid (Poly I:C) has an antiviral effect by inducing low levels of interferon. The purpose of this study was to explore the pathogenesis of DEV-induced intestinal injury in ducks and to verify the therapeutic effects of different concentrations of Poly I:C. In this study, duck enteritis model was established by infecting healthy Pekin ducks with DEV. Duck intestinal tissues were extracted from normal control group, model group, and treatment group with different doses of Poly I:C. In vivo, HE and TUNEL staining were used to observe the morphological changes and apoptosis. In vitro, the proliferation and apoptosis of duck intestinal epithelial cells were evaluated by MTT assay, TUNEL staining, and flow cytometry. The results showed that Poly I:C protected ducks from DEV toxicity by improving intestinal morphology and inhibiting apoptosis. In addition, the antiviral effect of Poly I:C on DEV was found in a dose-dependent manner, with a more relatively obvious effect at a high dose of Poly I:C. All in all, these results demonstrated that Poly I:C played a vital role in the apoptosis induced by DEV in ducks and modest dose of Poly I:C treatment worked well and may provide important reference for the development of new antiviral drugs in the future.
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Apoptosis , Patos , Enteritis , Poli I-C , Animales , Patos/virología , Poli I-C/farmacología , Poli I-C/administración & dosificación , Apoptosis/efectos de los fármacos , Enteritis/virología , Enteritis/tratamiento farmacológico , Enteritis/veterinaria , Enfermedades de las Aves de Corral/virología , Enfermedades de las Aves de Corral/tratamiento farmacológico , Intestinos/virología , Intestinos/patología , Antivirales/farmacología , Mardivirus/efectos de los fármacos , Mucosa Intestinal/virología , Mucosa Intestinal/efectos de los fármacos , Mucosa Intestinal/patologíaRESUMEN
This experiment was conducted to investigate the effect of stimbiotic (STB) in broilers with necrotic enteritis (NE). A total of 180 one-day-old Arbor Acres (initial body weight of 34.81 ± 1.04 g) were used in this experiment for 32 days. All broilers were randomly allocated into six treatments, and each experimental group had 10 replicate cages with three broilers per cage. The experiment was conducted in a 2 × 3 factorial design consisting of two levels of challenge (challenge and non-challenge) and three levels of STB (0, 0.05, and 0.1%). The NE challenge significantly decreased (P < 0.05) growth performance, heterophil levels in blood, and intestinal lesion scores compared to the non-challenge group. Supplementation of 0.05% STB significantly decreased (P < 0.05) feed conversion ratio and the number of oocysts per gram of feces compared to the supplementation of 0 and 0.1% STB. At the genus level, the supplementation of 0.05% STB significantly decreased (P < 0.05) the abundance of Enterobacterales compared to the other groups on d 32. In conclusion, supplementation with 0.05% STB in a diet could positively regulate the fecal microflora and alleviate the decline in growth performance and nutrient digestibility caused by NE.
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Alimentación Animal , Pollos , Suplementos Dietéticos , Enteritis , Microbioma Gastrointestinal , Enfermedades de las Aves de Corral , Animales , Pollos/crecimiento & desarrollo , Enteritis/veterinaria , Enfermedades de las Aves de Corral/parasitología , Microbioma Gastrointestinal/efectos de los fármacos , Microbioma Gastrointestinal/fisiología , Alimentación Animal/análisis , Digestión/fisiología , Digestión/efectos de los fármacos , Oocistos , Dieta/veterinaria , Necrosis , Probióticos/farmacología , Probióticos/administración & dosificación , Nutrientes , Heces/microbiología , Heces/parasitología , MasculinoRESUMEN
Dietary anti-interleukin (IL)-10 antibodies may protect broiler performance during coccidiosis by inhibiting Eimeria host-evasion pathways; however, anti-IL-10's effects on microbial communities during coccidiosis and secondary Clostridium perfringens (necrotic enteritis) challenge is unknown. The study objectives were to assess the jejunal microbiota of broilers fed anti-IL-10 during E. maxima ± C. perfringens challenge. Two replicate studies using Ross 308 chicks placed in wire-floor cages (32 cages/ replicate study; 20 chicks/ cage) were conducted, with chicks assigned to diets ± 0.03% anti-IL-10 for 25 d. In both replicate studies, challenge-designated chicks were inoculated with 1 × 108Salmonella Typhimurium colony forming units (CFU) at placement. On d14, S. Typhimurium-inoculated chicks were gavaged with 15,000 sporulated Eimeria maxima M6 oocysts and half the E. maxima-challenged chicks received 1×108C. perfringens CFUs on d 18 and 19. Six chicks/ treatment were euthanized for distal jejunum content collection at baseline (d 14), 7 d post-inoculation (pi) with E. maxima/ 3 dpi with C. perfringens (peak) or 11 dpi with E. maxima/ 7 dpi with C. perfringens (post-peak) for 16S rRNA gene amplicon sequencing. Sequences were quality screened (Mothur V.1.43.0) and clustered into de novo operation taxonomical units (OTU; 99% similarity) using the SILVA reference database (v138). Alpha diversity and log-transformed relative abundance data were analyzed in SAS 9.4 with replicate study, diet, challenge, and timepoint main effects plus associated interactions (P ≤ 0.05). Few baseline changes were observed, but E. maxima ± C. perfringens challenge reduced Romboutsia and Staphylococcus relative abundance 4- to 800-fold in both replicate studies (P ≤ 0.008). At peak challenge with secondary C. perfringens, feeding anti-IL-10 instead of the control diet reduced Clostridium sensu stricto 1 relative abundance 13- and 1,848-fold in both replicate studies (P < 0.0001); however, OTUs identified as C. perfringens were not affected by dietary anti-IL-10. These results indicate that anti-IL-10 does not affect the jejunal microbiota of unchallenged broilers, while coccidiosis or necrotic enteritis challenge generally contributed to greater microbiota alterations than diet.
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Alimentación Animal , Pollos , Infecciones por Clostridium , Clostridium perfringens , Coccidiosis , Coinfección , Dieta , Eimeria , Microbioma Gastrointestinal , Interleucina-10 , Yeyuno , Enfermedades de las Aves de Corral , Salmonella typhimurium , Animales , Alimentación Animal/análisis , Infecciones por Clostridium/veterinaria , Infecciones por Clostridium/prevención & control , Clostridium perfringens/fisiología , Coccidiosis/veterinaria , Coccidiosis/parasitología , Coinfección/veterinaria , Dieta/veterinaria , Eimeria/fisiología , Enteritis/veterinaria , Enteritis/parasitología , Enteritis/prevención & control , Microbioma Gastrointestinal/efectos de los fármacos , Enfermedades de las Aves de Corral/parasitología , Enfermedades de las Aves de Corral/prevención & control , Enfermedades de las Aves de Corral/microbiología , Salmonella typhimurium/fisiologíaRESUMEN
Strategies to counteract interleukin (IL)-10-mediated immune evasion by Eimeria spp. during coccidiosis- like anti-IL-10 antibodies- may protect broiler chicken health and reduce incidence of secondary necrotic enteritis (Clostridium perfringens) via undetermined mechanisms. Objectives were to use sequencing techniques to evaluate jejunal microbial community composition and function in anti-IL-10-fed broilers during coccidiosis and necrotic enteritis. On d0, Ross 308 chicks were placed in 32 cages (15 chicks/ cage) for a 25-d study and randomly assigned to diets ± 0.03% anti-IL-10. Six chicks/ diet were euthanized for distal jejunum content and tissue collection on d 14 (baseline) before inoculating the remainder with saline or 15,000 E. maxima oocysts (M6 strain). Half the chicks challenged with E. maxima were challenged with C. perfringens (1×108 colony forming units) on d 18 and 19. Follow-up samples (6 chicks/treatment) were collected at 7 and 11 d postinoculation (pi) for the E. maxima-only group, or 3 and 7 dpi for the E. maxima + C. perfringens group with 3/7 dpi being designated as peak and 7/11dpi as postpeak challenge. DNA was extracted from digesta for microbiota composition analysis (16S rRNA gene sequencing) while RNA was extracted from tissue to evaluate the metatranscriptome (RNA sequencing). Alpha diversity and genus relative abundances were analyzed using the diet or challenge main effects with associated interactions (SAS 9.4; P ≤ 0.05). No baseline microbial changes were associated with dietary anti-IL-10. At peak challenge, a diet main effect reduced observed species 36.7% in chicks fed anti-IL-10 vs. control; however, the challenge effect reduced observed species and Shannon diversity 51.2-58.3% and 33.0 to 35.5%, respectively, in chicks challenged with E. maxima ± C. perfringens compared to their unchallenged counterparts (P ≤ 0.05). Low sequencing depth limited metatranscriptomic analysis of jejunal microbial function via RNA sequencing. This study demonstrates that challenge impacted the broiler distal jejunum microbiota more than anti-IL-10 while future research to characterize the microbial metatranscriptome may benefit from investigating other intestinal compartments.
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Pollos , Clostridium perfringens , Coccidiosis , Dieta , Eimeria , Enteritis , Microbioma Gastrointestinal , Interleucina-10 , Yeyuno , Enfermedades de las Aves de Corral , Animales , Alimentación Animal/análisis , Infecciones por Clostridium/veterinaria , Infecciones por Clostridium/prevención & control , Infecciones por Clostridium/microbiología , Clostridium perfringens/fisiología , Coccidiosis/veterinaria , Coccidiosis/parasitología , Coccidiosis/prevención & control , Dieta/veterinaria , Eimeria/fisiología , Enteritis/veterinaria , Enteritis/prevención & control , Enteritis/microbiología , Microbioma Gastrointestinal/efectos de los fármacos , Interleucina-10/genética , Yeyuno/microbiología , Enfermedades de las Aves de Corral/microbiología , Enfermedades de las Aves de Corral/prevención & control , Distribución AleatoriaRESUMEN
Necrotic enteritis (NE) is a disease of worldwide distribution, which affects young broilers and causes economic losses on a scale of 6 billion dollars per year. For decades, NE was controlled in poultry flocks by dietary administration of low doses of antimicrobial growth promoters (AGPs). However, an increase in NE incidence was noted after the AGP ban. This study aimed to compare the effect of an antibiotic (Enramycin) diet to a combination of sodium butyrate, hydrolyzed yeast, and zinc proteinate (ViligenTM) on broiler diets regarding performance, blood parameters, intestinal permeability, morphology and lesions, and carcass yield of broilers challenged with Eimeria spp. and Clostridium perfringens to simulate subclinical necrotic enteritis. A total of 1,150 one-day-old male broiler chickens with an initial average weight of 43.9 ± 0.65 g were allocated to 50 experimental pens. Animals were divided into 5 groups: Negative control (NC) without additives; Positive control (PC) with 0.12 g/ton of Enramycin (8%); V500, V1000, and V1500 with the addition of 500, 1.000, and 1.500 g/ton of Viligen, respectively. All animals were challenged by Eimeria spp. at 7 d of age and by C. perfringens at 17, 18, and 19 d for induction of subclinical NE. The broilers fed with all concentrations of Viligen showed similar performance, blood parameters, intestinal permeability, and carcass yield compared to PC broilers. However, NC broilers showed higher FCR compared to PC broilers from 1 to 33 d (1.42 vs. 1.39) (P = 0.048) and from 1 to 42 d (1.51 vs. 1.49) (P < 0.001). V1500 broilers had fewer intestinal lesions at 28 d when compared to the PC treatment (P < 0.05) and showed that higher Viligen inclusion resulted in lower intestinal damage. At 21 d, the V500 group showed higher intestinal morphology characteristics (VH:VD 4.9 vs. 3.5) compared to the PC treatment (P < 0.001). Thus, in this study, the dietary addition of Viligen to broilers challenged by an experimental model of subclinical NE resulted in lower intestinal damage and similar performance to that obtained by the addition of Enramycin.
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Alimentación Animal , Pollos , Infecciones por Clostridium , Clostridium perfringens , Coccidiosis , Dieta , Eimeria , Enteritis , Enfermedades de las Aves de Corral , Animales , Pollos/crecimiento & desarrollo , Enfermedades de las Aves de Corral/parasitología , Enfermedades de las Aves de Corral/microbiología , Alimentación Animal/análisis , Masculino , Dieta/veterinaria , Enteritis/veterinaria , Enteritis/parasitología , Coccidiosis/veterinaria , Coccidiosis/parasitología , Infecciones por Clostridium/veterinaria , Eimeria/fisiología , Clostridium perfringens/fisiología , Suplementos Dietéticos/análisis , Antibacterianos/administración & dosificación , Antibacterianos/farmacología , Ácido Butírico/administración & dosificación , Distribución Aleatoria , Necrosis/veterinaria , Péptidos CíclicosRESUMEN
Potential prognostic indicators have been associated with decreased survival during canine parvoviral enteritis (CPE), such as body weight, sex, and clinicopathological parameters. Few studies reported the prognostic factors for CPE in Italy; therefore, the aim of this study was to identify prognostic factors associated with the survival of dogs admitted to the Veterinary Teaching Hospital of Perugia University, naturally infected with canine parvovirus. Seventy-six medical records of dogs with a definitive diagnosis of parvoviral infection admitted from 2017 to 2021 have been reviewed and included in the study. From medical records were extracted data on signalment, history, clinical examination, hematology, serum biochemistry, treatments, progression of clinical signs during hospitalization and outcome. The data have been subjected to univariate and multivariate statistical analysis. Our results showed winter season, male sex, dog ownership, small breed, normal sensory status, normal heart rate, normal hydration status, abdominal pain, increased capillary reperfusion time, and normal white blood cell count as positive prognostic factors. The survival model confirmed that parameters such as male sex, small breed, and ownership increased the survival rate during hospitalization. Data reported in the present study are partially in agreement with previous studies and added new information on the possible prognostic factors in dogs affected by CPE in Italy.
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Enfermedades de los Perros , Enteritis , Hospitales Veterinarios , Hospitales de Enseñanza , Infecciones por Parvoviridae , Italia , Estudios Retrospectivos , Parvovirus Canino , Enteritis/diagnóstico , Enteritis/epidemiología , Enteritis/veterinaria , Enfermedades de los Perros/diagnóstico , Enfermedades de los Perros/epidemiología , Pronóstico , Análisis de Supervivencia , Factores de Riesgo , Infecciones por Parvoviridae/diagnóstico , Infecciones por Parvoviridae/epidemiología , Infecciones por Parvoviridae/veterinaria , Animales , PerrosRESUMEN
The objective of this study was to evaluate the effects of 25% and 35% arginine supplementation in partially alleviating the effects of necrotic enteritis (NE) challenge on the production performance, intestinal integrity, and relative gene expression of tight junction proteins and inflammatory cytokines in broilers. Four hundred and eighty 1-day-old chicks were randomly allocated to the 4 treatments- Uninfected + Basal, NE + Basal, NE + Arg 125%, and NE + Arg 135%. NE was induced by inoculating 1 × 104Eimeria maxima sporulated oocysts on d 14 and 1 × 108 CFU/bird C. perfringens on d 19, 20, and 21 of age by oral gavage. The NE challenge significantly decreased body weight gain (BWG) (p < 0.05) and increased the feed conversion ratio (FCR) (p < 0.05). On d 21, the NE challenge also increased the jejunal lesion score (p < 0.05) and relative gene expression of IL-10 and decreased the expression of the tight junction proteins occludin (p < 0.05) and claudin-4 (p < 0.05). The 125% arginine diet significantly increased intestinal permeability (p < 0.05) and the relative gene expression of iNOS (p < 0.05) and IFN-γ (p < 0.05) on d 21 and the bile anti-C. perfringens IgA concentration by 39.74% (p < 0.05) on d 28. The 135% arginine diet significantly increased the feed intake during d 0 - 28 (p < 0.05) and 0 to 35 (p < 0.05) and increased the FCR on d 0 to 35 (p < 0.05). The 135% and 125% arginine diet increased the spleen CD8+: CD4+ T-cell ratio on d 28 (p < 0.05) and 35 (p < 0.05), respectively. The 135% arginine diet increased the CT CD8+:CD4+ T-cell ratio on d 35 (p < 0.05). In conclusion, the 125% and 135% arginine diets did not reverse the effect of the NE challenge on the growth performance. However, the 125% arginine diet significantly increased the cellular and humoral immune response to the challenge. Hence, the 125% arginine diet could be used with other feed additives to improve the immune response of the broilers during the NE challenge.
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Alimentación Animal , Arginina , Pollos , Clostridium perfringens , Coccidiosis , Dieta , Suplementos Dietéticos , Enteritis , Enfermedades de las Aves de Corral , Distribución Aleatoria , Animales , Pollos/crecimiento & desarrollo , Pollos/inmunología , Arginina/administración & dosificación , Arginina/farmacología , Enfermedades de las Aves de Corral/inmunología , Enfermedades de las Aves de Corral/microbiología , Enteritis/veterinaria , Enteritis/inmunología , Alimentación Animal/análisis , Dieta/veterinaria , Suplementos Dietéticos/análisis , Clostridium perfringens/fisiología , Coccidiosis/veterinaria , Coccidiosis/inmunología , Eimeria/fisiología , Intestinos/efectos de los fármacos , Infecciones por Clostridium/veterinaria , Infecciones por Clostridium/inmunología , Relación Dosis-Respuesta a Droga , Masculino , Inmunidad Innata/efectos de los fármacosRESUMEN
Enteritis poses a significant threat to fish farming, characterized by symptoms of intestinal and hepatic inflammation, physiological dysfunction, and dysbiosis. Focused on the leopard coral grouper (Plectropomus leopardus) with an enteritis outbreak on a South China Sea farm, our prior scrutiny did not find any abnormalities in feeding or conventional water quality factors, nor were any specific pathogen infections related to enteritis identified. This study further elucidates their intestinal flora alterations, host responses, and their interactions to uncover the underlying pathogenetic mechanisms and facilitate effective prevention and management strategies. Enteritis-affected fish exhibited substantial differences in intestinal flora compared to control fish (P = 0.001). Notably, norank_f_Alcaligenaceae, which has a negative impact on fish health, predominated in enteritis-affected fish (91.76 %), while the probiotic genus Lactococcus dominated in controls (93.90 %). Additionally, certain genera with pathogenesis potentials like Achromobacter, Sphingomonas, and Streptococcus were more abundant in diseased fish, whereas Enterococcus and Clostridium_sensu_stricto with probiotic potentials were enriched in control fish. At the transcriptomic level, strong inflammatory responses, accompanied by impaired metabolic functions, tissue damage, and iron death signaling activation were observed in the intestines and liver during enteritis. Furthermore, correlation analysis highlighted that potential pathogen groups were positively associated with inflammation and tissue damage genes while presenting negatively correlated with metabolic function-related genes. In conclusion, dysbiosis in the intestinal microbiome, particularly an aberrantly high abundance of Alcaligenaceae with pathogenic potential may be the main trigger for this enteritis outbreak. Alcaligenaceae alongside Achromobacter, Sphingomonas, and Streptococcus emerged as biomarkers for enteritis, whereas some species of Lactococcus, Clostridium_sensu_stricto, and Enterococcus showed promise as probiotics to alleviate enteritis symptoms. These findings enhance our understanding of enteritis pathogenesis, highlight intestinal microbiota shifts in leopard coral grouper, and propose biomarkers for monitoring, probiotic selection, and enteritis management.
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Enteritis , Enfermedades de los Peces , Microbioma Gastrointestinal , Animales , Enteritis/veterinaria , Enteritis/inmunología , Enteritis/microbiología , Enfermedades de los Peces/inmunología , Enfermedades de los Peces/microbiología , Perciformes/inmunología , China , Expresión GénicaRESUMEN
Enteritis posed a significant health challenge to golden pompano (Trachinotus ovatus) populations. In this research, a comprehensive multi-omics strategy was implemented to elucidate the pathogenesis of enteritis by comparing both healthy and affected golden pompano. Histologically, enteritis was characterized by villi adhesion and increased clustering after inflammation. Analysis of the intestinal microbiota revealed a significant increase (P < 0.05) in the abundance of specific bacterial strains, including Photobacterium and Salinivibrio, in diseased fish compared to the healthy group. Metabolomic analysis identified 5479 altered metabolites, with significant impacts on terpenoid and polyketide metabolism, as well as lipid metabolism (P < 0.05). Additionally, the concentrations of several compounds such as calcitetrol, vitamin D2, arachidonic acid, and linoleic acid were significantly reduced in the intestines of diseased fish post-enteritis (P < 0.05), with the detection of harmful substances such as Efonidipine. In transcriptomic profiling, enteritis induced 68 upregulated and 73 downregulated genes, predominantly affecting steroid hormone receptor activity (P < 0.05). KEGG pathway enrichment analysis highlighted upregulation of SQLE and CYP51 in steroidogenesis, while the HSV-1 associated MHC1 gene exhibited significant downregulation. Integration of multi-omics results suggested a potential pathogenic mechanism: enteritis may have resulted from concurrent infection of harmful bacteria, specifically Photobacterium and Salinivibrio, along with HSV-1. Efonidipine production within the intestinal tract may have blocked certain calcium ion channels, leading to downregulation of MHC1 gene expression and reduced extracellular immune recognition. Upregulation of SQLE and CYP51 genes stimulated steroid hormone synthesis within cells, which, upon binding to G protein-coupled receptors, influenced calcium ion transport, inhibited immune activation reactions, and further reduced intracellular synthesis of anti-inflammatory substances like arachidonic acid. Ultimately, this cascade led to inflammation progression, weakened intestinal peristalsis, and villi adhesion. This study utilized multi-level omics detection to investigate the pathological symptoms of enteritis and proposed a plausible pathogenic mechanism, providing innovative insights into enteritis verification and treatment in offshore cage culture of golden pompano.
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Enteritis , Enfermedades de los Peces , Microbioma Gastrointestinal , Animales , Enteritis/veterinaria , Enteritis/inmunología , Enteritis/microbiología , Enfermedades de los Peces/inmunología , Perfilación de la Expresión Génica/veterinaria , Perciformes/inmunología , Perciformes/genética , Transcriptoma , Metabolómica , MultiómicaRESUMEN
Necrotic enteritis (NE) is a potentially fatal poultry disease that causes enormous economic losses in the poultry industry worldwide. The study aimed to evaluate the effects of dietary organic yeast-derived selenium (Se) on immune protection against experimental necrotic enteritis (NE) in commercial broilers. Chickens were fed basal diets supplemented with different Se levels (0.25, 0.50, and 1.00 Se mg/kg). To induce NE, Clostridium perfringens (C. perfringens) was orally administered at 14 days of age post hatch. The results showed that birds fed 0.25 Se mg/kg exhibited significantly increased body weight gain compared with the non-supplemented/infected birds. There were no significant differences in gut lesions between the Se-supplemented groups and the non-supplemented group. The antibody levels against α-toxin and NetB toxin increased with the increase between 0.25 Se mg/kg and 0.50 Se mg/kg. In the jejunal scrapings and spleen, the Se-supplementation groups up-regulated the transcripts for pro-inflammatory cytokines IL-1ß, IL-6, IL-8, iNOS, and LITAF and avian ß-defensin 6, 8, and 13 (AvBD6, 8 and 13). In conclusion, supplementation with organic yeast-derived Se alleviates the negative consequences and provides beneficial protection against experimental NE.
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Alimentación Animal , Pollos , Infecciones por Clostridium , Clostridium perfringens , Citocinas , Suplementos Dietéticos , Enteritis , Enfermedades de las Aves de Corral , Selenio , Animales , Enteritis/prevención & control , Enteritis/veterinaria , Enteritis/inmunología , Enteritis/microbiología , Selenio/farmacología , Selenio/administración & dosificación , Enfermedades de las Aves de Corral/prevención & control , Enfermedades de las Aves de Corral/inmunología , Clostridium perfringens/inmunología , Infecciones por Clostridium/prevención & control , Infecciones por Clostridium/veterinaria , Infecciones por Clostridium/inmunología , Citocinas/metabolismo , Toxinas Bacterianas/inmunología , Necrosis , beta-Defensinas/metabolismo , Yeyuno/efectos de los fármacos , Yeyuno/inmunología , Yeyuno/microbiología , Yeyuno/patología , Bazo/inmunología , Levaduras , Óxido Nítrico Sintasa de Tipo II/metabolismo , Interleucina-6/metabolismo , Interleucina-8/metabolismo , Interleucina-1beta/metabolismo , Anticuerpos Antibacterianos/sangreRESUMEN
BACKGROUND: Clostridium perfringens, a common environmental bacterium, is responsible for a variety of serious illnesses including food poisoning, digestive disorders, and soft tissue infections. Mastitis in lactating cattle and sudden death losses in baby calves are major problems for producers raising calves on dairy farms. The pathogenicity of this bacterium is largely mediated by its production of various toxins. RESULTS: The study revealed that Among the examined lactating animals with a history of mastitis, diarrheal baby calves, and acute sudden death cases in calves, C. perfringens was isolated in 23.5% (93/395) of the total tested samples. Eighteen isolates were obtained from mastitic milk, 59 from rectal swabs, and 16 from the intestinal contents of dead calves. Most of the recovered C. perfringens isolates (95.6%) were identified as type A by molecular toxinotyping, except for four isolates from sudden death cases (type C). Notably, C. perfringens was recovered in 100% of sudden death cases compared with 32.9% of rectal swabs and 9% of milk samples. This study analyzed the phylogeny of C. perfringens using the plc region and identified the plc region in five Egyptian bovine isolates (milk and fecal origins). Importantly, this finding expands the known data on C. perfringens phospholipase C beyond reference strains in GenBank from various animal and environmental sources. CONCLUSION: Phylogenetic analyses of nucleotide sequence data differentiated between strains of different origins. The plc sequences of Egyptian C. perfringens strains acquired in the present study differed from those reported globally and constituted a distinct genetic ancestor.
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Infecciones por Clostridium , Clostridium perfringens , Enteritis , Variación Genética , Mastitis Bovina , Leche , Filogenia , Animales , Clostridium perfringens/genética , Clostridium perfringens/aislamiento & purificación , Clostridium perfringens/clasificación , Clostridium perfringens/patogenicidad , Bovinos , Egipto , Femenino , Infecciones por Clostridium/microbiología , Infecciones por Clostridium/veterinaria , Leche/microbiología , Enteritis/microbiología , Enteritis/veterinaria , Mastitis Bovina/microbiología , Enfermedades de los Bovinos/microbiología , Heces/microbiología , Fosfolipasas de Tipo C/genética , Industria Lechera , Granjas , Toxinas Bacterianas/genéticaRESUMEN
An eight-week feeding trial was designed to assess which component of commensal Bacillus siamensis LF4 can mitigate SBM-induced enteritis and microbiota dysbiosis in spotted seabass (Lateolabrax maculatus) based on TLRs-MAPKs/NF-кB signaling pathways. Fish continuously fed low SBM (containing 16 % SBM) and high SBM (containing 40 % SBM) diets were used as positive (FM group) and negative (SBM group) control, respectively. After feeding high SBM diet for 28 days, fish were supplemented with B. siamensis LF4-derived whole cell wall (CW), cell wall protein (CWP), lipoteichoic acid (LTA) or peptidoglycan (PGN) until 56 days. The results showed that a high inclusion of SBM in the diet caused enteritis, characterized with significantly (P < 0.05) decreased muscular thickness, villus height, villus width, atrophied and loosely arranged microvillus. Moreover, high SBM inclusion induced an up-regulation of pro-inflammatory cytokines and a down-regulation of occludin, E-cadherin, anti-inflammatory cytokines, apoptosis related genes and antimicrobial peptides. However, dietary supplementation with CW, LTA, and PGN of B. siamensis LF4 could effectively alleviate enteritis caused by a high level of dietary SBM. Additionally, CWP and PGN administration increased beneficial Cetobacterium and decreased pathogenic Plesiomonas and Brevinema, while dietary LTA decreased Plesiomonas and Brevinema, suggesting that CWP, LTA and PGN positively modulated intestinal microbiota in spotted seabass. Furthermore, CW, LTA, and PGN application significantly stimulated TLR2, TLR5 and MyD88 expressions, and inhibited the downstream p38 and NF-κB signaling. Taken together, these results suggest that LTA and PGN from B. siamensis LF4 could alleviate soybean meal-induced enteritis and microbiota dysbiosis in L. maculatus, and p38 MAPK/NF-κB pathways might be involved in those processes.
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Alimentación Animal , Bacillus , Dieta , Disbiosis , Enteritis , Enfermedades de los Peces , Microbioma Gastrointestinal , Glycine max , Lipopolisacáridos , Peptidoglicano , Ácidos Teicoicos , Animales , Enfermedades de los Peces/inmunología , Alimentación Animal/análisis , Enteritis/veterinaria , Enteritis/inmunología , Enteritis/microbiología , Disbiosis/veterinaria , Disbiosis/inmunología , Bacillus/fisiología , Bacillus/química , Microbioma Gastrointestinal/efectos de los fármacos , Dieta/veterinaria , Glycine max/química , Lipopolisacáridos/farmacología , Ácidos Teicoicos/farmacología , Peptidoglicano/farmacología , Peptidoglicano/administración & dosificación , Lubina/inmunología , Probióticos/farmacología , Probióticos/administración & dosificación , Suplementos Dietéticos/análisis , Distribución AleatoriaRESUMEN
The objective of this study was to evaluate the effect of 25% arginine supplementation as a functional amino acid in partially alleviating the detrimental effects of necrotic enteritis (NE) on the growth performance, serum biochemistry, gut integrity, and the relative gene expression of tight junction proteins and inflammatory cytokines in broilers during NE. Three hundred and sixty 1-day-old chicks were randomly allocated to 4 treatments in a 2 × 2 factorial arrangement -basal diet and 125% arginine diet, with or without NE challenge. NE was induced by inoculating 1 × 104Eimeria maxima sporulated oocysts on d 14 and 1 × 108 CFU/bird C. perfringens on d 19, 20, and 21. The NE challenge had a significant effect on the BWG (p < 0.05), FCR (p < 0.05), serum AST (p < 0.05), GLU (p < 0.05), and K+ (p < 0.05) levels, and intestinal permeability (p < 0.05) and jejunal lesion score (p < 0.05). A significant challenge × diet interaction effect was observed in the cecal tonsil CD8+: CD4+ T-cell ratio on d 21 (p < 0.05) and 28 (p < 0.05) and spleen CD8+: CD4+ T-cell ratio on d 21 (p < 0.05) and 35 (p < 0.05). Arginine supplementation significantly increased the CD8+: CD4+ T-cell ratio in uninfected birds but decreased the CD8+: CD4+ T-cell ratio in infected birds. On d 21, a significant interaction effect was observed on the relative expression of the iNOS gene (p < 0.05). Arginine supplementation significantly downregulated the expression of the iNOS gene in infected birds. A significant effect of the challenge (p < 0.05) was observed on the relative gene expression of the ZO-1 gene in the jejunum. NE challenge significantly downregulated the expression of the ZO-1 gene on d 21. In conclusion, arginine supplementation did not alleviate the depression in growth performance and disease severity during the NE challenge. However, arginine downregulated the expression of inflammatory cytokines and enzymes, preventing inflammatory injury to the tissues during NE. Hence, arginine might be supplemented with other alternatives to downregulate inflammatory response during NE in poultry.
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Alimentación Animal , Arginina , Pollos , Coccidiosis , Dieta , Suplementos Dietéticos , Enteritis , Intestinos , Enfermedades de las Aves de Corral , Distribución Aleatoria , Animales , Arginina/administración & dosificación , Arginina/farmacología , Pollos/crecimiento & desarrollo , Pollos/inmunología , Enfermedades de las Aves de Corral/inmunología , Suplementos Dietéticos/análisis , Enteritis/veterinaria , Enteritis/inmunología , Alimentación Animal/análisis , Dieta/veterinaria , Coccidiosis/veterinaria , Coccidiosis/inmunología , Intestinos/efectos de los fármacos , Eimeria/fisiología , Clostridium perfringens/fisiología , Masculino , Infecciones por Clostridium/veterinaria , Infecciones por Clostridium/inmunologíaRESUMEN
Finding effective antibiotic alternatives is crucial to managing the re-emerging health risk of Clostridium perfringens (CP) type A/G-induced avian necrotic enteritis (NE), a disease that has regained prominence in the wake of governmental restrictions on antibiotic use in poultry. Known for its antimicrobial and immunomodulatory effects, the use of bovine lactoferrin (bLF) in chickens is yet to be fully explored. In this study, we hypothesized that bLF can accumulate in the small intestines of healthy chickens through gavage and intramuscular supplementation and serves as a potential antibiotic alternative. Immunohistochemistry located bLF in various layers of the small intestines and ELISA testing confirmed its accumulation. Surprisingly, sham-treated chickens also showed the presence of bLF, prompting a western blotting analysis that dismissed the notion of cross-reactivity between bLF and the avian protein ovotransferrin. Although the significance of the route of administration remains inconclusive, this study supports the hypothesis that bLF is a promising and safe antibiotic alternative with demonstrated resistance to the degradative environment of the chicken intestines. Further studies are needed to determine its beneficial pharmacological effects in CP-infected chickens.
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Antibacterianos , Pollos , Infecciones por Clostridium , Clostridium perfringens , Lactoferrina , Enfermedades de las Aves de Corral , Animales , Lactoferrina/administración & dosificación , Lactoferrina/farmacología , Clostridium perfringens/fisiología , Clostridium perfringens/efectos de los fármacos , Antibacterianos/farmacología , Antibacterianos/administración & dosificación , Enfermedades de las Aves de Corral/tratamiento farmacológico , Enfermedades de las Aves de Corral/prevención & control , Enfermedades de las Aves de Corral/microbiología , Infecciones por Clostridium/veterinaria , Infecciones por Clostridium/prevención & control , Bovinos , Alimentación Animal/análisis , Intestino Delgado/efectos de los fármacos , Dieta/veterinaria , Enteritis/veterinaria , Suplementos Dietéticos/análisisRESUMEN
Background: Butyric acid and its derivatives support the immune system, lessen inflammation, and lessen oxidative stress in broilers in addition to preserving gut homeostasis and epithelial integrity. Broiler performance has also been demonstrated to rise with the addition of nucleotides to the diet. Aim: The purpose of the study was to ascertain the effects of butyric acid and nucleotides added to feed on the overall performance, immunity, oxidant/antioxidant enzyme levels, intestinal histology, and hepatic functions of broilers. Methods: Four experimental groups of thirty chickens, each were used in the present study. The groups were assigned as a control group that received normal diet without additives, butyrate (B) group received the diet supplemented with butyric acid (250 g/ton feed), nucleotides (N) group received the diet supplemented with nucleotides (200 g/ton feed), and the fourth group received the diet supplemented with a combination of butyrate and nucleotide (BN) (250 g/ton B feed, and 200 g/ton N feed, respectively). Necrotic enteritis was produced in ten birds from each group to assess the immune-modulatory effect of these supplements, antioxidant status, intestinal histology, and liver functions were measured in all experimental groups. Results: The addition of butyric acid and nucleotides to feed enhanced body weight, growth performance, hepatic functions, and antioxidant capabilities. Histological sections of the gut from challenged or unchallenged (with necrotic enteritis) groups in the BN group showed considerable improvement, as shown by strong proliferation in intestinal crypts and villus enterocytes. Conclusion: Nucleotides and butyric acid can be added to broiler feeding regimens to enhance growth and health.
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Pollos , Enteritis , Animales , Ácido Butírico/farmacología , Antioxidantes , Nucleótidos , Suplementos Dietéticos , Enteritis/veterinariaRESUMEN
Necrotic enteritis caused by Clostridium perfringens (CP), is a common enteric disease of poultry that has been previously controlled by in-feed antibiotics. However, due to the rapid emergence of antimicrobial resistance, alternatives to antibiotics such as probiotics have received considerable attention because of their immunomodulatory and intestinal health benefits. The present study investigated the effects of probiotic lactobacilli on gut histomorphology and intestinal innate responses in chickens. Day-old male broiler chickens were treated with 1 × 107 or 1 × 108 colony-forming units (CFU) of a lactobacilli cocktail on days 1, 7, 14, and 20 post-hatch, while control groups were not treated with lactobacilli. On day 21, birds in all groups (except the negative control) were challenged with 3 × 108 CFU of CP for 3 days. Intestinal tissue samples were collected before and after the CP challenge to assess gene expression and for histomorphological analysis. Lactobacilli treatment at a dose of 1 × 108 CFU conferred partial protection against NE by lowering lesion scores, increasing villus height in the ileum and reducing crypt depth in the jejunum. In addition, 1 × 108 CFU of lactobacilli enhanced the expression of Toll-like receptor (TLR) 2, interferon-gamma (IFN-γ), interleukin (IL)-10, IL-12, and IL-13 in both the jejunum and ileum at different timepoints and subsequently decreased the expression of transforming growth factor beta (TGF-ß) and IL-1ß post-CP challenge. In conclusion, the results indicate that treatment with lactobacilli mitigated NE in a dose-dependent manner via improvement of intestinal morphology and modulation of innate immune response in chickens.
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Pollos , Infecciones por Clostridium , Clostridium perfringens , Inmunidad Innata , Lactobacillus , Enfermedades de las Aves de Corral , Probióticos , Animales , Pollos/inmunología , Pollos/microbiología , Clostridium perfringens/fisiología , Masculino , Infecciones por Clostridium/veterinaria , Infecciones por Clostridium/inmunología , Infecciones por Clostridium/terapia , Infecciones por Clostridium/microbiología , Enfermedades de las Aves de Corral/microbiología , Enfermedades de las Aves de Corral/inmunología , Probióticos/administración & dosificación , Probióticos/farmacología , Intestinos/microbiología , Enteritis/veterinaria , Enteritis/microbiología , Enteritis/inmunologíaRESUMEN
This study investigated the effects of Bacillus subtilis HW2 on the growth performance, immune response, endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress, and intestinal health in broilers with necrotic enteritis. Three hundred 1-day-old male Cobb 500 broilers (33.88 ± 2.34 g) were randomly allocated to 5 groups including non-infected control (NC group), basal diet + necrotic enteritis challenge (NE group), basal diet + 1 × 106 CFU/g B. subtilis HW2 + necrotic enteritis challenge (L-Pro group), basal diet + 5 × 106 CFU/g B. subtilis HW2 + necrotic enteritis challenge (M-Pro group), and basal diet + 1 × 107 CFU/g B. subtilis HW2 + necrotic enteritis challenge (H-Pro group), with 6 replicates per group. All broilers except NC group were orally given with sporulated coccidian oocysts at day 14 and Clostridium perfringens from days 19 to 21. Results showed that L-Pro and M-Pro groups improved growth performance and intestinal morphology in necrotic enteritis-challenged broilers, and L-Pro, M-Pro, and H-Pro groups improved intestinal barrier function and immune response and decreased ER stress in necrotic enteritis-challenged broilers. Analysis of the gut microbiota revealed that L-Pro group increased the abundances of Alistipes, Coprobacter, Barnesiella, and Limosilactobacillus, decreased Erysipelatoclostridium abundance on day 42 in necrotic enteritis-challenged broilers. M-Pro group increased Turicibacter abundance on day 28 and the abundances of Alistipes, Barnesiella, and Limosilactobacillus on day 42 in necrotic enteritis-challenged broilers. H-Pro group decreased Romboutsia abundance on day 28 and unidentified_Clostridia abundance on day 42 in necrotic enteritis-challenged broilers. Analysis of short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs) revealed higher isobutyric acid and isovaleric acid levels in L-Pro and M-Pro groups than NE group. Correlation analysis revealed the correlations between the biochemical parameters and gut microbiota as well as SCFAs, especially Romboutsia, Barnesiella, Coprobacter, isobutyric acid, and isovaleric acid. Overall, our results indicated that B. subtilis HW2 supplementation could ameliorate necrotic enteritis infection-induced gut injury. The optimal dietary supplementation dosage of Bacillus subtilis HW2 was 5 × 106 CFU/g.