RESUMEN

Eight porcine parvovirus (PPV) species, designated as PPV1 through PPV8, have been identified in swine. Despite their similarities, knowledge about their distribution and genetic differences remains limited, resulting in a gap in the genetic classification of these viruses. In this study, we conducted a comprehensive analysis using PPV1 to PPV7 genome sequences from Colombia and others available in the GenBank database to propose a classification scheme for all PPVs. Sera from 234 gilts aged 180 to 200 days were collected from 40 herds in Colombia. Individual detection of each PPV (PPV1 through PPV7) was performed using end-point PCR. Complete nucleotide (nt) sequencing was performed on the PPV1 viral protein (VP), and near-complete genome (NCG) sequencing was carried out for novel porcine parvoviruses (nPPVs) (PPV2 through PPV7). Phylogenetic analyses were conducted by comparing PPV1-VP sequences to 94 available sequences and nPPVs with 565 NCG, 846 nPPV-VP, and 667 nPPV-nonstructural protein (NS) sequences. Bayesian phylogenetic analysis was used to estimate substitution rates and the time to the most recent common ancestor for each PPV. The highest prevalence was detected for PPV3 (40.1%), followed by PPV5 (20.5%), PPV6 (17%), PPV1 (14.5%), PPV2 (9.8%), PPV4 (4.2%), and PPV7 (1.3%). Notably, all tested sera were negative for PPV8 genomes. An analysis of the PPV1-VP sequences revealed two main clades (PPV1-I and PPV1-II), with the sequences recovered in this study grouped in the PPV1-II clade. Comparative analysis showed significant genetic distances for PPV2 to PPV7 at the NCG (>6.5%), NS (>6.3%), and VP (>7.5%) regions, particularly when compared to equivalent regions of PPV genomes recovered worldwide. This study highlights the endemic circulation of nPPVs in Colombian pig herds, specifically among gilts. Additionally, it contributes to the phylogenetic classification and evolutionary studies of these viruses. The proposed method aims to categorize and divide subtypes based on current knowledge and the genomes available in databanks.

Asunto(s)

Genoma Viral , Infecciones por Parvoviridae , Parvovirus Porcino , Filogenia , Enfermedades de los Porcinos , Animales , Porcinos , Parvovirus Porcino/genética , Parvovirus Porcino/clasificación , Parvovirus Porcino/aislamiento & purificación , Colombia/epidemiología , Enfermedades de los Porcinos/virología , Enfermedades de los Porcinos/epidemiología , Infecciones por Parvoviridae/veterinaria , Infecciones por Parvoviridae/epidemiología , Infecciones por Parvoviridae/virología , Femenino , Epidemiología Molecular , Evolución Molecular , Teorema de Bayes

RESUMEN

Domestic pigs serve as significant hosts and reservoirs for multiple parasite species, some specific to pigs and many others of zoonotic importance. This study aimed to assess the prevalence of intestinal parasites in pigs within a rural area in northeastern Argentina. We also examined demographic information, breeding conditions, and exposure factors associated with parasite presence. Pig feces were subjected to coprological examination through flotation and sedimentation techniques. Modified Ziehl-Neelsen technique was employed to examine oocysts of Cryptosporidium spp. In total, 29 family farms with pig pens were analyzed, and 42 stool samples were collected from pigs on these farms. At the farm level, the presence of at least one parasite species was recorded in 27 rural houses (93.1%). We found that 90.4% of pigs were parasitized, with a specific parasitoses of 10 species, with a maximum of six species in a single host. The most prevalent protozoa were Entamoeba spp. (57.1%) and Blastocystis sp. (45.2%), followed by Iodamoeba butschlii (33.3%), Neobalantidium coli (21.4%), coccidia (14.2%), Cryptosporidium spp. (9.5%) and Giardia spp. (2.3%). The most prevalent helminths were Strongylidae eggs (52.3%), Ascaris spp. (14.2%) and Trichuris spp. (2.3%). We advocate for an urgent need to implement a comprehensive prophylaxis program prioritizing general hygiene practices such as regular cleaning, removal of fecal material and renewal of drinking water. Additionally, vaccination and deworming protocols should be implemented. Furthermore, this study highlights the necessity for molecular-level evaluations to detect potential zoonotic genotypes of the identified protozoa.

Asunto(s)

Granjas , Heces , Parasitosis Intestinales , Enfermedades de los Porcinos , Animales , Argentina/epidemiología , Enfermedades de los Porcinos/epidemiología , Enfermedades de los Porcinos/parasitología , Prevalencia , Porcinos , Parasitosis Intestinales/epidemiología , Parasitosis Intestinales/veterinaria , Parasitosis Intestinales/parasitología , Heces/parasitología , Femenino , Sus scrofa/parasitología , Masculino

RESUMEN

Trichinellosis is a zoonotic disease that has been studied mainly in domestic pigs (Sus scrofa domesticus). The cycle involves infection in domestic and wild fauna, which fulfill complex ecological roles, where Trichinella spiralis is reported in wild boar (Sus scrofa). The objective of this study was to determine the prevalence of trichinellosis in wild boar and evaluate the distance of positive animals to the nearest urbanization areas in Argentina Patagonia. Necropsies were carried out on wild boar hunted in the Nahuel Huapi and Lanín National Parks and surrounding areas. Skeletal muscle samples were collected from 1,694 wild boar and artificial digestion was performed on all samples. Trichinella spp. were found in 96 (5.8%) wild boar (0.2 to 424 Larvae/g). Parasitism in wild boar depends on the distribution of the population in natural and urban areas. Infected wild boar were found near peri-urban areas, demonstrating the importance of routine epidemiological surveillance and sanitary measures in and around cities. More research is needed to identify the Trichinella species that infect wild animals. We recommend the application of active and passive epidemiological surveillance in South America on exotic and native fauna that are hunted and consumed by humans.

Asunto(s)

Sus scrofa , Enfermedades de los Porcinos , Trichinella , Triquinelosis , Animales , Sus scrofa/parasitología , Triquinelosis/epidemiología , Triquinelosis/veterinaria , Triquinelosis/parasitología , Argentina/epidemiología , Enfermedades de los Porcinos/parasitología , Enfermedades de los Porcinos/epidemiología , Porcinos/parasitología , Trichinella/aislamiento & purificación , Trichinella/clasificación , Reservorios de Enfermedades/parasitología , Reservorios de Enfermedades/veterinaria , Prevalencia , Especies Introducidas

RESUMEN

This report aims to describe the identification of porcine astrovirus 3 (PAstV3) RNA in the central nervous system (CNS) of weaned pigs with clinical signs of neurological disease associated with polioencephalomyelitis in southeastern Brazil. Three, 20 -35 days-old piglets that died after clinical manifestations of a neurological syndrome were submitted to post-mortem evaluations. Tissue samples were examined by histopathology, bacteriology, and molecular assays (RT-PCR, nested-PCR, RT-qPCR, and Sanger sequencing) to detect the primary infectious disease agents associated with neurological disease in pigs. The principal neuropathological alterations occurred in the grey matter of the spinal cord and brainstem resulting in nonsuppurative poliomyelitis and rhombencephalitis. PAstV3 RNA was detected in the CNS samples of all piglets with histopathological evidence of disease and was confirmed by nucleotide sequencing. Nucleic acids from pathogens commonly associated with neurological diseases in pigs, such as porcine teschovirus, porcine sapelovirus, porcine enterovirus G, atypical porcine pestivirus, senecavirus A, and encephalomyocarditis virus was not detected by molecular assays in the three piglets. This is the first report of PAstV3 in piglets with neurological disease and lesions consistent with polioencephalomyelitis in Brazil. This report highlights the importance of monitoring health events that could compromise pig farming productivity and animal welfare.

Asunto(s)

Encefalomielitis , Mamastrovirus , ARN Viral , Enfermedades de los Porcinos , Animales , Porcinos , Brasil , Enfermedades de los Porcinos/virología , Enfermedades de los Porcinos/patología , ARN Viral/genética , Mamastrovirus/aislamiento & purificación , Mamastrovirus/genética , Encefalomielitis/veterinaria , Encefalomielitis/virología , Encefalomielitis/patología , Infecciones por Astroviridae/veterinaria , Infecciones por Astroviridae/virología , Infecciones por Astroviridae/patología , Filogenia , Sistema Nervioso Central/virología , Sistema Nervioso Central/patología , Médula Espinal/patología , Médula Espinal/virología

RESUMEN

Leptospirosis and toxoplasmosis are re-emerging zoonosis caused by infection with pathogenic spirochaetes of Leptospira and the protozoa Toxoplasma gondii, respectively. Wild boars (Sus scrofa), an exotic invasive species in Brazil, could play a role in the diseases' epidemiological cycles, but this issue is still unexplored. This study aimed to evaluate the Leptospira spp. and T. gondii seropositivity in wild boars in Rio Grande do Sul state, south Brazil. Of evaluated animals, 16% (13/80) and 85% (52/61) had antibodies to T. gondii and Leptospira spp., respectively. Sex, weight, age, hunt location and season of hunt were evaluated by their association with seropositivity for both pathogens, but none of them had statistical significance. This study revealed that wild boars should be considered as a potential source of Leptospira spp. and T. gondii dissemination for humans and animal species in shared environments in Rio Grande do Sul state.

Asunto(s)

Anticuerpos Antiprotozoarios , Leptospira , Leptospirosis , Sus scrofa , Enfermedades de los Porcinos , Toxoplasma , Toxoplasmosis Animal , Animales , Leptospirosis/epidemiología , Leptospirosis/veterinaria , Brasil/epidemiología , Toxoplasmosis Animal/epidemiología , Toxoplasmosis Animal/inmunología , Toxoplasma/inmunología , Leptospira/inmunología , Sus scrofa/parasitología , Porcinos , Enfermedades de los Porcinos/epidemiología , Enfermedades de los Porcinos/parasitología , Enfermedades de los Porcinos/microbiología , Anticuerpos Antiprotozoarios/sangre , Masculino , Femenino , Estudios Seroepidemiológicos , Anticuerpos Antibacterianos/sangre , Zoonosis/epidemiología , Zoonosis/parasitología , Humanos , Salud Pública

RESUMEN

Seven novel porcine parvoviruses (PPV2 to PPV8) have been discovered in the last two decades. The last one reported was PPV8 in China in 2022, which was proposed to be a member of the genus Protoparvovirus. Here, we report the first detection of PPV8 outside China - in two provinces from Colombia. Six out of 146 (4.1%) pigs showing porcine respiratory disease (PRD) tested positive for PPV8. Sequencing and phylogenetic analysis of two Colombian PPV8 isolates (GenBank database accession numbers PP335559 and PP335560) showed them to be members of the genus Protoparvovirus. Furthermore, PPV8 was detected in coinfections with porcine circovirus type 2 (PCV2) and porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (PRRSV), which are associated with PRD.

Asunto(s)

Infecciones por Parvoviridae , Parvovirus Porcino , Enfermedades de los Porcinos , Animales , Coinfección/virología , Coinfección/veterinaria , Coinfección/epidemiología , Colombia/epidemiología , Infecciones por Parvoviridae/veterinaria , Infecciones por Parvoviridae/virología , Infecciones por Parvoviridae/epidemiología , Parvovirus Porcino/genética , Parvovirus Porcino/aislamiento & purificación , Parvovirus Porcino/clasificación , Filogenia , Síndrome Respiratorio y de la Reproducción Porcina/virología , Síndrome Respiratorio y de la Reproducción Porcina/epidemiología , Virus del Síndrome Respiratorio y Reproductivo Porcino/genética , Virus del Síndrome Respiratorio y Reproductivo Porcino/aislamiento & purificación , Virus del Síndrome Respiratorio y Reproductivo Porcino/clasificación , Porcinos , Enfermedades de los Porcinos/virología , Enfermedades de los Porcinos/epidemiología

RESUMEN

INTRODUCTION: Clostridioides difficile is the main cause of antibiotic-associated diarrhea in humans and is a major enteropathogen in several animal species. In newborn piglets, colonic lesions caused by C. difficile A and B toxins (TcdA and TcdB, respectively) cause diarrhea and significant production losses. OBJECTIVE: The present study aimed to develop two recombinant vaccines from immunogenic C-terminal fragments of TcdA and TcdB and evaluate the immune response in rabbits and in breeding sows. Two vaccines were produced: bivalent (rAB), consisting of recombinant fragments of TcdA and TcdB, and chimeric (rQAB), corresponding to the synthesis of the same fragments in a single protein. Groups of rabbits were inoculated with 10 or 50 µg of proteins adjuvanted with aluminum or 0.85 % sterile saline in a final volume of 1 mL/dose. Anti-TcdA and anti-TcdB IgG antibodies were detected in rabbits and sows immunized with both rAB and rQAB vaccines by ELISA. The vaccinated sows were inoculated intramuscularly with 20 µg/dose using a prime-boost approach. RESULTS: Different antibody titers (p ≤ 0.05) were observed among the vaccinated groups of sows (rAB and rQAB) and control. Additionally, newborn piglets from vaccinated sows were also positive for anti-TcdA and anti-TcdB IgGs, in contrast to control piglets (p ≤ 0.05). Immunization of sows with the rQAB vaccine conferred higher anti-TcdA and anti-TcdB responses in piglets, suggesting the superiority of this compound over rAB. CONCLUSION: The synthesized recombinant proteins were capable of inducing antibody titers against C. difficile toxins A and B in sows, and were passively transferred to piglets through colostrum.

Asunto(s)

Animales Recién Nacidos , Anticuerpos Antibacterianos , Toxinas Bacterianas , Vacunas Bacterianas , Clostridioides difficile , Infecciones por Clostridium , Enfermedades de los Porcinos , Vacunas Sintéticas , Animales , Femenino , Porcinos , Conejos , Infecciones por Clostridium/prevención & control , Infecciones por Clostridium/veterinaria , Infecciones por Clostridium/inmunología , Vacunas Bacterianas/inmunología , Vacunas Bacterianas/administración & dosificación , Vacunas Bacterianas/genética , Embarazo , Vacunas Sintéticas/inmunología , Vacunas Sintéticas/administración & dosificación , Clostridioides difficile/inmunología , Clostridioides difficile/genética , Anticuerpos Antibacterianos/sangre , Toxinas Bacterianas/inmunología , Toxinas Bacterianas/genética , Enfermedades de los Porcinos/prevención & control , Enfermedades de los Porcinos/inmunología , Proteínas Bacterianas/inmunología , Proteínas Bacterianas/genética , Enterotoxinas/inmunología , Enterotoxinas/genética

RESUMEN

Foot-and-mouth disease (FMD) is an ailment that causes serious damage to the productive chain, and its control through vaccination is of utmost importance for its eradication. Brazil initiated the National Foot-and-Mouth Disease Surveillance Program (PNEFA) with the aim of making the country FMD-free by 2026. As part of the program, notifications of vesicular lesions became mandatory for the Official Veterinary Service (OVS), which is responsible for verifying them. Due to its size, border areas with countries that do not have FMD-free status pose a risk to Brazil and require greater attention. This study described the profile of notifications of suspected outbreaks of vesicular syndrome in Brazil and analyzed the performance of the surveillance system. The results showed 7134 registered notifications of suspected vesicular syndrome outbreaks from 2018 to 2022, with 2022 having the highest number (n = 2343 or 32.85 %). The species that generated the most notifications were swine (90.99 %), cattle and buffaloes (7.54 %), goats and sheep (1.44 %), and others (0.03 %). The sources of notification were "Veterinary medicine professionals" (61.82 %), "Owners or employees" (13.66 %), "Third parties" (8.90 %), "OVS" (7.20 %), and "others" (2.66 %). 41.69 % of notifications originated from non-border municipalities, and 58.32 % from border areas. Only the state of Paraná account for 51.73 % of the total notifications. This state also accounted for 66.70 % of the 32.47 % of notifications with a final diagnosis of "absence of clinically compatible signs or susceptible animals", indicating a certain lack of knowledge in the area, leading to unnecessary notifications and system overload. The performance of the OVS was evaluated based on the service response time from notification registration trough Logistic and Negative binomial regressions. A total of 27.83 % of notifications did not meet the Brazilian legally specified time, and the zone related to the state of Parana needs improvements in performance. The presence and peaks of Senecavirus A cases may have influenced an increased number of swine notifications and led to a decrease in OVS response time. The results demonstrate better performance of surveillance in border areas. Given the vast territory of Brazil, it is not expected that 100 % of responses occur within the legal timeframe, however, the performance of the surveillance system proved to be adequate, with 86 % complied to the legislation. The performance indicators could be used as a monitoring tool, along with indicators to demonstrate system overload. Continued education actions are crucial for strengthening PNEFA.

Asunto(s)

Enfermedades de los Bovinos , Brotes de Enfermedades , Fiebre Aftosa , Brasil/epidemiología , Animales , Fiebre Aftosa/epidemiología , Fiebre Aftosa/prevención & control , Brotes de Enfermedades/veterinaria , Brotes de Enfermedades/prevención & control , Bovinos , Enfermedades de los Bovinos/epidemiología , Enfermedades de los Bovinos/virología , Enfermedades de los Bovinos/prevención & control , Porcinos , Notificación de Enfermedades/estadística & datos numéricos , Ovinos , Enfermedades de los Porcinos/epidemiología , Enfermedades de los Porcinos/virología , Enfermedades de los Porcinos/prevención & control , Vigilancia de la Población/métodos , Enfermedades de las Ovejas/epidemiología , Enfermedades de las Ovejas/virología , Enfermedades de las Ovejas/prevención & control , Enfermedades de las Cabras/epidemiología , Enfermedades de las Cabras/virología , Enfermedades de las Cabras/prevención & control , Cabras , Búfalos , Monitoreo Epidemiológico/veterinaria

RESUMEN

Mycoplasma hyopneumoniae is the causative bacterium of porcine enzootic pneumonia and one of the primary etiologic agents of the porcine respiratory disease complex. Most Brazilian commercial pig farms are positive for this pathogen. However, the prevalence of the pathogen in backyard pig farms has not been described, to our knowledge. Therefore, we aimed to determine the prevalence of M. hyopneumoniae in backyard pig farms in the state of Paraná, Brazil. In January-March 2020, we collected 585 serum samples from pigs in 187 non-vaccinated herds. We tested the sera with an indirect ELISA for anti-M. hyopneumoniae antibodies and found that 182 of 585 (31.1%) samples were positive, and were found in 109 of 187 (58.3%) herds assessed.

Asunto(s)

Anticuerpos Antibacterianos , Mycoplasma hyopneumoniae , Neumonía Porcina por Mycoplasma , Animales , Brasil/epidemiología , Porcinos , Mycoplasma hyopneumoniae/inmunología , Mycoplasma hyopneumoniae/aislamiento & purificación , Anticuerpos Antibacterianos/sangre , Neumonía Porcina por Mycoplasma/epidemiología , Neumonía Porcina por Mycoplasma/microbiología , Ensayo de Inmunoadsorción Enzimática/veterinaria , Prevalencia , Estudios Seroepidemiológicos , Enfermedades de los Porcinos/microbiología , Enfermedades de los Porcinos/epidemiología

RESUMEN

Brucellosis is a worldwide zoonotic disease caused by Brucella spp. and transmitted from domestic and wild animals to humans. Brucellosis causes important economic losses in livestock, has a significant impact on public health, and may affect the health of wildlife. Hunting and consumption of meat from culled wildlife constitute a risk for Brucella spp. infection in humans and hunting dogs. In El Palmar National Park (EPNP), Argentina, the invasive alien mammals wild boar (Sus scrofa) and axis deer (Axis axis) are controlled, slaughtered in situ, and consumed by hunters, with meat trimmings and offal often fed to dogs. In this study, we evaluated but did not detect anti-Brucella antibodies in wild boar (n=95) and axis deer (n=238) from EPNP or in game consumers, dogs (n=39) and humans (n=61). These results suggest a lack of exposure to Brucella spp. at this site during the study period. Despite negative findings in the sampled location, One Health surveillance across multiple species contributes to our understanding of pathogen dynamics and enables targeted interventions to minimize health risks.

Asunto(s)

Brucella , Brucelosis , Ciervos , Sus scrofa , Animales , Argentina/epidemiología , Ciervos/microbiología , Brucelosis/veterinaria , Brucelosis/epidemiología , Perros , Humanos , Brucella/inmunología , Estudios Seroepidemiológicos , Especies Introducidas , Parques Recreativos , Anticuerpos Antibacterianos/sangre , Enfermedades de los Perros/epidemiología , Enfermedades de los Perros/microbiología , Enfermedades de los Porcinos/epidemiología , Enfermedades de los Porcinos/microbiología , Animales Salvajes , Porcinos , Femenino

RESUMEN

Pig farming in Mexico is critical to the economy and food supply. Mexico has achieved advancements in swine health and established an electronic database that records swine movements (Sistema Nacional de Avisos de Movilización, SNAM). In this study, we characterized swine movement patterns in México between 2017 and 2019 to identify specific areas and periods that require concentrated efforts for effective epidemiological surveillance and disease control. We employed a Social Network Analysis (SNA) methodology to comprehensively describe and analyze the intricate patterns of pig movement. In addition, we sought to integrate swine population density into the analysis. We used metrics to characterize the network structure and identify the most critical nodes in the movement network. Cohesion metrics were used to identify commercial communities characterized by a high level of interconnectivity in swine movements between groups of nodes. Of a cumulative count of 662,255 pig shipments, 95.9% were attributed to slaughterhouse shipments. We observed that 54% of all Mexican municipalities were part of the network; however, the density of the movement network was less than 0.14%. We identified four Swine Production Centers in Mexico with high interconnectivity in the movement network. We detected moderate positive correlations (ρ ≥0.4 and <0.6, p < 0.001) between node metrics and swine population indicators, whereas the number of commercial swine facilities showed weak correlations with the node metrics. We identified six large, geographically clustered commercial communities that aligned with the Swine Production Centers. This study provides a comprehensive overview of swine movement patterns in Mexico and their close association with swine production centers, which play a dual role as producers and traders within the swine industry of Mexico. Our research offers valuable insights for policymakers in developing disease prevention and control strategies.

Asunto(s)

Crianza de Animales Domésticos , Enfermedades de los Porcinos , Animales , México , Porcinos , Enfermedades de los Porcinos/prevención & control , Enfermedades de los Porcinos/epidemiología , Crianza de Animales Domésticos/métodos , Transportes , Densidad de Población , Análisis de Redes Sociales , Mataderos

RESUMEN

Influenza A virus (IAV) is an important pathogen in Brazilian swine herds, and monitoring the viral circulation is essential to control and reduce the transmission. Surveillance programs for IAV are often based on individual piglets level sampling, making the evaluation of the available diagnostic tools crucial to assessing IAV circulation in herds. Thus, two sample collection methodologies were compared in pig herds in southern Brazil to detect IAV by RT-qPCR: nasal swab (NS) and nasal wipe (NW). A Bayesian latent class model (BLCM) was set for two tests and two populations. The NW and NS used are more specific (higher than 95 % for both) than sensitive. The sensitivity for NW was lower than the NS, 84.14 % (70 % - 95 %; posterior probability interval (PPI): 95 %) and 87.15 % (73 % - 97 %; PPI: 95 %), respectively, and the specificity was 95 % (90 % - 99 %; PPI: 95 %) and 99 % (96 % - 100 %; PPI: 95 %), respectively. Although the wipe sample collection loses both sensitivity and specificity compared with nasal swab, differences in test performance were very limited and PPIs largely overlapped. Therefore NW can also be considered a valuable tool. The decision about the use of both techniques should be based on the trade-off between their performance limitations and feasibility in routine monitoring.

Asunto(s)

Teorema de Bayes , Virus de la Influenza A , Análisis de Clases Latentes , Infecciones por Orthomyxoviridae , Sensibilidad y Especificidad , Enfermedades de los Porcinos , Animales , Enfermedades de los Porcinos/virología , Enfermedades de los Porcinos/diagnóstico , Porcinos , Infecciones por Orthomyxoviridae/veterinaria , Infecciones por Orthomyxoviridae/virología , Infecciones por Orthomyxoviridae/diagnóstico , Infecciones por Orthomyxoviridae/epidemiología , Virus de la Influenza A/aislamiento & purificación , Brasil/epidemiología , Manejo de Especímenes/veterinaria , Manejo de Especímenes/métodos , Reacción en Cadena en Tiempo Real de la Polimerasa/veterinaria , Nariz/virología

RESUMEN

Influenza A viruses (IAV) impose significant respiratory disease burdens in both swine and humans worldwide, with frequent human-to-swine transmission driving viral evolution in pigs and highlighting the risk at the animal-human interface. Therefore, a comprehensive One Health approach (interconnection among human, animal, and environmental health) is needed for IAV prevention, control, and response. Animal influenza genomic surveillance remains limited in many Latin American countries, including Colombia. To address this gap, we genetically characterized 170 swine specimens from Colombia (2011-2017). Whole genome sequencing revealed a predominance of pandemic-like H1N1 lineage, with a minority belonging to H3N2 and H1N2 human seasonal-like lineage and H1N1 early classical swine lineages. Significantly, we have identified reassortant and recombinant viruses (H3N2, H1N1) not previously reported in Colombia. This suggests a broad genotypic viral diversity, likely resulting from reassortment between classical endemic viruses and new introductions established in Colombia's swine population (e.g. the 2009 H1N1 pandemic). Our study highlights the importance of a One Health approach in disease control, particularly in an ecosystem where humans are a main source of IAV to swine populations, and emphasizes the need for continued surveillance and enhanced biosecurity measures. The co-circulation of multiple subtypes in regions with high swine density facilitates viral exchange, underscoring the importance of monitoring viral evolution to inform vaccine selection and public health policies locally and globally.

Asunto(s)

Evolución Molecular , Variación Genética , Subtipo H1N1 del Virus de la Influenza A , Subtipo H3N2 del Virus de la Influenza A , Infecciones por Orthomyxoviridae , Filogenia , Enfermedades de los Porcinos , Animales , Porcinos , Colombia/epidemiología , Infecciones por Orthomyxoviridae/virología , Infecciones por Orthomyxoviridae/veterinaria , Infecciones por Orthomyxoviridae/epidemiología , Enfermedades de los Porcinos/virología , Enfermedades de los Porcinos/epidemiología , Subtipo H3N2 del Virus de la Influenza A/genética , Subtipo H3N2 del Virus de la Influenza A/clasificación , Subtipo H3N2 del Virus de la Influenza A/aislamiento & purificación , Subtipo H1N1 del Virus de la Influenza A/genética , Subtipo H1N1 del Virus de la Influenza A/clasificación , Subtipo H1N1 del Virus de la Influenza A/aislamiento & purificación , Salud Única , Humanos , Virus de la Influenza A/genética , Virus de la Influenza A/clasificación , Virus de la Influenza A/aislamiento & purificación , Secuenciación Completa del Genoma , Genoma Viral , Monitoreo Epidemiológico , Virus Reordenados/genética , Virus Reordenados/clasificación , Virus Reordenados/aislamiento & purificación , Subtipo H1N2 del Virus de la Influenza A/genética , Subtipo H1N2 del Virus de la Influenza A/aislamiento & purificación , Subtipo H1N2 del Virus de la Influenza A/clasificación , Gripe Humana/virología , Gripe Humana/epidemiología

RESUMEN

BACKGROUND: Testicular descent is a physiological process regulated by many factors. Eventually, disturbances in the embryological/fetal development path facilitate the occurrence of scrotal hernia, a congenital malformation characterized by the presence of intestinal portions within the scrotal sac due to the abnormal expansion of the inguinal ring. In pigs, some genes have been related to this anomaly, but the genetic mechanisms involved remain unclear. This study aimed to investigate the expression profile of a set of genes potentially involved with the manifestation of scrotal hernia in the inguinal ring tissue. METHODS AND RESULTS: Tissue samples from the inguinal ring/canal of normal and scrotal hernia-affected male pigs with approximately 30 days of age were used. Relative expression analysis was performed using qPCR to confirm the expression profile of 17 candidate genes previously identified in an RNA-Seq study. Among them, the Myosin heavy chain 1 (MYH1), Desmin (DES), and Troponin 1 (TNNI1) genes were differentially expressed between groups and had reduced levels of expression in the affected animals. These genes encode proteins involved in the formation of muscle tissue, which seems to be important for increasing the resistance of the inguinal ring to the abdominal pressure, which is essential to avoid the occurrence of scrotal hernia. CONCLUSIONS: The downregulation of muscular candidate genes in the inguinal tissue clarifies the genetic mechanisms involved with this anomaly in its primary site, providing useful information for developing strategies to control this malformation in pigs and other mammals.

Asunto(s)

Regulación hacia Abajo , Escroto , Animales , Masculino , Porcinos/genética , Escroto/metabolismo , Escroto/anomalías , Escroto/patología , Regulación hacia Abajo/genética , Hernia Inguinal/genética , Hernia Inguinal/metabolismo , Hernia Inguinal/veterinaria , Perfilación de la Expresión Génica/métodos , Enfermedades de los Porcinos/genética , Enfermedades de los Porcinos/metabolismo , Cadenas Pesadas de Miosina/genética , Cadenas Pesadas de Miosina/metabolismo

RESUMEN

Lameness affects animal mobility, causing pain and discomfort. Lameness in early stages often goes undetected due to a lack of observation, precision, and reliability. Automated and non-invasive systems offer precision and detection ease and may improve animal welfare. This study was conducted to create a repository of images and videos of sows with different locomotion scores. Our goal is to develop a computer vision model for automatically identifying specific points on the sow's body. The automatic identification and ability to track specific body areas, will allow us to conduct kinematic studies with the aim of facilitating the detection of lameness using deep learning. The video database was collected on a pig farm with a scenario built to allow filming of sows in locomotion with different lameness scores. Two stereo cameras were used to record 2D videos images. Thirteen locomotion experts assessed the videos using the Locomotion Score System developed by Zinpro Corporation. From this annotated repository, computational models were trained and tested using the open-source deep learning-based animal pose tracking framework SLEAP (Social LEAP Estimates Animal Poses). The top-performing models were constructed using the LEAP architecture to accurately track 6 (lateral view) and 10 (dorsal view) skeleton keypoints. The architecture achieved average precisions values of 0.90 and 0.72, average distances of 6.83 and 11.37 in pixel, and similarities of 0.94 and 0.86 for the lateral and dorsal views, respectively. These computational models are proposed as a Precision Livestock Farming tool and method for identifying and estimating postures in pigs automatically and objectively. The 2D video image repository with different pig locomotion scores can be used as a tool for teaching and research. Based on our skeleton keypoint classification results, an automatic system could be developed. This could contribute to the objective assessment of locomotion scores in sows, improving their welfare.

Asunto(s)

Aprendizaje Profundo , Locomoción , Grabación en Video , Animales , Locomoción/fisiología , Porcinos , Grabación en Video/métodos , Femenino , Cojera Animal/diagnóstico , Cojera Animal/fisiopatología , Fenómenos Biomecánicos , Enfermedades de los Porcinos/diagnóstico , Enfermedades de los Porcinos/fisiopatología

RESUMEN

Sarcocystis miescheriana infection is an important cause of carcass condemnation during meat inspection. The infection can cause morbidity and mortality in domestic pigs. In this study, an 8-month-old finisher pig was presented to a local abattoir for slaughter. Multiple white nodular lesions affecting the meat were observed, resulting in the condemnation of the carcass. Consequently, half of the carcass was submitted to the necropsy diagnostic laboratory in the School of Veterinary Medicine for further evaluation. Grossly, all superficial and deep muscle groups had severe multifocal macrocysts (3 mm × 2 mm × 1 mm) on the surface and extending deep into the skeletal musculature. Histopathology revealed moderate multifocal granulomatous and eosinophilic myositis with intralesional degenerated and intact parasites. Sample genomic DNA sequence analysis of the 18S RNA gene showed 100% identity to S. miescheriana in the GenBank. This is the first report of S. miescheriana in Grenada, West Indies.

Asunto(s)

Sarcocystis , Sarcocistosis , Enfermedades de los Porcinos , Animales , Sarcocistosis/veterinaria , Sarcocistosis/parasitología , Sarcocystis/aislamiento & purificación , Sarcocystis/genética , Enfermedades de los Porcinos/parasitología , Enfermedades de los Porcinos/patología , Porcinos , Grenada/epidemiología , Sus scrofa

RESUMEN

BACKGROUND: Senecavirus A (SV-A) is an RNA virus that belongs to the genus Senecavirus within the family Picornaviridae. This study aimed to analyze factors that can influence the molecular diagnosis of Senecavirus A, such as oligonucleotides, RNA extraction methods, and RT-qPCR kits. METHODS: Samples from suspected cases of vesicular disease in Brazilian pigs were analyzed for foot-and-mouth disease, swine vesicular disease, and vesicular stomatitis. All tested negative for these diseases but positive for SV-A. RT-qPCR tests were used, comparing different reagent kits and RNA extraction methods. Sensitivity and repeatability were evaluated, demonstrating efficacy in detecting SV-A in clinical samples. RESULTS: In RNA extraction, significant reduction in Cq values was observed with initial dilutions, particularly with larger supernatant volumes. Trizol and Maxwell showed greater sensitivity in automated equipment protocols, though results varied in tissue tests. RT-qPCR kit comparison revealed differences in amplification using viral RNA but minimal differences with plasmid DNA. Sensitivity among methods was comparable, with slight variations in non-amplified samples. Repeatability tests showed consistent results among RT-qPCRs, demonstrating similarity between methods despite minor discrepancies in Cq values. CONCLUSIONS: Trizol, silica columns, and semi-automated extraction were compared, as well as different RT-qPCR kits. The study found significant variations that could impact the final diagnosis.

Asunto(s)

Infecciones por Picornaviridae , Picornaviridae , ARN Viral , Enfermedades de los Porcinos , Animales , Picornaviridae/genética , Picornaviridae/aislamiento & purificación , Porcinos , Infecciones por Picornaviridae/diagnóstico , Infecciones por Picornaviridae/veterinaria , Infecciones por Picornaviridae/virología , ARN Viral/genética , Enfermedades de los Porcinos/virología , Enfermedades de los Porcinos/diagnóstico , Sensibilidad y Especificidad , Reacción en Cadena en Tiempo Real de la Polimerasa/métodos , Enfermedad Vesicular Porcina/diagnóstico , Enfermedad Vesicular Porcina/virología , Fiebre Aftosa/diagnóstico , Fiebre Aftosa/virología , Brasil , Reproducibilidad de los Resultados

RESUMEN

BACKGROUND: Parasitic diseases of pigs are a public and veterinary health problem. Helminths influence pork production, whereas backyard pigs can transmit these parasites. OBJECTIVES: This work aimed to investigate the prevalence of antibodies against Ascaris suum and Trichinella spiralis in backyard pigs from Jamiltepec, Region de la Costa, Oaxaca, in Southwestern Mexico. METHODS: Six hundred sixty-four serum samples were obtained from backyard pigs from 23 rural villages distributed in 5 municipalities; samples were taken in a non-probabilistic manner with the owner's consent. The presence of serum antibodies against a total extract of A. suum adult worm was determined by ELISA. In contrast, antibodies to the excretion-secretion products of the T. spiralis muscle larva were determined by Western blot. RESULTS: The global seroprevalence for A. suum was 5.12% and 2.41% for T. spiralis; however, antibodies were only found in 8 villages and distributed in 3 municipalities. The highest frequency of positivity for Ascaris was found in the municipality of Santa Catarina Mechoacán (13.01%), whereas, in Santa María Huazalotitlán, the highest frequency of positivity for Trichinella was found (5.75%). In San Andrés, frequencies were 7.23% and 4.82%, respectively. No statistical differences were observed between populations. CONCLUSIONS: Our data suggest that helminth transmission is restricted by locality. However, further studies must be conducted to understand the factors limiting this transmission to promote pork meat production in parasite-free zones.

Asunto(s)

Ascariasis , Ascaris suum , Enfermedades de los Porcinos , Trichinella spiralis , Triquinelosis , Animales , México/epidemiología , Enfermedades de los Porcinos/epidemiología , Enfermedades de los Porcinos/parasitología , Triquinelosis/epidemiología , Triquinelosis/veterinaria , Triquinelosis/parasitología , Porcinos , Ascariasis/epidemiología , Ascariasis/veterinaria , Trichinella spiralis/aislamiento & purificación , Trichinella spiralis/inmunología , Estudios Seroepidemiológicos , Prevalencia , Sus scrofa , Anticuerpos Antihelmínticos/sangre , Anticuerpos Antihelmínticos/análisis , Población Rural/estadística & datos numéricos

RESUMEN

Mycobacterium bovis, a member of the Mycobacterium tuberculosis complex (MTC) and non-tuberculous Mycobacteria (NTM), may infect wild and domestic mammals, including humans. Although cattle are the main hosts and spreaders of M. bovis, many wildlife hosts play an important role worldwide. In Argentina, wild boar and domestic pigs are considered important links in mammalian tuberculosis (mTB) transmission. The aim of this work was to investigate the presence of M. bovis in wild pigs from different regions of Argentina, to characterize isolates of M. bovis obtained, and to compare those with other previously found in vertebrate hosts. A total of 311 samples from wild pigs were obtained, and bacteriological culture, molecular identification and genotyping were performed, obtaining 63 isolates (34 MTC and 29 NTM). Twelve M. bovis spoligotypes were detected. Our findings suggest that wild pigs have a prominent role as reservoirs of mTB in Argentina, based on an estimated prevalence of 11.2 ± 1.8% (95% CI 8.0-14.8) for MTC and the frequency distribution of spoligotypes shared by cattle (75%), domestic pigs (58%) and wildlife (50%). Argentina has a typical scenario where cattle and pigs are farm-raised extensively, sharing the environment with wildlife, creating conditions for effective transmission of mTB in the wildlife-livestock-human interface.

Asunto(s)

Animales Salvajes , Mycobacterium bovis , Enfermedades de los Porcinos , Tuberculosis , Animales , Argentina/epidemiología , Animales Salvajes/microbiología , Tuberculosis/epidemiología , Tuberculosis/veterinaria , Tuberculosis/microbiología , Mycobacterium bovis/aislamiento & purificación , Mycobacterium bovis/genética , Porcinos , Enfermedades de los Porcinos/microbiología , Enfermedades de los Porcinos/epidemiología , Sus scrofa/microbiología , Reservorios de Enfermedades/microbiología , Reservorios de Enfermedades/veterinaria , Prevalencia , Genotipo

RESUMEN

We evaluated the effects of supplementing yeast mannan-reach-fraction on growth performance, jejunal morphology and lymphoid tissue characteristics in weaned piglets challenged with E. Coli F4. A total of 20 crossbred piglets were used. At weaning, piglets were assigned at random to one of four groups: piglets challenged and fed the basal diet supplemented with yeast mannan-rich fraction (C-MRF, n = 5); piglets challenged and fed the basal diet (C-BD, n = 5); piglets not challenged and fed the basal diet supplemented with yeast mannan-rich fraction (NC-MRF, n = 5), and piglets not challenged and fed the basal diet (NC-BD). Each dietary treatment had five replicates. On days 4, 5 and 10, piglets were orally challenged with 108 CFU/mL of E. Coli F4. C-MRF piglets had higher BW (p = 0.002; interactive effect) than C-BD piglets. C-MRF piglets had higher (p = 0.02; interactive effect) ADG in comparison with C-BD piglets. C-MRF piglets had higher (p = 0.04; interactive effect) ADFI than C-BD piglets. The diameter of lymphoid follicles was larger (p = 0.010; interactive effect) in the tonsils of C-MRF piglets than C-BD piglets. Lymphoid cells proliferation was greater in the mesenteric lymphnodes and ileum (p = 0.04 and p = 0.03, respectively) of C-MRF piglets. A reduction (p > 0.05) in E. Coli adherence in the ileum of piglets fed MRF was observed. In conclusion, the results of the present study demonstrate that dietary yeast mannan-rich fraction supplementation was effective in protecting weaned piglets against E. Coli F4 challenge.

Asunto(s)

Suplementos Dietéticos , Escherichia coli Enterotoxigénica , Mananos , Levaduras , Animales , Porcinos/crecimiento & desarrollo , Porcinos/microbiología , Infecciones por Escherichia coli/veterinaria , Enfermedades de los Porcinos/microbiología , Yeyuno/crecimiento & desarrollo , Destete , Crianza de Animales Domésticos , Tejido Linfoide/fisiología