RESUMEN
BACKGROUND: Human records describe pulmonary edema as a life-threatening complication of electric shock. Successful management requires prompt recognition and intensive care. However, in companion animals, electrocutions are rarely reported, even though domestic environments are full of electrical devices and there is always the possibility of accidental injury. Therefore, it is important for veterinarians to know more about this condition in order to achieve successful patient outcomes. CASE PRESENTATION: A 3-month-old male Labrador Retriever was presented with a history of transient loss of consciousness after chewing on a household electrical cord. On admission, the puppy showed an orthopneic position with moderate respiratory distress. Supplemental oxygen via nasal catheter was provided, but the patient showed marked worsening of respiratory status. Point-of-care ultrasound exams suggested neurogenic pulmonary edema due to electrical shock close to the central nervous system and increased B-lines without evidence of cardiac abnormalities. Mechanical ventilation of the patient was initiated using volume-controlled mode with a tidal volume of 9 to 15 ml/kg until reaching an end-tidal carbon dioxide ≤ 40 mm Hg, followed by a stepwise lung-recruitment maneuver in pressure-controlled mode with increases of the peak inspiratory pressure (15 to 20 cm H2O) and positive end-expiratory pressure (3 to 10 cm H2O) for 30 min, and return to volume-controlled mode with a tidal volume of 15 ml/kg until reaching a peripheral oxygen saturation ≥ 96%. Weaning from the ventilator was achieved in six hours, and the patient was discharged two days after admission without neurological or respiratory deficits. CONCLUSIONS: We present a rather unusual case of a neurogenic pulmonary edema subsequent to accidental electrocution in a dog. Timely diagnosis by ultrasound and mechanical ventilation settings are described. Our case highlights that pulmonary edema should be considered a potentially life-threatening complication of electrical shock in small animal emergency and critical care medicine.
Asunto(s)
Enfermedades de los Perros , Traumatismos por Electricidad , Edema Pulmonar , Síndrome de Dificultad Respiratoria , Animales , Perros , Masculino , Enfermedades de los Perros/etiología , Enfermedades de los Perros/terapia , Traumatismos por Electricidad/complicaciones , Traumatismos por Electricidad/terapia , Traumatismos por Electricidad/veterinaria , Pulmón , Edema Pulmonar/etiología , Edema Pulmonar/terapia , Edema Pulmonar/veterinaria , Respiración Artificial/veterinaria , Síndrome de Dificultad Respiratoria/veterinariaRESUMEN
OBJECTIVE: To identify and characterize the gross and histological lesions associated with air pollution in the lungs of dogs from various locations in Trinidad. ANIMALS: 56 fresh lungs were obtained from already euthanized adult dogs collected from different locations in Trinidad at the Trinidad and Tobago Society for the Prevention of Cruelty to Animals. PROCEDURES: Lung specimens were examined grossly and tissue samples were taken for routine histologic examination. RESULTS: Histological examination showed that 51.8% of the dogs had evidence of anthracosis. Dogs with anthracosis had greater median lesion scores compared to dogs without anthracosis (P = .022). There was no association between the presence of anthracosis and any other lesion in this study (P > .05). CLINICAL RELEVANCE: There was evidence that dogs with anthracosis had a greater degree of nonspecific lung histologic lesions. Using the dog as a sentinel model for human exposure in Trinidad, our findings indicate that environmental air pollution may also have an effect on the respiratory health of the human population. It is important for the public to be aware of air pollution, and the government of Trinidad and Tobago should develop an intervention protocol along with veterinary and human medical epidemiologists to reduce air pollution in the country.
Asunto(s)
Contaminación del Aire/efectos adversos , Antracosis/veterinaria , Enfermedades de los Perros/etiología , Enfermedades de los Perros/patología , Pulmón/patología , Animales , Antracosis/etiología , Antracosis/patología , Enfermedades de los Perros/epidemiología , Perros , Humanos , Proyectos Piloto , Especies Centinela , Trinidad y Tobago/epidemiologíaRESUMEN
OBJECTIVE: To determine whether dogs are at variable risk of developing canine ocular onchocerciasis based on coat color or size, factors that may influence feeding behavior of the putative vectors of Onchocerca lupi¸ the filarial nematode parasite causing this disease. ANIMALS STUDIED: One hundred twenty-five client-owned dogs diagnosed with confirmed or suspected onchocerciasis. 1255 dogs without signs of this disease were utilized for comparison. PROCEDURES: Dogs lacking signs of canine onchocerciasis were assessed for coat color and weight. Proportions of dogs with these characteristics were used to predict signalment in a group of dogs with this disease, if the investigated characteristics were unrelated to disease risk. Predicted values were compared statistically with observed values in the diseased dog population. Black fly color preference was assessed utilizing black, brown, and white traps and statistically assessing any differences in trapping based on trap color. RESULTS: Results suggest that large, black dogs are more likely to develop canine ocular onchocerciasis than was predicted by chance alone (p = 0.012). Results for smaller dogs with other coat colors were not significant. An increased risk for black dogs was supported by trapping data, as black flies were trapped significantly more often in black traps (p < 0.001). CONCLUSION: While factors other than size and color probably also influence the likelihood of O. lupi infection and disease development, our results may assist clinicians in their diagnosis of canine ocular onchocerciasis and provide them with a tool to help educate their clients as to their dogs' risk of developing this disease.
Asunto(s)
Enfermedades de los Perros/epidemiología , Oncocercosis Ocular/veterinaria , Animales , Enfermedades de los Perros/etiología , Enfermedades de los Perros/genética , Perros , Femenino , Color del Cabello , Masculino , New Mexico/epidemiología , Oncocercosis Ocular/epidemiología , Linaje , Registros/veterinaria , Factores de RiesgoRESUMEN
Given the importance of using the vitamin-mineral supplements to guarantee the minimum nutritional recommendations for pets in homemade foods, and hypothesizing that these products may contribute to toxic metals contamination, the present study aimed to determine the concentrations of essential minerals and toxic metals in vitamin-mineral supplements available in the Brazilian market and calculate if the amount recommended by the manufacturer guarantees the minimum recommendations of NRC (2006) and FEDIAF (2020), as well as calculating the amount of toxic metals that animals would consume, according to the amounts recommended by the manufacturer. Seven vitamin-mineral supplements were analyzed. The determination of essential minerals and toxic metals was performed using ICP-OES. Comparisons were made with the minimum recommendations for essential minerals, and with the maximum tolerated levels of toxic metals established by the FDA (2011), descriptively. Most of the vitamin-mineral supplements, in the quantities recommended by the manufacturers, do not guarantee the minimum recommendations of NCR (2006) and FEDIAF (2020) for the following elements: calcium, potassium, magnesium, sodium, phosphorus, selenium, and zinc. Only one supplement had detectable selenium concentrations. Three supplements provided more than 0.02mg of mercury/kg of body weight, the safe upper limit used to establish the maximum tolerated level of this element. It is concluded that most vitamin-mineral supplements do not meet the minimum recommendations for most essential minerals and, if formulated by untrained professionals, even with supplementation, homemade foods may still be nutritionally deficient. Furthermore, some vitamin-mineral supplements analyzed may imply risks of mercury poisoning in pets.
Asunto(s)
Suplementos Dietéticos/efectos adversos , Intoxicación por Mercurio/etiología , Minerales/análisis , Vitaminas/análisis , Animales , Enfermedades de los Gatos/etiología , Gatos , Suplementos Dietéticos/análisis , Enfermedades de los Perros/etiología , Perros , Magnesio/análisis , Minerales/administración & dosificación , Selenio/análisis , Vitaminas/administración & dosificación , Zinc/análisisRESUMEN
A 12-y-old spayed female Schipperke dog with a previous diagnosis of inflammatory bowel disease was presented with a 2-mo history of severe colitis. The patient's condition progressed to hepatopathy, pneumonia, and dermatitis following management with prednisolone and dexamethasone sodium phosphate. Colonic biopsies identified severe necrosuppurative colitis with free and intracellular parasitic zoites. Postmortem examination confirmed extensive chronic-active ulcerative colitis, severe acute necrotizing hepatitis and splenitis, interstitial pneumonia, ulcerative dermatitis, myelitis (bone marrow), and mild meningoencephalitis with variable numbers of intracellular and extracellular protozoal zoites. PCR on samples of fresh colon was positive for Neospora caninum. Immunohistochemistry identified N. caninum tachyzoites in sections of colon, and a single tissue cyst in sections of brain. Administration of immunosuppressive drugs may have allowed systemic dissemination of Neospora from the intestinal tract.
Asunto(s)
Coccidiosis/veterinaria , Colitis Ulcerosa/veterinaria , Enfermedades de los Perros/diagnóstico , Inmunohistoquímica/veterinaria , Neospora/aislamiento & purificación , Animales , Coccidiosis/diagnóstico , Coccidiosis/patología , Colitis Ulcerosa/parasitología , Colitis Ulcerosa/patología , Dermatitis/parasitología , Dermatitis/patología , Dermatitis/veterinaria , Enfermedades de los Perros/etiología , Enfermedades de los Perros/parasitología , Enfermedades de los Perros/patología , Perros , Femenino , Hepatitis Animal/parasitología , Hepatitis Animal/patología , Meningoencefalitis/parasitología , Meningoencefalitis/patología , Meningoencefalitis/veterinaria , Mielitis/parasitología , Mielitis/patología , Mielitis/veterinaria , Neospora/patogenicidad , Neumonía/parasitología , Neumonía/patología , Neumonía/veterinaria , Reacción en Cadena de la Polimerasa/veterinaria , Enfermedades del Bazo/parasitología , Enfermedades del Bazo/patología , Enfermedades del Bazo/veterinariaRESUMEN
Leukoencephalomyelopathy is a nonspecific lesion characterized by widespread vacuolation of central nervous system white matter. It is mainly of genetic basis, occurring in young pure breed dogs. This report describes a neurodegenerative disease associated to demyelination in an adult mixed breed female dog. After 20 days in a kennel with12 other dogs, the dog showed progressive nervous signs with ataxia and inability to maintain balance. No other dog was affected. After 15 days, the animal was euthanized in extremis and necropsied. No macroscopic lesions of diagnostic relevance were present. Microscopically, status espongiosus was observed in white matter throughout the length of theneuroaxis, from frontal brain lobe to lumbar spinal cord. Specific stains of Kluver Barrera and immunohistochemistry for the detection of phosphorylated and non-phosphorylated neurofilaments, microglia, astrocytosis, oligodendrocytosis and myelin proteins in brain and spinal cord sections showed demyelination, axonal fragmentation and degeneration, microgliosis and decrease of oligodendrocytes. The anatomopathological study and epidemiological data suggests a primary demyelination due to decrease in number and function of oligodendrocytes, which is probably of genetic basis with lateonset.
Asunto(s)
Femenino , Animales , Perros , Enfermedades Desmielinizantes del Sistema Nervioso Central Hereditarias , Enfermedades Desmielinizantes del Sistema Nervioso Central Hereditarias , Enfermedades de los Perros/etiología , Médula Espinal/patologíaRESUMEN
Leukoencephalomyelopathy is a nonspecific lesion characterized by widespread vacuolation of central nervous system white matter. It is mainly of genetic basis, occurring in young pure breed dogs. This report describes a neurodegenerative disease associated to demyelination in an adult mixed breed female dog. After 20 days in a kennel with12 other dogs, the dog showed progressive nervous signs with ataxia and inability to maintain balance. No other dog was affected. After 15 days, the animal was euthanized in extremis and necropsied. No macroscopic lesions of diagnostic relevance were present. Microscopically, status espongiosus was observed in white matter throughout the length of theneuroaxis, from frontal brain lobe to lumbar spinal cord. Specific stains of Kluver Barrera and immunohistochemistry for the detection of phosphorylated and non-phosphorylated neurofilaments, microglia, astrocytosis, oligodendrocytosis and myelin proteins in brain and spinal cord sections showed demyelination, axonal fragmentation and degeneration, microgliosis and decrease of oligodendrocytes. The anatomopathological study and epidemiological data suggests a primary demyelination due to decrease in number and function of oligodendrocytes, which is probably of genetic basis with lateonset.(AU)
Asunto(s)
Animales , Femenino , Perros , Enfermedades Desmielinizantes del Sistema Nervioso Central Hereditarias/patología , Enfermedades Desmielinizantes del Sistema Nervioso Central Hereditarias/veterinaria , Enfermedades de los Perros/etiología , Médula Espinal/patologíaRESUMEN
BACKGROUND: The primary purpose of this survey was to determine how veterinary ophthalmologists manage cases of irreversible blindness and to report the most common causes of blindness. METHODS: Respondents completed a questionnaire sent by email with the cooperation of the American College of Veterinary Ophthalmologists, the European College of Veterinary Ophthalmologists and the Latin American College of Veterinary Ophthalmologists. The questionnaire was developed containing 12 questions with both open and closed multiple-choice response options. RESULTS: One hundred and eight veterinary ophthalmologists answered the questionnaire. Of the respondents, 83 per cent had graduated for more than 10 years. Glaucoma (63.56 per cent) was the main cited cause of blindness, followed by progressive retinal atrophy (PRA) (17.80 per cent) and retinal detachment (6.78 per cent). The major concerns of owners refer to the impact of blindness on quality-of-life, (39.31 per cent), followed by depression and anxiety (20 per cent), and environment adaptation (11.72 per cent). General recommendations include avoidance of changes in the domestic environment (18.45 per cent), use of auditory stimulation (14.09 per cent) and avoidance of dangerous areas (12.75 per cent). Almost 31 per cent of professionals do not recommend the use of literature on how to deal with blind pets. CONCLUSIONS: The survey determined glaucoma and PRA as the most common causes of irreversible blindness in pets. Several recommendations that are frequently given to owners of blind pets are presented.
Asunto(s)
Ceguera/veterinaria , Enfermedades de los Gatos/terapia , Enfermedades de los Perros/terapia , Oftalmólogos , Medicina Veterinaria , Animales , Ceguera/etiología , Ceguera/terapia , Enfermedades de los Gatos/etiología , Gatos , Enfermedades de los Perros/etiología , Perros , Femenino , Glaucoma/complicaciones , Glaucoma/veterinaria , Encuestas de Atención de la Salud , Humanos , Masculino , Propiedad , Mascotas , Degeneración Retiniana/complicaciones , Degeneración Retiniana/veterinariaRESUMEN
Dilated cardiomyopathy (DCM) has been in the literature and news because of the recent opinion-based journal articles and public releases by regulatory agencies. DCM is commonly associated with a genetic predisposition in certain dog breeds and can also occur secondary to other diseases and nutritional deficiencies. Recent communications in veterinary journals have discussed a potential relationship between grain-free and/or novel protein diets to DCM, citing a subjective increase in DCM in dog breeds that are not known to have a genetic predisposition for the disease. This literature review describes clinical presentations of DCM, common sequelae, treatment and preventative measures, histopathologic features, and a discussion of the varied etiological origins of the disease. In addition, current literature limitations are addressed, in order to ascertain multiple variables leading to the development of DCM. Future studies are needed to evaluate one variable at a time and to minimize confounding variables and speculation. Furthermore, to prevent sampling bias with the current FDA reports, the veterinary community should be asked to provide information for all cases of DCM in dogs. This should include cases during the same time period, regardless of the practitioner's proposed etiology, due to no definitive association between diets with specific characteristics, such as, but not limited to, grain-free diets and those containing legumes, novel protein diets, and those produced by small manufacturers to DCM in dogs. In summary, in order to determine if certain ingredients, categories of diets, or manufacturing processes are related to an increased risk of DCM, further studies investigating these variables are necessary.
Asunto(s)
Cardiomiopatía Dilatada/veterinaria , Dieta/veterinaria , Enfermedades de los Perros/etiología , Animales , Cruzamiento , Cardiomiopatía Dilatada/etiología , Dieta/efectos adversos , Perros , Grano Comestible/efectos adversosRESUMEN
I herein review published studies reporting the prevalence of Toxocara infection in dogs and cats in Brazil. Based on data gathered from faecal examinations of approximately 38,940 dogs and 5600 cats from different Brazilian studies, the mean prevalence of Toxocara infection is 11.4% (range: 0.7-48.9%) in dogs and 16.7% (0.3-43.1%) in cats. These mean values based on faecal examinations should be interpreted with cautious, considering the obvious differences in terms of sample size, diagnostic tests and animal populations. Accordingly, necropsy investigations reveal higher mean prevalence values (21.9% for Toxocara canis and 27.6% Toxocara cati in dogs and cats, respectively). The contamination with Toxocara eggs in different environments and the significance of these parasites from a public health perspective in Brazil are briefly discussed.
Asunto(s)
Enfermedades de los Gatos/epidemiología , Enfermedades de los Perros/epidemiología , Toxocara , Toxocariasis/epidemiología , Animales , Brasil/epidemiología , Enfermedades de los Gatos/etiología , Enfermedades de los Gatos/parasitología , Gatos/parasitología , Enfermedades de los Perros/etiología , Enfermedades de los Perros/parasitología , Perros/parasitología , Prevalencia , Factores de Riesgo , Toxocara canis , Toxocariasis/etiología , Toxocariasis/parasitologíaRESUMEN
Toxocariasis is a worldwide anthropozoonosis caused by Toxocara spp. nematodes. High prevalences of the disease has been found in developing countries, particularly in regions with poor sanitary conditions. The definitive hosts of the nematodes are dogs and cats, which play a vital role in the transmission of this parasite as humans are considered a paratenic host. The epidemiology of the disease in South America is not clear as it is usually not diagnosed and is not a notifiable disease. This review summarizes information regarding prevalence reports of Toxocara spp. in dog and cats in South America (excluding Brazil). Additionally, and in accordance with the one health approach, reports of contaminated soil in public zones and parks as well as infection/prevalence reports in wildlife species by geographical regions are also included. The findings show the importance of awareness among veterinarians and public health authorities about Toxocara spp. as neglected disease.
Asunto(s)
Enfermedades de los Gatos/epidemiología , Enfermedades de los Perros/epidemiología , Toxocara , Toxocariasis/epidemiología , Animales , Enfermedades de los Gatos/etiología , Enfermedades de los Gatos/parasitología , Gatos/parasitología , Enfermedades de los Perros/etiología , Enfermedades de los Perros/parasitología , Perros/parasitología , Prevalencia , Factores de Riesgo , América del Sur/epidemiología , Toxocara canis , Toxocariasis/etiología , Toxocariasis/parasitologíaRESUMEN
OBJECTIVE: To report the development of a tension pneumomediastinum during mechanical ventilation of a young Irish Wolfhound with aspiration pneumonia. CASE SUMMARY: A 9-month-old intact female Irish Wolfhound was presented for clinical signs consistent with aspiration pneumonia. Evaluation of her pedigree and clinical signs prompted suspicion of Irish Wolfhound rhinitis bronchopneumonia syndrome as a contributing factor. Despite supportive care for bronchopneumonia, progressive hypoxemia and increased work of breathing required mechanical ventilation (MV). Development of a pneumothorax 36 hours after initiation of MV necessitated bilateral thoracostomy tubes. Cardiovascular decline persisted despite resolution of the pneumothorax and 1 hour later the dog was humanely euthanized. On necropsy, severe pneumomediastinum was identified without other evidence of barotrauma. Necropsy results suggested tension pneumomediastinum as the cause of pneumothorax and cardiovascular deterioration. NEW OR UNIQUE INFORMATION PROVIDED: Pneumomediastinum has not been described in dogs receiving MV. This case highlights the importance of rapid detection of pneumomediastinum during MV, as the complication can quickly become life-threatening.
Asunto(s)
Enfermedades de los Perros/etiología , Enfisema Mediastínico/veterinaria , Respiración Artificial/veterinaria , Animales , Enfermedades de los Perros/patología , Perros , Femenino , Enfisema Mediastínico/etiología , Respiración Artificial/efectos adversosRESUMEN
The present study analyzes cases of scorpionism in 11 dogs and a cat that were registered at a veterinary clinic in the city of Manizales, between 2009 and 2018. All eight cases where expert identification of the arthropod was possible, involved Centruroides gracilis (Latreille, 1804). None of the stings were lethal, though two cases were classified as severe envenomation and five moderate. The primary sign was local pain, in addition to lameness in all 10 cases that involved one of the limbs (83,3%, 10 of 12 cases). The other two cases had injuries involving the face. The established treatment was symptomatic with clinical and patient monitoring. Antivenom could not be used due to its high cost and scarcity. However, even the severest cases improved satisfactorily, and all patients were discharged without complication.
Asunto(s)
Enfermedades de los Gatos/etiología , Enfermedades de los Perros/etiología , Picaduras de Escorpión/veterinaria , Animales , Enfermedades de los Gatos/diagnóstico , Enfermedades de los Gatos/terapia , Gatos , Colombia , Enfermedades de los Perros/diagnóstico , Enfermedades de los Perros/terapia , Perros , Cojera Animal/etiología , Dolor/tratamiento farmacológico , Dolor/etiología , Dolor/veterinaria , Estudios Retrospectivos , Picaduras de Escorpión/diagnóstico , Picaduras de Escorpión/terapia , EscorpionesRESUMEN
Canine congenital malformations are structural or functional abnormalities of organs present at birth that possibly interfere with the viability of newborns, thus contributing to neonatal mortality. This study evaluated and described the incidence of congenital malformations in neonatal dogs and determined the mortality rates among those affected. Of the 178 litters and 803 newborns included in the study, 24.7% (44/178) of the litters presented neonates with congenital malformations. The total rate of neonates that presented malformations was 6.7% (64/803). The total mortality rate in newborns with congenital defects was 5.4% (44/803), representing 68.7% (44/64) of the deaths observed among those affected. The early (0-2 days old) and late (3-30 days old) mortality rates among the affected neonates were 61.4% (27/44) and 38.6% (17/44), respectively. In total, 27 malformations were recorded, and the most common congenital defects were cleft palate 2.8% (23/803) and hydrocephaly 1.5% (12/803), either alone or associated with other malformations. The malformations were recorded in 15 breeds: Pug, Miniature Pinscher, Rottweiler, Pitbull, French Bulldog, English Bulldog, Dachshund, Labrador Retriever, Lhasa Apso, Poodle, German Spitz, Yorkshire Terrier, Shih-tzu, Brazilian Terrier and mixed breed. One case of exposure to a teratogenic agent was reported, but no maternal exposure to teratogens during gestation was reported with the other litters. The occurrence of congenital defects may be related to genetic factors since the highest incidence of malformations (84.4%) was observed in purebred dogs.
Asunto(s)
Anomalías Congénitas/veterinaria , Enfermedades de los Perros/epidemiología , Animales , Anomalías Congénitas/epidemiología , Anomalías Congénitas/etiología , Anomalías Congénitas/mortalidad , Enfermedades de los Perros/etiología , Enfermedades de los Perros/mortalidad , Perros , Humanos , Lactante , Mortalidad InfantilAsunto(s)
Animales , Perros , Femenino , Masculino , Pancreatitis/veterinaria , Hipertrigliceridemia/veterinaria , Hiperfunción de las Glándulas Suprarrenales/veterinaria , Diabetes Mellitus/veterinaria , Enfermedades de los Perros/etiología , Hipotiroidismo/veterinaria , Pancreatitis/complicaciones , Hipertrigliceridemia/complicaciones , Estudios de Casos y Controles , Estudios Retrospectivos , Hiperfunción de las Glándulas Suprarrenales/complicaciones , Diabetes Mellitus/etiología , Hipotiroidismo/complicacionesRESUMEN
Canine leptospirosis is characterized by an acute or chronic disease. Some dogs may act as asymptomatic carriers, keeping the agent in the renal tubules and eliminating it in the urine for an extended period. Chronic kidney disease (CKD) is multifactorial and pathophysiology has been widely discussed. The aim of the study was to investigate whether the occurrence of CKD may possibly be associated with asymptomatic leptospiral infection in dogs in endemic regions. Serology and urine PCR were performed in 16 dogs with CKD and 48 healthy dogs from an endemic area. Dogs with CKD were more frequently shedders (75%) than non-CKD animals (20.8%). Therefore, our results demonstrate that asymptomatic leptospiral infection is associated with canine chronic kidney disease and that differential diagnosis is important for dogs from endemic areas presenting CKD. The early detection of shedders, besides the obvious impact on Public health may also help to improve the animal health and avoid the development of CKD.
Asunto(s)
Enfermedades de los Perros/diagnóstico , Enfermedades de los Perros/etiología , Leptospira/fisiología , Leptospirosis/complicaciones , Leptospirosis/veterinaria , Insuficiencia Renal Crónica/veterinaria , Animales , Infecciones Asintomáticas , Biomarcadores , Perros , Genotipo , Leptospira/clasificación , Leptospirosis/diagnóstico , Serogrupo , UltrasonografíaRESUMEN
BACKGROUND: Although thoracic vertebral malformations with kyphosis and scoliosis are often considered incidental findings on diagnostic imaging studies of screw-tailed brachycephalic breeds, they have been suggested to interfere with spinal biomechanics and intervertebral disc degeneration. It is however unknown if an abnormal spinal curvature also predisposes dogs to develop clinically relevant intervertebral disc herniations. The aim of this study was to evaluate if the occurrence of thoracic vertebral malformations, kyphosis or scoliosis would be associated with a higher prevalence of cervical or thoracolumbar intervertebral disc extrusion in French bulldogs. RESULTS: French bulldogs that underwent computed tomography for reasons unrelated to spinal disease (n = 101), and French bulldogs with thoracolumbar (n = 47) or cervical intervertebral disc extrusion (n = 30) that underwent magnetic resonance imaging were included. There was a significant association between the presence of kyphosis and the occurrence of intervertebral disc extrusion, particularly in the thoracolumbar region. Dogs with kyphosis were at nearly a two times increased odds of being affected by intervertebral disc extrusion than those without kyphosis [(OR = 1.98 (95% CI: 1.04-3.78)]. There was also an association between the presence of scoliosis and the anatomical distribution of intervertebral disc extrusions, with dogs with scoliosis more likely to have more caudal lumbar intervertebral disc extrusions. Presence of scoliosis was not associated with an increased odds of being affected by intervertebral disc extrusion. CONCLUSIONS: Although thoracic vertebral malformations with kyphosis only rarely cause spinal cord dysfunction in itself, French bulldogs with kyphosis appear to be at higher risk to develop thoracolumbar intervertebral disc extrusion.
Asunto(s)
Enfermedades de los Perros/epidemiología , Degeneración del Disco Intervertebral/veterinaria , Desplazamiento del Disco Intervertebral/veterinaria , Cifosis/veterinaria , Escoliosis/veterinaria , Animales , Enfermedades de los Perros/diagnóstico por imagen , Enfermedades de los Perros/etiología , Perros , Femenino , Degeneración del Disco Intervertebral/epidemiología , Desplazamiento del Disco Intervertebral/epidemiología , Cifosis/diagnóstico por imagen , Imagen por Resonancia Magnética/veterinaria , Masculino , Escoliosis/diagnóstico por imagen , Especificidad de la Especie , Vértebras Torácicas/anomalías , Tomografía Computarizada por Rayos X/veterinariaRESUMEN
Cystic endometrial hyperplasia (CEH)-pyometra syndrome is one of the most common diseases of noncastrated female dogs. However, determination of etiological mechanisms and differential diagnosis of CEH-pyometra syndrome are undefined. The aim of this study is to compare immunohistochemically the expression of cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) inflammatory mediator, Ki-67 antigen proliferation marker, vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF-A) angiogenesis mediator and its FLT-1 and KDR receptors, and correlate with Doppler velocimetry of uterine artery and endometrial vascularization in bitches with CEH-pyometra syndrome. Bitches were allocated into CEH-mucometra Group (n = 13), Pyometra Group (n = 11), and Control Group (n = 8). Pyometra Group presented cytoplasmatic staining intensity for COX-2, VEGF-A, and FLT-1 and KDR receptors in luminal epithelium cells significantly higher compared to CEH-mucometra and Control groups. For the glandular epithelium, Pyometra Group had higher immunostaining score for VEGF-A and its receptors (FLT-1 and KDR). Hemodynamic indexes showed negative correlation with VEGF-A and its receptors as well as with COX-2. On the other hand, uterine vascularization score showed positive correlation in relation to immunostaining of COX-2, VEGF-A, and receptors in the endometrium luminal epithelium. In conclusion, uterus of bitches with CEH-pyometra syndrome show inflammatory process characterized by COX-2 expression, resulting in greater expression of proliferative Ki-67 marker as tissue response against the infectious agent. Furthermore, the increased VEGF-A expression and its receptors in CEH-pyometra reflect the increased blood flow and lower vascular resistance. Therefore, canine pyometra is characterized by an inflammatory, proliferative, and vascular disorder.
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Enfermedades de los Perros/etiología , Piómetra/veterinaria , Animales , Proliferación Celular , Ciclooxigenasa 2/metabolismo , Enfermedades de los Perros/metabolismo , Enfermedades de los Perros/fisiopatología , Perros , Endometrio/irrigación sanguínea , Femenino , Hemodinámica , Antígeno Ki-67/metabolismo , Piómetra/etiología , Piómetra/metabolismo , Piómetra/fisiopatología , Arteria Uterina/fisiopatología , Factor A de Crecimiento Endotelial Vascular/metabolismo , Receptor 1 de Factores de Crecimiento Endotelial Vascular/metabolismo , Receptor 2 de Factores de Crecimiento Endotelial Vascular/metabolismoRESUMEN
In Brazil, rabies control in dogs and cats was pioneered by the state of São Paulo with the adoption of the Pan American Health Organization recommendations for prophylaxis and control, which led to a reduction in rabies cases from 1994 onwards. As a result of these measures, the rabies virus (RABV) genetic lineage associated with dogs has not been found in the state since 1998, and all the cases in domestic animals reported since then have been caused by bat-associated lineages of RABV. In the light of this, this study sought to investigate rabies cases in dogs and cats in the state of São Paulo between 2005 and 2014 and identify the associated transmission cycles by characterizing the RABV lineages responsible for these cases. Nine samples from dogs (n = 5) and from cats (n = 4) were collected between 2005 and 2014. The tenth animal, a rabid cat, was analysed by a different laboratory. The N gene nucleotide sequences obtained were analysed with the neighbor-joining algorithm and Kimura 2-parameter model using the MEGA 6 program. Phylogenetic analysis revealed that the genetic lineages identified in all the samples were those circulating in Brazilian bats. The findings of this study demonstrate that bats play an important role in the transmission of rabies to domestic animals in São Paulo state and that emphasis should be placed on the implementation of public policies to support surveillance of chiropterans for rabies.
Asunto(s)
Enfermedades de los Gatos/virología , Quirópteros/virología , Enfermedades de los Perros/virología , Rabia/veterinaria , Animales , Brasil/epidemiología , Enfermedades de los Gatos/epidemiología , Enfermedades de los Gatos/etiología , Gatos , Enfermedades de los Perros/epidemiología , Enfermedades de los Perros/etiología , Perros , Filogenia , Rabia/epidemiología , Rabia/transmisión , Rabia/virología , Virus de la Rabia/genética , Virus de la Rabia/aislamiento & purificación , Reacción en Cadena de la Polimerasa de Transcriptasa Inversa/veterinaria , Factores de TiempoRESUMEN
Papular urticaria is a chronic allergic reaction induced by insect bites, which is common in the tropics. The objective of this review was to deepen on epidemiological and immunological aspects of this disease, focused on data published in Latin American countries.We conducted a non-systematic review of the literature through electronic search on the epidemiology of papular urticaria, the entomological characteristics of the causative agents and associated immunological mechanisms.Several reports from medical centers suggest that papular urticaria is common in Latin America. Only one epidemiological survey designed to estimate prevalence of papular urticaria has been published, reporting that about a quarter of children under six years of age is affected by this condition in Bogotá. There is evidence on the causal relationship among exposure to indoor fleas, poverty and papular urticaria in Bogotá, a representative city of the Andean altitudes. Information about causal insects in tropical warmer areas is scarce, although from clinical reports Aedes aegypti and Culex quienquefasciatus appear to be the most common. Th2 cellular-mediated mechanisms are involved in its pathogenesis, which explains its delayed hypersensitivity. The role of immunoglobulin E is not clear in this disease. Insect-derived antigens directly involved in papular urticaria etiology are unknown. However, it is possible that common molecules among causal insects mediate cross-reactive reactions, such as Cte f 2 allergen, found in cat fleas, and its counterparts in mosquitoes.Papular urticaria is a frequent disease in Latin America that should be further investigated. Immunological characterization of the molecular components that cause this condition may solve questions about its pathogenesis.