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OBJECTIVE: Compare Cardiovascular Risk between workers in Brazil and Portugal who work in the teaching context and its relationship with Lifestyle and Common Mental Disorder. METHODS: Cross-sectional study that compared the cardiovascular health conditions of teaching workers in Manaus (Brazil) and Coimbra (Portugal). The odds ratio between groups was estimated. RESULTS: The differences were: Smoking and hypercholesterolemia in participants from Portugal. Hypertension, chronic disease, increased abdominal perimeter, common mental disorder, and absence from work in Brazil. The variables with the greatest effect for high cardiovascular risk were: Country-Portugal [17.273 (95%CI1.538-193.951)], sex-male [61.577 (95%CI5.398-702.469)] and smoking [593.398 (95%CI57.330-6.142.020)]. CONCLUSION: The differences in risk between groups showed that participants from Portugal, men, with high blood pressure and/or smokers are the most vulnerable to having a cardiovascular event. There is a need for interventions to promote cardiovascular health in the workplace in both countries.

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OBJECTIVES: to identify the aspects related to professional training and autonomy of undergraduate nursing teachers of a public institution in Brasília, Federal District, in order to contribute to the course management and qualification. METHODS: mixed method study conducted with 77 teachers. A semi-structured questionnaire was applied, where quantitative items were evaluated through the Student's T and ANOVA (p<0.05%) parametric tests. The qualitative part underwent content analysis with use of the IRAMUTEQ software and descending hierarchical classification. RESULTS: the training of professionals was focused mostly (67.5%) on their initial area of expertise, and their mean values in autonomy-related factors were low and moderate. Two categories emerged in the qualitative analysis: "Identifying teacher autonomy" and "Applying teacher autonomy". CONCLUSIONS: understanding the meaning and degree of autonomy perceived by teachers can foster the reflection on the praxis and enhance their performance.

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Objetivo: Avaliar o conhecimento de estudantes de medicina sobre o funcionamento do Serviço de Atendimento Móvel de Urgência. Métodos: Estudo observacional, transversal, descritivo e analítico. Foi utilizado um questionário semiestruturado e autorresponsivo aplicado a estudantes de medicina matriculados entre o primeiro e o quinto semestres de uma faculdade privada de Belém (PA), utilizando os métodos estatísticos teste do qui-quadrado de aderência e teste G de independência. Resultados: Participaram do estudo 139 discentes, com destaque para a maior participação dos acadêmicos do primeiro e do quinto período (p<0,0001). Houve diferença estatística apenas no primeiro (68,2%; p=0,0237) e no quinto período do curso (84,8%; p<0,0001) quanto ao conhecimento do número para contatar o serviço. Somente o primeiro (79,6% corretos; p=0,0002) e o terceiro períodos (77,8% corretos; p=0,0339) tiveram significância estatística quanto à obrigatoriedade do médico na ambulância. Conclusão: Os dados evidenciados mostram que os alunos possuem lacunas de conhecimento sobre o funcionamento do Serviço de Atendimento Móvel de Urgência, o que pode prejudicar o desfecho clínico de um paciente.

Objective: To evaluate the knowledge of the medical students of an Education Facility about the operation of the Emergency Medical Service. Methods: This is an observational, cross-sectional, descriptive, and analytical study. A semi-structured and self-responding questionnaire was applied to medical students enrolled between the first and fifth years of a private college in Belém (PA), using the statistical methods Chi-square of adherence and G-test of independence. Results: One hundred and thirty-nine students participated in the study, with emphasis on the higher participation of students from the first and fifth terms (p<0.0001). There was statistical difference only in the first (68.2%; p=0.0237) and fifth (84.8%; p<0.0001) terms of the course regarding knowledge of the number to contact the service. Only the first (79.6% correct, p=0.0002) and third (77.8% correct, p=0.0339) terms had statistical significance regarding the compulsory presence of the physician in the ambulance. Conclusion: The evidenced data show that students have knowledge gaps about the functioning of the Emergency Medical Service, which can harm the clinical outcome of a patient.

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OBJECTIVE: To develop, implement and evaluate an online virtual learning environment (VLE) on pediatric rheumatology, aimed at pediatric residents, analyzing its effectiveness and satisfaction rates. METHODS: A total of 92 first and second year pediatric residents at two pediatric reference centers were invited to participate in the study. Residents were randomized into a case group (that answered the pre-course test, attended the six virtual pediatric rheumatology modules, and then responded to the post-course test and a satisfaction questionnaire) and a control group (that only answered the pre-course test and, after 4 weeks, the post-course test). RESULTS: Forty-seven residents (51%) completed their participation. In the case group (n=24), the mean percentage of correct answers was 14% higher on the post-course test (p<0.001). The number of correct answers was larger in the case group than in the control one (n=23) in the post-course test (p=0.045). In the assessment of satisfaction with VLE use, residents considered the site easy to navigate (91%), suitable as a learning tool (91%), and attractive in design (79%). They reported poor prior knowledge in pediatric rheumatology (91%) and agreed that there was good learning with the methodology (75%). CONCLUSIONS: The virtual learning environment in pediatric rheumatology proved to be an effective teaching tool with high satisfaction rates, providing pediatrician residents with adequate knowledge regarding the initial assessment and management of children with rheumatic diseases.

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The reduction in cervical cancer (CC) in developed countries, due mainly to Pap testing, has not filtered down to Caribbean countries including Grenada despite accessible screening. This is attributed to a lack of knowledge and low screening. Researchers in low resource settings successfully trained lay health advisors (LHAs), using theory-based, culturally relevant interventions to reverse this trend. The use of LHAs in Grenada was not documented in the literature; therefore, the purpose of this study was to implement and evaluate a culturally relevant curriculum in an effort to educate Grenadian LHAs on CC. Using convenience sampling, 8 Grenadian women were recruited from the parishes with the highest rates of CC. They participated in Woman to Woman (W2W), a 2-day CC, and human papilloma virus (HPV) prevention education program facilitated by local content experts. W2W was adapted from an evidence-based curriculum and tailored for the Grenadian context. Training consisted of modules on CC and HPV. Knowledge of LHAs was measured pre- and post-intervention. Summative evaluation was assessed using a focus group discussion. There was a significant increase in CC knowledge among LHA post-training (p < 0.05) and LHAs had positive opinions about the intervention. They had an enhanced sense of self-efficacy and valued feeling part of a team. The W2W results indicated that an evidence-based and culturally tailored educational intervention has the potential for significant gains in CC and HPV knowledge. Future research will evaluate the LHA-led CC and HPV educational intervention in the community setting.

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ABSTRACT Objective: To develop, implement and evaluate an online virtual learning environment (VLE) on pediatric rheumatology, aimed at pediatric residents, analyzing its effectiveness and satisfaction rates. Methods: A total of 92 first and second year pediatric residents at two pediatric reference centers were invited to participate in the study. Residents were randomized into a case group (that answered the pre-course test, attended the six virtual pediatric rheumatology modules, and then responded to the post-course test and a satisfaction questionnaire) and a control group (that only answered the pre-course test and, after 4 weeks, the post-course test). Results: Forty-seven residents (51%) completed their participation. In the case group (n=24), the mean percentage of correct answers was 14% higher on the post-course test (p<0.001). The number of correct answers was larger in the case group than in the control one (n=23) in the post-course test (p=0.045). In the assessment of satisfaction with VLE use, residents considered the site easy to navigate (91%), suitable as a learning tool (91%), and attractive in design (79%). They reported poor prior knowledge in pediatric rheumatology (91%) and agreed that there was good learning with the methodology (75%). Conclusions: The virtual learning environment in pediatric rheumatology proved to be an effective teaching tool with high satisfaction rates, providing pediatrician residents with adequate knowledge regarding the initial assessment and management of children with rheumatic diseases.

RESUMO Objetivo: Elaborar, implementar e avaliar um ambiente virtual de aprendizagem online em reumatologia pediátrica, direcionado aos residentes em pediatria, analisando sua efetividade e seus índices de satisfação. Métodos: Foram convidados 92 residentes de pediatria do primeiro e segundo anos de dois centros de referência em pediatria. Os residentes foram divididos, de forma randomizada, em grupo caso (que respondeu ao teste pré-curso, assistiu aos seis módulos virtuais de reumatologia pediátrica e, ao término das aulas virtuais, respondeu ao teste pós-curso e ao questionário de satisfação) e grupo controle (que apenas respondeu ao teste pré-curso e, após quatro semanas, ao teste pós-curso). Resultados: Completaram a participação 47 (51%) residentes. No grupo caso (n=24), o percentual de acertos foi 14% maior no teste pós-curso (p<0,001). Houve um percentual de acertos maior no grupo caso em relação ao grupo controle (n=23) na comparação do resultado do teste pós-curso (p=0,045). Na avaliação da satisfação em relação ao uso do ambiente virtual, os residentes consideraram o site de fácil navegação (91%), adequado como ferramenta de aprendizagem (91%) e com design atrativo (79%). Eles relataram um conhecimento prévio ruim em reumatologia pediátrica (91%) e concordaram que houve um bom aprendizado por meio da metodologia (75%). Conclusões: O ambiente virtual de aprendizado em reumatologia pediátrica mostrou-se uma ferramenta de ensino eficaz e com altos índices de satisfação na sua utilização, fornecendo ao residente em pediatria um conhecimento adequado para avaliação e conduta inicial de pacientes com doenças reumáticas da infância.

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ABSTRACT Objectives: to identify the aspects related to professional training and autonomy of undergraduate nursing teachers of a public institution in Brasília, Federal District, in order to contribute to the course management and qualification. Methods: mixed method study conducted with 77 teachers. A semi-structured questionnaire was applied, where quantitative items were evaluated through the Student's T and ANOVA (p<0.05%) parametric tests. The qualitative part underwent content analysis with use of the IRAMUTEQ software and descending hierarchical classification. Results: the training of professionals was focused mostly (67.5%) on their initial area of expertise, and their mean values in autonomy-related factors were low and moderate. Two categories emerged in the qualitative analysis: "Identifying teacher autonomy" and "Applying teacher autonomy". Conclusions: understanding the meaning and degree of autonomy perceived by teachers can foster the reflection on the praxis and enhance their performance.

RESUMEN Objetivos: identificar aspectos relacionados con la formación profesional y la autonomía de los docentes universitarios de enfermería de una institución pública en Brasilia, Distrito Federal, para contribuir a la gestión y calificación del curso. Métodos: investigación de método mixto realizada con 77 docentes. Se aplicó un cuestionario semiestructurado, donde los ítems cuantitativos se evaluaron mediante las pruebas paramétricas T de Student y ANOVA (p<0.05%). La parte cualitativa se sometió a análisis de contenido con el uso del software IRAMUTEQ y clasificación jerárquica descendente. Resultados: con la formación enfocada principalmente (67.5%) en su área inicial de experiencia, los profesionales expresaron promedios bajos y moderados en factores relacionados con la autonomía. En el análisis cualitativo surgieron dos categorías: "Identificar la autonomía del docente" y "Aplicar la autonomía del docente". Conclusiones: comprender el significado y el grado de autonomía percibido por los docentes puede fomentar la reflexión de la praxis y mejorar su desempeño.

RESUMO Objetivos: identificar aspectos relativos à formação profissional e à autonomia dos docentes de graduação em Enfermagem de uma instituição pública de Brasília, Distrito Federal, de forma a contribuir na gestão e na qualificação do curso. Métodos: estudo misto, realizado com 77 docentes. Aplicou-se questionário semiestruturado, onde os itens quantitativos foram avaliados por testes paramétricos: Teste t-student e ANOVA (p<0,05%). A parte qualitativa passou por análise de conteúdo com subsídio do software IRAMUTEQ, e foi empregada a Classificação Hierárquica Descendente. Resultados: com formação voltada majoritariamente (67,5%) à sua área de atuação inicial, os profissionais expressaram médias baixas e moderadas nos fatores relacionados à autonomia. Na análise qualitativa emergiram duas categorias: "Identificando a autonomia docente" e "Aplicando a autonomia docente". Conclusões: entender o significado e o grau de autonomia percebido pelo docente pode fomentar a reflexão da práxis e potencializar sua atuação.

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RESUMO A pesquisa descritiva teve por objetivo verificar os diferentes perfis de docentes universitários de Educação Física, considerando à satisfação no trabalho e sua relação com as variáveis sociodemográficas e profissionais. Foram investigados 99 docentes de Educação Física, com vínculo em instituições públicas e privadas do Paraná. Na coleta de dados, questionários foram empregados para identificar o perfil sociodemográfico e Qualidade de Vida no Trabalho. Na análise estatística, foi utilizada a Análise de Cluster, o teste Qui-quadrado e os testes de Kruskal-Wallis com post hoc de Comparação Múltipla de Dunn. Os resultados evidenciaram três grupos de docentes: o Grupo 1 apresentou insatisfação, sobretudo, com a integração social e com o trabalho e espaço total de vida. O Grupo 2 mostrou-se pouco satisfeito com as condições de trabalho e com a integração social. E, o Grupo 3 apresentou maior satisfação profissional, entretanto, possuíam menor tempo de atuação na universidade. Por fim, conclui-se que os aspectos sociodemográficos e profissionais são fatores intervenientes na satisfação com o trabalho docente.

ABSTRACT The descriptive research had as objective to verify the different professor's profiles of Physical Education, considering the satisfaction in the work and its relation with the sociodemographic and professional variables. We investigated 99 Physical Education college professors, with links in public and private institutions of Paraná. In the data collection, questionnaires were used to identify the sociodemographic profile and Quality of Life at Work. In the satistical analysis was used to Cluster analysis, Chi-square test and the Kruskal-Wallis test with post hoc Dunn's Multiple Comparison. The results showed three groups of college professors: Group 1 showed dissatisfaction, above all, with social integration and with work and total living space. Group 2 was dissatisfied with working conditions and social integration. And, Group 3 presented higher professional satisfaction, however, they had a shorter time in the university. Finally, we conclude that the socio-demographic and professional aspects are factors that intervene in the satisfaction with the professors job.

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Studies that addressed the profile of pharmaceutical activities and behaviors in community pharmacies in the last decades pointed to a gap between community pharmacy practice and the precepts of the profession. Facing the need to analyze whether the new legislation has impacted this scenario, the objective of this study was to describe the general profile and academic profile of community pharmacists, and the profile of the activities they develop, as well as to know their place of work. This is a descriptive study, to which all pharmacists in charge of community pharmacies in the metropolitan area of ​​Belo Horizonte-MG (n = 1624) were invited. Data collection was performed through a questionnaire validated online, from October to December 2017, via Google Docs®. Responses were obtained from 109 pharmacists, most of them female, aged 31-40 years, being general graduates, and in private institutions. Pharmacotherapeutic follow-up, an activity linked to clinical management, is performed by only 37.60% of pharmacists, evidencing that there is still a lag in relation to the provision of clinical services by community pharmacists. Thus, we emphasize the importance of implementing the precepts established by Brazilian curricular guidelines for undergraduate pharmacy courses which focus on the development of clinical skills, since the insertion of the pharmacist into the health team and the provision of clinical services to the community can add new value to the use of medications, and contribute effectively to their rational use in Brazil.

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OBJECTIVE: Developing a mobile application for the teaching of the International Classification for Nursing Practice. METHODS: Methodological applied research for technological production, performed in three phases of the contextualized instructional design model: analysis, design and development. RESULTS: The application has an initial screen, which provides information about the team and its purpose. Then, four moblets are listed, including presentation, user's guide consisting of five modules, educational games and five clinical cases. The references on which the application was based are also presented. FINAL CONSIDERATIONS: It was possible to develop an application with the potential to promote the knowledge of nursing students and professionals about this classification system.

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ABSTRACT Objective: Developing a mobile application for the teaching of the International Classification for Nursing Practice. Methods: Methodological applied research for technological production, performed in three phases of the contextualized instructional design model: analysis, design and development. Results: The application has an initial screen, which provides information about the team and its purpose. Then, four moblets are listed, including presentation, user's guide consisting of five modules, educational games and five clinical cases. The references on which the application was based are also presented. Final considerations: It was possible to develop an application with the potential to promote the knowledge of nursing students and professionals about this classification system.

RESUMEN Objetivo: Desarrollar una aplicación móvil para enseñar la Clasificación Internacional en la Práctica de Enfermería. Métodos: Estudio metodológico aplicado, de elaboración tecnológica, realizado en tres fases del modelo de diseño instructivo contextualizado: análisis, diseño y desarrollo. Resultados: La aplicación tiene una pantalla de bienvenida, en que brinda información sobre el personal y el tema de auxilio. A continuación, se enumeran cuatro moblets, que versan sobre la presentación, el guía del usuario constituido por cinco módulos, juegos educativos y cinco casos clínicos. También se encuentran las referencias utilizadas en la elaboración de la aplicación. Consideraciones finales: Fue posible desarrollar la aplicación con potencial para impulsar a estudiantes y a profesionales de enfermería que conozcan mejor dicho sistema de clasificación.

RESUMO Objetivo: Desenvolver um aplicativo móvel para o ensino da Classificação Internacional para a Prática de Enfermagem. Métodos: Estudo metodológico aplicado, de produção tecnológica, realizado em três fases do modelo de design instrucional contextualizado: análise, design e desenvolvimento. Resultados: O aplicativo possui uma tela inicial, na qual são fornecidas informações sobre a equipe e o tópico de ajuda. Em seguida, são listados quatro moblets, que versam sobre apresentação, guia do usuário constituído por cinco módulos, jogos educativos e cinco casos clínicos. Também são dispostas as referências utilizadas para a construção do aplicativo. Considerações finais: Foi possível desenvolver o aplicativo com potencial para impulsionar estudantes e profissionais de enfermagem a ter um melhor conhecimento sobre o referido sistema de classificação.

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OBJECTIVE: To analyze a professor training experience for higher education. METHOD: This is a descriptive case report on the professor training process in the postgraduate course of the College of Nursing of Ribeirão Preto, University of São Paulo. An evaluative activity was performed to capture the perceptions and experiences of 21 graduate students who were interns of an educational improvement program. The data were analyzed following the thematic content analysis guidelines. RESULTS: Three thematic categories were identified: 1) knowledge necessary for teaching practice; 2) teaching routines and practices; 3) the essentiality of mentoring. FINAL CONSIDERATIONS: This article provides a critical approach on the formative process of human resources for higher education in health, identifying potentials and challenges. Its innovative character resides in understanding pedagogical work articulated with graduate research training.

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ABSTRACT Objective: To analyze a professor training experience for higher education. Method: This is a descriptive case report on the professor training process in the postgraduate course of the College of Nursing of Ribeirão Preto, University of São Paulo. An evaluative activity was performed to capture the perceptions and experiences of 21 graduate students who were interns of an educational improvement program. The data were analyzed following the thematic content analysis guidelines. Results: Three thematic categories were identified: 1) knowledge necessary for teaching practice; 2) teaching routines and practices; 3) the essentiality of mentoring. Final considerations: This article provides a critical approach on the formative process of human resources for higher education in health, identifying potentials and challenges. Its innovative character resides in understanding pedagogical work articulated with graduate research training.

RESUMEN Objetivo: Analizar una experiencia de formación de profesores para la enseñanza superior. Método: Se trata de un relato descriptivo sobre una experiencia en el proceso de formación docente en el postgrado de la Escuela de Enfermería de Ribeirão Preto de la Universidad de São Paulo. Se realizó una actividad evaluativa para aprehender las percepciones y la experiencia de 21 estudiantes de posgrado que fueron pasantes de un programa de perfeccionamiento de la enseñanza. Los datos fueron analizados siguiendo los supuestos del análisis de contenido, modalidad temática. Resultados: Se identificaron tres categorías temáticas: 1) Conocimientos necesarios para la práctica docente; 2) Rutinas y prácticas de la docencia; 3) La esencialidad de la tutoría. Consideraciones finales: Este trabajo ofrece un enfoque crítico sobre el proceso formativo de recursos humanos para la enseñanza superior en el área de la salud, identificando potencialidades y desafíos. Su carácter innovador reside en la comprensión del trabajo pedagógico en articulación con la formación para la investigación en el posgrado.

RESUMO Objetivo: Analisar uma experiência de formação de professores para o ensino superior. Método: Trata-se de um relato descritivo sobre uma experiência no processo de formação docente na pós-graduação na Pós-Graduação da Escola de Enfermagem de Ribeirão Preto da Universidade de São Paulo. Foi realizada uma atividade avaliativa para apreender as percepções e a experiência de 21 pós-graduandos que foram estagiários de um programa de aperfeiçoamento do ensino. Os dados foram analisados seguindo pressupostos da análise de conteúdo, modalidade temática. Resultados: Foram identificadas três categorias temáticas: 1) Conhecimentos necessários para a prática docente; 2) Rotinas e práticas da docência; 3) A essencialidade da tutoria. Considerações finais: Esse trabalho oferece uma abordagem crítica sobre o processo formativo de recursos humanos para o ensino superior na área da saúde, identificando potencialidades e desafios. Seu caráter inovador reside na compreensão do trabalho pedagógico em articulação com a formação para a pesquisa na pós-graduação.

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Introduction: The main aim of the present study is to evaluate the effects of strenuous exercise, related to special military training for riot control, on systemic microvascular endothelial function and skin capillary density. Materials and Methods: Endothelium-dependent microvascular reactivity was evaluated in the forearm skin of healthy military trainees (age 23.4 ± 2.3 yr; n = 15) using laser speckle contrast imaging coupled with cutaneous acetylcholine (ACh) iontophoresis and post-occlusive reactive hyperemia (PORH). Functional capillary density was assessed using high-resolution, intra-vital color microscopy in the dorsum of the middle phalanx. Capillary recruitment (capillary reserve) was evaluated using PORH. Microcirculatory tests were performed before and after a 5-wk special military training for riot control. Results: Microvascular endothelium-dependent vasodilatory responses were markedly and significantly reduced after training, compared with values obtained before training. The peak values of microvascular conductance obtained during iontophoresis of ACh or PORH before training (0.84 ± 0.22 and 0.94 ± 0.72 APU/mmHg, respectively) were markedly reduced after training (0.47 ± 0.11 and 0.71 ± 0.14 APU/mmHg; p < 0.0001 and p = 0.0037, respectively). Endothelium-dependent capillary recruitment was significantly reduced after training (before 101 ± 9 and after 95 ± 8 capillaries/mm2; p = 0.0007). Conclusions: The present study showed that a 5-wk strenuous military training, performed in unfavorable climatic conditions, induces marked systemic microvascular dysfunction, mainly characterized by reduced endothelium-dependent microvascular vasodilation and blunted capillary recruitment.

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Introduction: The Chilean Army considers processes that can optimize physical capacities for responding to the impact of situations and given stressors. The study of the effect of hypothermia as a stressor agent (HSA) and its relationship with cardiovascular, hematological, anthropometric, endocrine, and immunological parameters has not been fully addressed experimentally in military populations. Objective: To identify the endocrine, hematological, cardiovascular, and immunological changes caused by HSA and to associate these variables with body composition and physical fitness in the military special operation courses of the Chilean Army. Materials and Methods: Forty-two male subjects were exposed to remain in cold water (10.6 °C) in the context of regular military operations training, the longest time of exposure was determined by individual volitional limits. The measurements were taken in pre-hypothermia conditions, then 2 d later under acute hypothermia condition, and finally during the course period of lesser physical and psychological stressors where the baseline measurements were taken. The statistical analysis consisted of testing normality of the distribution through the Shapiro-Wilk test, assessing the equality of variances through the Levene test, and variance analysis by applying the ANOVA test (analysis of variance). The Bonferroni test was used for multiple comparison correction and the Pearson test for correlations between two variables. The level of significance was of p < 0.05. Results: The main finding of this study is that HSA has a significant impact at the cardiovascular level and produces an increment in the cell population of the immune and hematologic systems. Significant hormonal changes were observed: ACTH (r = 0.50, p < 0.002), cortisol (r = 0.32, p < 0.03), free testosterone (r = 0.13, p < 0.002), total testosterone r = 0.31, p < 0.002), and anthropometrics (r = -0.51, p < 0.05). However, there is no significant correlation between physical fitness and HAS. Conclusions: All subjects experienced hypothermia stress elicited by immersion in cold water. This was evidenced by the decrease in core temperature as well as cardiovascular, endocrine, anthropometric, and immunological changes. Individual differences exist between subjects and their resistance to hypothermia in cold water. These differences are not explained by the physical fitness profile but rather respond to a greater body adiposity index and minor changes in the adrenocorticotropic hormone and cortisol hormone. An acute hypothermia stress condition also affects the anabolic/catabolic environment. Finally, HSA produces an increase in the cell population of the immune system. The authors believe that this study allows to standardize HSA exposure times during regular military operations training by identifying the physiological impacts under this extreme environment. At present, the availability of intra-abdominal temperature measurement apparatus with capsule thermometers raises the interest of corroborating the findings of the current study through the use of such measuring devices. Likewise, an interesting line of research for the future would be to compare the HSA against a psychological evaluation with the purpose of identifying the stress management mechanisms among subjects of these characteristics and include heart rate variability measurements as an indicator of sympathetic stress.

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OBJECTIVE: To measure the risk of dysphonia in teachers, as well as investigate whether the perceptual-auditory and acoustic aspects of the voice of teachers in situations of silence and noise, the signal-to-noise ratio, and the noise levels in the classroom are associated with the presence of dysphonia. METHODS: This is an observational cross-sectional research with 23 primary and secondary school teachers from a private school in the municipality of São Paulo, Brazil, divided into the groups without dysphonia and with dysphonia. We performed the following procedures: general Dysphonia Risk Screening Protocol (General-DRSP) and complementary to speaking voice - teacher (Specific-DRSP), voice recording during class and in an individual situation in a silent room, and measurement of the signal-to-noise ratio and noise levels of classrooms. RESULTS: We have found differences between groups regarding physical activity (General-DRSP) and particularities of the profession (Specific-DRSP), as well as in all aspects of the perceptual-auditory vocal analysis. We have found signs of voice wear in the group without dysphonia. Regarding the vocal resources in the situations of noise and silence, we have identified a difference for the production of abrupt vocal attack and the tendency of a more precise speech in the situation of noise. Both the signal-to-noise ratio and the room noise levels during class were high in both groups. CONCLUSIONS: Teachers in both groups are at high risk for developing dysphonia and have negative vocal signals to a greater or lesser extent. Signal-to-noise ratio was inadequate in most classrooms, considering the standards for both children with normal hearing and with hearing loss, as well as equivalent noise levels.

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Background: Teaching strategies have been defined as procedures, means or resources that teachers used to promote meaningful learning. Aim: Identify teaching strategies and evaluation used by the professor with residents in tertiary hospitals health care. Methods: This is a cross-sectional study conducted with full, associate and assistant professors of various medical specialties. A questionnaire was applied to evaluate the strategies used by professors to teach and evaluate students. Results: We included a sample of 90 professors in 35 medical specialties. The most frequent teaching activities were: organizing students to develop presentations on specific subjects, followed by asking questions on previously reviewed subjects, In terms of the strategies employed, the most frequent "always" option was applied to case analyses. The most frequent methods used for the evaluation of theoretical knowledge were: participation in class, topic presentation and exams. Conclusions: Teaching activities were primarily based on the presentation of specific topics by the residents. The most commonly used educational strategies were clinical case analyses followed by problem-based learning and the use of illustrations. Evaluation of the residents' performance in theory knowledge, hinged on class participation, presentation of assigned topics and exams.

Antecedentes: Las estrategias didácticas se han definido como procedimientos, medios o recursos que el docente utiliza para promover el aprendizaje significativo. Objetivo: Identificar las estrategias de enseñanza y de evaluación que utiliza el profesor con residentes en hospitales de tercer nivel de atención médica. Método: Estudio transversal, con profesores de diversas especialidades, en el Centro Médico Nacional La Raza. Se aplicó un cuestionario que valora las estrategias utilizadas en la enseñanza y la evaluación. Resultados: En una muestra de 90 profesores, 35 especialidades médicas con profesores ayudantes, adjuntos y titulares, las actividades de enseñanza que más realizan son organizar a los alumnos a exponer temas, seguido de realizar preguntas sobre temas vistos. Respecto a las estrategias educativas, la más frecuente fue análisis de casos y aprendizaje basado en problemas. Para evaluación del desempeño teórico, los métodos más utilizados fueron participación en clase, exposición de temas y exámenes. Conclusiones: las actividades de enseñanza están basadas en la exposición de temas por los médicos residentes. La estrategia educativa más utilizada fue llevar a cabo análisis de casos clínicos, seguido por aprendizaje basado en problemas. La evaluación del desempeño en aspectos teóricos se realiza a partir de la participación en clase, la exposición de temas y exámenes.

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ABSTRACT OBJECTIVE To measure the risk of dysphonia in teachers, as well as investigate whether the perceptual-auditory and acoustic aspects of the voice of teachers in situations of silence and noise, the signal-to-noise ratio, and the noise levels in the classroom are associated with the presence of dysphonia. METHODS This is an observational cross-sectional research with 23 primary and secondary school teachers from a private school in the municipality of São Paulo, Brazil, divided into the groups without dysphonia and with dysphonia. We performed the following procedures: general Dysphonia Risk Screening Protocol (General-DRSP) and complementary to speaking voice - teacher (Specific-DRSP), voice recording during class and in an individual situation in a silent room, and measurement of the signal-to-noise ratio and noise levels of classrooms. RESULTS We have found differences between groups regarding physical activity (General-DRSP) and particularities of the profession (Specific-DRSP), as well as in all aspects of the perceptual-auditory vocal analysis. We have found signs of voice wear in the group without dysphonia. Regarding the vocal resources in the situations of noise and silence, we have identified a difference for the production of abrupt vocal attack and the tendency of a more precise speech in the situation of noise. Both the signal-to-noise ratio and the room noise levels during class were high in both groups. CONCLUSIONS Teachers in both groups are at high risk for developing dysphonia and have negative vocal signals to a greater or lesser extent. Signal-to-noise ratio was inadequate in most classrooms, considering the standards for both children with normal hearing and with hearing loss, as well as equivalent noise levels.

RESUMO OBJETIVO Mensurar o risco de disfonia em professores, bem como investigar se os aspectos vocais perceptivo-auditivos e acústicos em situação de ruído, a relação sinal-ruído e os níveis de ruído em sala de aula estão associados à presença de disfonia. MÉTODOS Pesquisa transversal observacional com 23 professores da educação infantil e ensino fundamental de uma escola particular do município de São Paulo divididos nos grupos sem disfonia e com disfonia. Foram realizados os seguintes procedimentos: protocolo de rastreio de risco de disfonia geral (PRRD-Geral) e complementar para voz falada - professor (PRRD-Específico), gravação da voz durante aula e em situação individual em sala silenciosa, medição da relação sinal-ruído e dos níveis de ruído das salas de aula. RESULTADOS Foram encontradas diferenças entre os grupos quanto à atividade física (PRRD-Geral) e particularidades da profissão (PRRD-Específico), bem como em todos os aspectos da análise vocal perceptivo-auditiva. No grupo sem disfonia, foram encontrados sinais de desgaste da voz. Quanto aos recursos vocais nas situações de ruído e silêncio, identificamos diferença para produção de ataque vocal brusco e tendência de uma fala mais precisa na situação-ruído. Tanto a relação sinal-ruído quanto os níveis de ruído das salas durante a aula foram elevados nos dois grupos. CONCLUSÕES Os professores dos dois grupos estão expostos a riscos elevados para o desenvolvimento de disfonias e apresentam sinais vocais negativos em maior ou menor grau. A relação sinal-ruído apresentou-se inadequada em grande parte das salas de aula, considerando-se as normas tanto para crianças com audição normal quanto para aquelas com perda auditiva, assim como os níveis de ruído equivalentes.

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Major emergency efforts are being mounted for each vector-borne disease epidemiological crisis anew, while knowledge about the biology of arthropods vectors is dwindling slowly but continuously, as is the number of field entomologists. The discrepancy between the rates of production of knowledge and its use and need for solving crises is widening, in particular due to the highly differing time spans of the two concurrent processes. A worldwide web based search using multiple key words and search engines of onsite and online courses in English, Spanish, Portuguese, French, Italian and German concerned with the biology of vectors identified over 140 courses. They are geographically and thematically scattered, the vast majority of them are on-site, with very few courses using the latest massive open online course (MOOC) powerfulness. Over two third of them is given in English and Western Africa is particularity poorly represented. The taxonomic groups covered are highly unbalanced towards mosquitoes. A worldwide unique portal to guide students of all grades and levels of expertise, in particular those in remote locations, is badly needed. This is the objective a new activity supported by the Special Programme for Research and Training in Tropical Diseases (TDR).

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Major emergency efforts are being mounted for each vector-borne disease epidemiological crisis anew, while knowledge about the biology of arthropods vectors is dwindling slowly but continuously, as is the number of field entomologists. The discrepancy between the rates of production of knowledge and its use and need for solving crises is widening, in particular due to the highly differing time spans of the two concurrent processes. A worldwide web based search using multiple key words and search engines of onsite and online courses in English, Spanish, Portuguese, French, Italian and German concerned with the biology of vectors identified over 140 courses. They are geographically and thematically scattered, the vast majority of them are on-site, with very few courses using the latest massive open online course (MOOC) powerfulness. Over two third of them is given in English and Western Africa is particularity poorly represented. The taxonomic groups covered are highly unbalanced towards mosquitoes. A worldwide unique portal to guide students of all grades and levels of expertise, in particular those in remote locations, is badly needed. This is the objective a new activity supported by the Special Programme for Research and Training in Tropical Diseases (TDR).

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