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BACKGROUND: Bladder duplication is a rare congenital lower urinary tract anomaly disease characterized by the presence of two bladders, possibly with duplication of the urethra. This disease is rarely reported in cats. The clinical symptoms are commonly occult, with increased difficulty in making a definitive diagnosis, especially if there is no obvious urethral duplication. The diagnosis is typically based on radiographs and ultrasound, with computer tomography serving as a more advanced imaging diagnostic modality. Cases of duplicated bladders with accessory tubular tissues are even scarcer in both human and veterinary medicine. CASE PRESENTATION: A 6-year-old male neutered cat was brought to the hospital because of vomiting and constipation. Cystography revealed increased soft tissue density of a fusiform structure in the lower middle abdomen. The purulent-filled cavitary structure and the accessory tubular structure were removed via surgery, and histopathological examination confirmed a double bladder with attached accessory tubular tissue. After antibiotic treatment, the cat recovered uneventfully. CONCLUSION: This is the first case of bladder duplication in China and the first case of feline bladder duplication with tubular structure attachment in the world. This information will provide a reference for the diagnosis and treatment of similar cases in the future.

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A 7-year-old Korean shorthair cat was admitted to our hospital with chronic constipation. Abdominal ultrasonography incidentally revealed a focal asymmetric gastric mass. The mass was submucosal and hypoechoic without loss of wall layering. Histopathological examination revealed a gastric submucosal lipoma (GSL). Although there have been reports of gastric submucosal fat infiltration in cats, there have been no reports regarding GSL. To our knowledge, this is the first report describing the ultrasonographic characteristics of GSL in a cat. Gastric submucosal lipoma should be considered as a differential diagnosis when a focal hypoechoic submucosal mass without loss of wall layering in the stomach is observed on ultrasound images. Key clinical message: This case report describes the ultrasonographic characteristics of GSL in a cat and aims to provide useful information for the diagnosis of lipoma occurring in the feline gastrointestinal tract. The ultrasonographic features and histological results we describe should be helpful in diagnosing submucosal lipoma in cats with similar conditions.

Caractéristiques échographiques d'un lipome sous-muqueux gastrique chez un chat: une étude de casUn chat coréen à poil court âgé de 7 ans a été admis à notre hôpital pour constipation chronique. L'échographie abdominale a révélé de manière fortuite une masse gastrique focale asymétrique. La masse était dans la sousmuqueuse et hypoéchogène sans perte de stratification murale. L'examen histopathologique a révélé un lipome sous-mucosal gastrique (GSL). Bien qu'il y ait eu des rapports d'infiltration de graisse dans la sous-muqueuse gastrique chez le chat, aucun rapport n'a été signalé concernant le GSL. À notre connaissance, il s'agit du premier rapport décrivant les caractéristiques échographiques du GSL chez un chat. Le lipome sous-muqueux gastrique doit être envisagé comme diagnostic différentiel lorsqu'une masse sous-muqueuse hypoéchogène focale sans perte de stratification de la paroi de l'estomac est observée sur les images échographiques.Message clinique clé:Ce rapport de cas décrit les caractéristiques échographiques du GSL chez un chat et vise à fournir des informations utiles pour le diagnostic des lipomes survenant dans le tractus gastro-intestinal félin. Les caractéristiques échographiques et les résultats histologiques que nous décrivons devraient être utiles pour diagnostiquer le lipome sous-muqueux chez les chats présentant des conditions similaires.(Traduit par Dr Serge Messier).

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Thymomas and mediastinal lymphomas are the most common mediastinal neoplasms in cats. While mediastinal lymphoma occurs primarily in younger cats (approximately 2 to 4 years of age), thymomas are diagnosed almost exclusively in older cats. However, the following case shows that this is not necessarily always the case.A 3-year- and 11-month-old neutered male European Shorthair was presented with a preliminary report of exercise intolerance and restricted respiration. Both symptoms occurred primarily at high ambient temperatures. Radiographically, a mediastinal mass filled a significant part of the thoracic cavity. A computed tomographic examination and ultrasound-guided TruCut biopsy were performed. Histologic examination suggested a thymoma. A sternal thoracotomy and resection of the circumferential proliferation was conducted. Subsequent histopathologic examination confirmed the suspected diagnosis of a mediastinal thymoma. The cat recovered well postoperatively, and a clinical and radiographic follow-up examination was unremarkable after 8 months.

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OBJECTIVES: The study aimed to determine if an ultrasonic Doppler-guided technique (UDGT) leads to improved placement efficacy (time, success) of feline dorsal pedal arterial catheters vs the traditional palpation-guided technique (TPT). METHODS: A total of 26 adult, client-owned cats requiring sedation or general anesthesia for any reason, aged >12 months and weighing >3.0 kg, and with Doppler blood pressure measurements of at least 80 mmHg were enrolled. Each hindlimb was randomly assigned for dorsal pedal arterial catheterization using either the UDGT or TPT. With the UDGT, the location of the artery was identified by an audible sound using the Doppler. Successful catheter placement was confirmed by visualization of an arterial pressure waveform using a transducer and monitor system attached to the catheter. The Kaplan-Meier method and log-rank test were used to compare the two techniques. RESULTS: The overall proportion of successful arterial catheterization was 17% (9/52): 19% (5/26) via UDGT and 15% (4/26) via TPT. Among successful arterial catheterizations (n = 9), the mean time to catheterization was 339 ± 198 s: 328 ± 237 s (n = 5) with UDGT and 353 ± 171 s (n = 4) with TPT. The log-rank test showed the two techniques were not significantly different in likelihood of successful arterial catheter placement or time to successful catheterization (P = 0.698). An arterial flash occurred in 62% (32/52) of the limbs, 58% (15/26) with the UDGT and 65% (17/26) with the TPT. Complications (self-limiting bruising, hematoma formation) were observed equally between UDGT (3/26 limbs) and TPT (3/26 limbs) in six cats. CONCLUSIONS AND RELEVANCE: The UDGT did not improve the efficacy of catheter placement compared with the TPT. Few complications were associated with arterial catheterization.

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OBJECTIVE: To determine the occurrence of degenerative changes affecting the vertebral column in cats, assess their clinical significance, and determine the occurrence in cats with intervertebral disk herniation compared to other spinal diseases. ANIMALS: 114 client-owned cats. METHODS: Hospital records were retrospectively reviewed for cats with suspected myelopathy that had undergone spinal MRI. Signalment; history; neurological examination; neurolocalization; primary diagnosis; presence, type, and location of intervertebral disk herniation; and presence and location of other degenerative spinal changes (intervertebral disk degeneration [IVDD], spondylosis deformans [SD], end plate changes, dorsal compressions [DC], and foraminal stenosis [FS]) were recorded. RESULTS: 70% of cats showed at least 1 spinal degenerative change. The most common change was IVDD, followed by SD and intervertebral disk protrusion (IVDP), while intervertebral disk extrusion (IVDE), end plate changes, DC, and FS were uncommon to rare. Primary complaint was attributed to a degenerative condition in 22% of cats, including 100% with IVDE, 9% with IVDP, and 43% with degenerative lumbosacral stenosis (DLSS). The occurrence of degenerative spinal changes and number of intervertebral disks affected by IVDD significantly increased with age and body weight. Age was positively correlated with the occurrence of SD and DLSS. Intervertebral disk degeneration, IVDP, SD, DC, and FS were more prevalent in the lumbosacral junction. Cats with IVDD were significantly more likely to show IVDE and IVDP. CLINICAL RELEVANCE: This study revealed that in a population of cats presenting for signs of myelopathy, IVDE was always responsible for the clinical presentation, DLSS was commonly considered incidental, and IVDP was infrequently related to neurological signs.

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A 7-year-old spayed female domestic shorthair cat was presented for evaluation of a large-volume abdominal space-occupying lesion. A computed tomography angiography examination detected a round retroperitoneal mass, in contact with the large abdominal vessels, characterized by an external hyperattenuating capsule and a larger hypoattenuating center. The capsule was soft-tissue attenuating with marked heterogenous contrast enhancement. The center was hypoattenuating pre- and post-contrast administration. The mass displaced both kidneys laterally and the descendent colon ventrally. The mesenteric veins and both phrenicoabdominal veins were markedly increased in diameter. However, the adrenals were not involved. On the excretory phase, no contrast enhancement was observed in either ureter, except for the proximal tract of the right ureter. At laparotomy, both ureters entered the mass that was adherent to the great abdominal vessels. The cytological diagnosis was retroperitoneal extra-adrenal paraganglioma. In cats, retroperitoneal extra-adrenal paragangliomas are very rare. This is the first computed tomography angiography report of a retroperitoneal extra-adrenal paraganglioma in a domestic cat. Key clinical message: This report describes the computed tomography angiography features of a rare case of a retroperitoneal extra-adrenal paraganglioma in a cat. These features could be taken into consideration to direct the diagnosis of a possible neuroendocrine origin for a retroperitoneal mass in a cat.

Caractéristiques de l'angiographie par tomodensitométrie d'un para-gangliome extra-surrénalien rétropéritonéal chez un chatUne chatte domestique à poils courts, âgée de 7 ans, stérilisée, a été présentée pour évaluation d'une lésion abdominale de grand volume occupant de l'espace. Un examen d'angiographie tomodensitométrique a détecté une masse rétropéritonéale ronde, en contact avec les gros vaisseaux abdominaux, caractérisée par une capsule externe hyper-atténuante et un centre hypo-atténuant plus large. La capsule présentait une atténuation des tissus mous avec une prise de contraste hétérogène marquée. Le centre était hypoatténuant avant et après l'administration le milieu de contraste. La masse a déplacé latéralement les deux reins et ventralement le côlon descendant. Le diamètre des veines mésentériques et des deux veines phrénico-abdominales était nettement augmenté. Cependant, les surrénales n'étaient pas impliquées. À la phase excrétrice, aucune augmentation de contraste n'a été observée dans les deux uretères, à l'exception du tractus proximal de l'uretère droit. Lors de la laparotomie, les deux uretères pénétraient dans la masse adhérente aux gros vaisseaux abdominaux. Le diagnostic cytologique était un paragangliome extra-surrénalien rétropéritonéal. Chez le chat, les para-gangliomes extra-surrénaliens rétropéritonéaux sont très rares. Il s'agit du premier rapport d'angiographie par tomodensitométrie d'un para-gangliome extra-surrénalien rétropéritonéal chez un chat domestique.Message clinique clé:Ce rapport décrit les caractéristiques de l'angiographie par tomodensitométrie d'un cas rare de paragangliome extra-surrénalien rétropéritonéal chez un chat. Ces caractéristiques pourraient être prises en considération pour orienter le diagnostic d'une éventuelle origine neuroendocrinienne d'une masse rétropéritonéale chez un chat.(Traduit par Dr Serge Messier).

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BACKGROUND: Sex chromosome abnormalities associated with disorders of sexual development (DSD) are rarely described in cats, mainly due to the lack of chromossome studies that precisely reveal the condition. Genetic approaches are therefore required in order to detect sex chromossomes abnormalities as variations in the number and structure of chromosomes, or the presence of a second cell line as mosaicim or chimerism. CASE PRESENTATION: A male Shorthair cryptorchid cat was presented with clinical signs of anorexia, tenesmus and hyperthermia. Ultrasonography revealed a fluid-filled structure, with approximately 1 cm in diameter, adjacent to the descending colon. Computed tomography evidenced a tubular structure, ventral to the descending colon and caudal to the bladder, which extended cranially, through two branches. Histopathological evaluation confirmed the presence of two atrophic uterine horns and one hypoplastic testicle with epididymis at the end of one of the uterine horns. The end of the other uterine horn was attached to a structure composed by a mass of adipocytes. Cytogenetic analysis revealed a mosaic 37,X/38,XY karyotype. The two cell lines were found in 15% and 85% of the lymphocytes, respectively. Genetic analysis confirmed the presence of SRY and ZFY genes in blood and hair bulbs, and revealed a marked reduction in SRY expression in the testicle. Additionally, this case presented exceptionally rare features, such as a Leydig' cell tumour and a chronic endometritis in both uterine horns. CONCLUSIONS: Complete imaging workup, cytogenetic analysis and SRY gene expression should be systematically realized, in order to properly classify disorders of sexual development (DSD) in cats.

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A seven-year-old male neutered domestic shorthaired cat underwent surgical placement of a permanent epicardial pacemaker following diagnosis of intermittent second and third degree atrioventricular block, which was responsible for 'seizure-like' episodes. Although the pacemaker implant was successful, the cat started experiencing near-syncopal episodes approximately one year after surgery. Ambulatory Holter recording showed periods of loss of capture. Therefore, the pacemaker was interrogated using incremental energy output, which did not evoke any capture, even at the highest possible pulse voltage and duration. Thoracic radiographs showed that the pulse generator had rotated compared to the original radiographic assessment and the lead appeared entangled and shortened, resembling the findings described as 'twiddler syndrome' in humans and dogs, which is characterised by twisting of the lead caused by rotation of the pulse generator around its long axis and subsequent lead migration. To the best of the authors' knowledge, this is the first report of twiddler syndrome in a cat.

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Background: Anticoagulant rodenticide toxicity is commonly encountered in veterinary practice that can result in internal bleeding. We have observed dogs with retroperitoneal hemorrhage secondary to anticoagulant rodenticide toxicity. However, abdominal radiographic changes in dogs with rodenticide toxicity have not been studied and retroperitoneal hemorrhage secondary to rodenticide toxicity has rarely been reported. Aim: The objective is to describe abdominal radiographic features of anticoagulant rodenticide toxicity and concurrent thoracic radiographic changes in dogs and cats. Methods: Dogs and cats diagnosed with rodenticide toxicity and with available abdominal radiographs were included in this retrospective analysis. Board-certified radiologists reviewed the abdominal and thoracic radiographs. Evaluation of abdominal radiographic changes included assessment of peritoneal or retroperitoneal effusion, subcutaneous hemorrhage, and internal hemorrhage of abdominal organs. Results: Fourteen dogs and two cats with confirmed rodenticide toxicity were included in the study. In dogs, retroperitoneal effusion (28.6%) was the most commonly observed abdominal radiographic change, followed by peritoneal effusion (14.3%). Thoracic radiographic changes in dogs included pleural effusion (63.6%) and mediastinal widening (63.6%) as the most common findings, followed by pulmonary hemorrhage (36.4%) and tracheal narrowing (36.4%). Subcutaneous hemorrhage or edema (9.1%) was also noted. No abdominal radiographic changes consistent with hemorrhage secondary to rodenticide toxicity were noted in the two cats. Conclusion: Based on our findings, it is suggested that rodenticide toxicity may result in retroperitoneal effusion even in the absence of thoracic disease. Therefore, abdominal radiographs may be valuable when suspecting hemorrhage due to coagulopathy. However, abdominal radiographic changes associated with rodenticide toxicity are considered rare in cats.

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Information on the clinical outcomes of feline azotemia using ultrasound examinations is limited. This study aimed to understand the correlation between cortical anisotropy backscattering artifact (CABA) and serum creatinine (sCr) changes in feline azotemia after hospitalization and to investigate whether CABA is useful for predicting the clinical outcome of feline azotemia. Sixty-five hospitalized cats with azotemia, including 49 cats with moderate or severe azotemia (severe group) and 16 cats with mild azotemia (mild group). This retrospective study reviewed the CABA using ultrasound images of cats hospitalized with azotemia between 2016 and 2021. The correlation between CABA and the clinical outcomes of cats with azotemia was investigated using the chi-squared or Fisher's exact test, and the intra- and inter-observer agreements in CABA were assessed using McNemar's and Cohen's kappa tests. The presence of CABA was significantly positively correlated with the clinical outcomes of cats with azotemia only in the severe group (p = 0.0034, odds ratio = 8.57). There was no association between CABA and clinical outcomes in cats with mild azotemia (p = 0.75). CABA can be used for clinical outcome prediction in moderate and severe feline azotemia, with a sensitivity of 80.8% and a specificity of 73.9%. Also, satisfactory intra- and inter-observer agreements were revealed in the detection of CABA during ultrasound image review. Our study demonstrated that cats with moderate and severe azotemia with CABA observed during ultrasonography might have better clinical outcomes. These findings provide additional information on the prognosis and treatment of feline azotemia.

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BACKGROUND: Neurological inherited disorders are rare in domestic animals. Cerebellar cortical degeneration remains amongst the most common of these disorders. The condition is defined as the premature loss of fully differentiated cerebellar components due to genetic or metabolic defects. It has been studied in dogs and cats, and various genetic defects and diagnostic tests (including magnetic resonance imaging (MRI)) have been refined in these species. Cases in cats remain rare and mostly individual, and few diagnostic criteria, other than post-mortem exam, have been evaluated in reports with multiple cases. Here, we report three feline cases of cerebellar cortical degeneration with detailed clinical, diagnostic imaging and post-mortem findings. CASE PRESENTATION: The three cases were directly (siblings, case #1 and #2) or indirectly related (same farm, case #3) and showed early-onset of the disease, with clinical signs including cerebellar ataxia and tremors. Brain MRI was highly suggestive of cerebellar cortical degeneration on all three cases. The relative cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) space, relative cerebellum size, brainstem: cerebellum area ratio, and cerebellum: total brain area ratio, were measured and compared to a control group of cats and reference cut-offs for dogs in the literature. For the relative cerebellum size and cerebellum: total brain area ratio, all affected cases had a lower value than the control group. For the relative CSF space and brainstem: cerebellum area ratio, the more affected cases (#2 and #3) had higher values than the control group, while the least affected case (#3) had values within the ranges of the control group, but a progression was visible over time. Post-mortem examination confirmed the diagnosis of cerebellar cortical degeneration, with marked to complete loss of Purkinje cells and associated granular layer depletion and proliferation of Bergmann glia. One case also had Wallerian-like degeneration in the spinal cord, suggestive of spinocerebellar degeneration. CONCLUSION: Our report further supports a potential genetic component for the disease in cats. For the MRI examination, the relative cerebellum size and cerebellum: total brain area ratio seem promising, but further studies are needed to establish specific feline cut-offs. Post-mortem evaluation of the cerebellum remains the gold standard for the final diagnosis.

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IMPORTANCE: The portal vein to aorta (PV/Ao) ratio is used to assess the clinical significance of extrahepatic portosystemic shunt (EHPSS). Previous studies using computed tomography (CT) were conducted in dogs but not in cats. OBJECTIVE: This study aimed to establish normal reference values for PV indices (PV/Ao ratio and PV diameter) in cats and determine the usefulness of these for predicting symptomatic EHPSS. METHODS: This study included 95 dogs and 114 cats that underwent abdominal CT. The canine normal (CN) group included dogs without EHPSS. The cats were classified into feline normal (FN, 88/114), feline asymptomatic (FA, 16/114), and feline symptomatic (FS, 10/114) groups. The PV and Ao diameters were measured in axial cross-sections. RESULTS: The group FN had a higher PV/Ao ratio than the group CN (p < 0.001). Within the feline groups, the PV indices were in the order FN > FA > FS (both p < 0.001). The mean PV diameter and PV/Ao ratio for group FN were 5.23 ± 0.77 mm and 1.46 ± 0.19, respectively. The cutoff values between groups FN and FS were 4.115 mm for PV diameter (sensitivity, 100%; specificity, 97.7%) and 1.170 for PV/Ao ratio (90%, 92.1%). The cutoff values between group FA and FS were 3.835 mm (90%, 93.8%) and 1.010 (70%, 100%), respectively. CONCLUSIONS AND RELEVANCE: The results demonstrated significant differences in PV indices between dogs and cats. In cats, the PV/Ao ratio demonstrated high diagnostic performance for symptomatic EHPSS. The PV diameter also performed well, in contrast to dogs.

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A hybrid surgical approach was utilized to address cor triatriatum sinister in a 10-month-old castrated male domestic shorthair cat. Prior to surgery, open-mouth breathing occurred with exertion. The procedure was guided by transesophageal echocardiography and fluoroscopy. A minithoracotomy was performed, and the left atrial membrane was accessed via an introducer placed through the left ventricular apex. Sequential balloon dilations were performed, and the mean transmembrane gradient under anesthesia was reduced from 16 mmHg to 2.23 mmHg. Four months after surgery, the transmembrane mean gradient remained lower than prior to intervention. The cat tolerated surgery well and remains free of clinical signs nine months after surgery.

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A 2-year-old castrated Russian Blue cat presented with inappetence, depression, and labored respirations. Radiography findings suggested left lung atelectasis; however, the ultrasonography findings did not indicate lung atelectasis. The left pulmonary artery (PA) was abnormally small on echocardiography; further, there were no other cardiac anomalies. Computed tomography revealed an abnormally small left PA and left lung. Furthermore, bronchiectasis and tree-in-bud patterns were observed in the lung lobes. Based on these findings, the cat was diagnosed with isolated left PA hypoplasia, presumed left lung hypoplasia, and feline chronic bronchial disease. Early diagnosis of this disease is important because it can cause serious complications, including recurrent respiratory infection, bronchiectasis, massive hemoptysis, and pulmonary hypertension.

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OBJECTIVE: To describe the signalment, treatment, complications, and outcomes of cats treated surgically for ectopic ureters. STUDY DESIGN: Retrospective, multi-institutional study. ANIMALS: Twelve client-owned cats. METHODS: Medical records of cats diagnosed with unilateral or bilateral ectopic ureters were reviewed and analyzed. Data reported included signalment, clinical signs, diagnostics, open celiotomy, or cystoscopic surgical interventions, and outcomes. RESULTS: Seven of the 12 cats in the study population were female or female spayed and the median age at time of presentation was 4 years, with an interquartile range (IQR) of 6 months-14 years. Presurgical diagnostic imaging diagnosed ectopic ureters by abdominal ultrasound (8/10), contrast enhanced computed tomography (3/3), fluoroscopic urography (3/4), or cystoscopy (6/7). Eight of 12 cats had extramural ectopic ureters and six cats were affected bilaterally. Eight affected cats underwent ureteroneocystostomy, one cat underwent neoureterostomy, two cats underwent cystoscopic laser ablation, and one cat underwent nephroureterostomy. Immediate postoperative complications occurred in three cats; one cat required additional surgical intervention. Short-term complications occurred in three cats, and long-term complications in two cats. All cats that underwent surgical or cystoscopic intervention had improvement of their urinary incontinence scores, with complete resolution in 11 cats. CONCLUSION: Surgical correction of ectopic ureters in cats is associated with good long-term outcomes. Ectopic ureters in cats are commonly extramural and bilateral. Postoperative outcomes were acceptable and there were few postoperative complications, with varying forms of surgical correction. CLINICAL SIGNIFICANCE: Ectopic ureters in cats are rare but urinary incontinence can be corrected or improved successfully with surgery.

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Over the past 2 decades, the increasing availability of computed tomography (CT) and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) as well as the growing professional expertise have significantly improved the diagnostics of middle and inner ear diseases in dogs and cats. In answering some of the diagnostic questions, CT and MRT demonstrate equivalent performance. For most questions, however, there are differences in the diagnostic performance due to the physical imaging properties of the 2 modalities.CT is more sensitive in demonstrating involvement of the bulla wall and is more effective for detecting abnormal content within the tympanic bulla. In addition, with CT it is often easier to guide tissue samplings. On the other hand, structural changes of the soft tissues of the skull, head, meninges, brain, and nerves are not or only insufficiently detectable on CT images. MRI is clearly superior here. Therefore, MRI is essential for the characterization of materials inside the bulla cavity and for demonstrating the extent of any central spread of otitis media (OM).In this image essay, CT and MRI features of OM and resulting secondary lesions described in the literature are analyzed and summarized. Own image examples are used for illustration. Information on the etiology, pathogenesis, pathomorphology, and clinical signs important for understanding these changes are presented in concise descriptions.

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BACKGROUND: Shortening of the colon has been described in cats, but its imaging and clinicopathological features remain poorly understood. OBJECTIVES: Description of the signalment, clinical presentation, imaging, endoscopic and histological features of short colon syndrome in cats. ANIMALS: Ninety-three cats diagnosed with short colon. METHODS: Multi-institutional, descriptive, retrospective case series study. Medical records were searched for a diagnosis of short colon on abdominal ultrasonography, computed tomography, endoscopy, autopsy, or a combination of these modalities. RESULTS: The median age of included cats was 12 years at the time of diagnosis. Diarrhea was the most common clinical sign (60/92; 65%), followed by vomiting (36/92; 39%), weight loss (36/92; 39%), and inappetence (24/92; 26%). Thirteen percent of cats (12/92) had no signs of gastrointestinal disease at the time of diagnosis. In addition to a shortened colonic length, 79% (66/84) of cats had concomitant colonic thickening on ultrasonographic examination. On colonoscopy, mucosal ulcerations of the colonic wall were seen in 39% (9/23) of cats. Histopathologically, all cats but 1 (diagnosed simultaneously with colonic small cell lymphoma) had lymphoplasmacytic colitis, and when small intestinal biopsies were performed, concurrent lymphoplasmacytic enteritis or small cell lymphoma of the small intestine. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL IMPORTANCE: Lymphoplasmacytic colitis is seen commonly in cats with short colon, suggesting a potential link between these entities.

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OBJECTIVE: To describe the CT findings of Australian dogs and cats with nasal cryptococcosis over a 12-year period. ANIMALS: 12 dogs and 9 cats diagnosed with nasal cryptococcosis from 2008 through 2020. METHODS: CT findings were compared among enrolled cases from Australian veterinary referral centers. Disease severity was compared between a subset of patients with cryptococcal speciation performed (n = 6 dogs; n = 3 cats) and geographic domicile. RESULTS: Dogs demonstrated diffuse disease affecting numerous nasal regions and sinuses. Cats displayed more focal nasal and nasopharyngeal disease. Dogs were more likely to have a nasal mass, whereas cats were more likely to have a nasopharyngeal mass. Cribriform plate lysis was common in dogs but not observed in cats. Sinonasal osteolysis was a common feature in both species. Mandibular lymph nodes were commonly enlarged in dogs, whereas in cats, the retropharyngeal lymph nodes were more likely enlarged. There was no obvious difference in disease severity or lesion distribution in relation to the causal species of Cryptococcus, although to determine if this finding is robust, an appropriately powered prospective study is warranted. CLINICAL RELEVANCE: There are numerous studies describing the clinical features, treatment, and outcomes of dogs and cats with cryptococcosis. To the best of our knowledge, there is only 1 previous study describing the CT features of nasal cryptococcosis, undertaken in one part of North America. Our study describes the CT features of nasal Cryptococcus sp in an Australian canine and feline cohort, adding new pertinent observations while reinforcing reported radiological observations.

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A pregnant female domestic longhair cat ~8 mo of age was referred to the Western College of Veterinary Medicine (Saskatoon, Saskatchewan) for a diagnostic evaluation of severe anemia (PCV: 10.8%) after a 2-day period of lethargy. A CBC, serum biochemistry profile, FeLV/FIV testing, and abdominal radiographs were completed and did not determine a cause for the anemia. Abdominal ultrasonography identified 1 viable and 6 nonviable and fetuses, anechoic fluid in the uterus, and a mild volume of peritoneal effusion. A whole-blood transfusion and C-section with ovariohysterectomy were performed even though a definitive presurgical diagnosis for the anemia had not yet been established. Exploratory surgery revealed a left uterine horn torsion with a necrotic base, severe congestion, and 7 nonviable fetuses. Following surgery, the queen made a full clinical recovery. Key clinical message: Uterine torsion can be easily overlooked as a cause of severe anemia due to the relative infrequency of this condition in cats and the low sensitivity of ultrasonography to provide a definitive presurgical diagnosis. Client communication must emphasize the need for a prompt surgical intervention to establish the diagnosis and to save the cat, despite poor rates of neonatal survival. Once the animal is stabilized after surgery, further diagnostic tests and procedures are indicated if the cause of anemia has not yet been identified.

Reconnaître la torsion utérine comme un diagnostic différentiel chez les chattes gestantes souffrant d'anémie sévère afin de fournir des soins appropriés et opportuns en l'absence d'un diagnostic pré-chirurgical définitif. Une chatte domestique à poils longs, âgée d'environ 8 mois, a été référée au Western College of Veterinary Medicine (Saskatoon, Saskatchewan) pour une évaluation diagnostique d'anémie sévère (hématocrite : 10,8 %) après une période de léthargie de 2 jours. Une formule sanguine complète, un profil biochimique sérique, des tests FeLV/FIV et des radiographies abdominales ont été réalisés et n'ont pas permis de déterminer la cause de l'anémie. L'échographie abdominale a identifié 1 foetus viable et 6 non viables, du liquide anéchoïque dans l'utérus et un léger volume d'épanchement péritonéal. Une transfusion de sang total et une césarienne avec ovariohystérectomie ont été réalisées même si le diagnostic pré-chirurgical définitif de l'anémie n'avait pas encore été établi. La chirurgie exploratoire a révélé une torsion de la corne utérine gauche avec une base nécrotique, une congestion sévère et 7 foetus non viables. Après l'opération, la chatte s'est complètement rétablie cliniquement.Message clinique clé:La torsion utérine peut facilement être négligée comme cause d'anémie sévère en raison de la rareté relative de cette affection chez le chat et de la faible sensibilité de l'échographie pour fournir un diagnostic pré-chirurgical définitif. La communication avec le client doit souligner la nécessité d'une intervention chirurgicale rapide pour établir le diagnostic et sauver le chat, malgré de faibles taux de survie néonatale. Une fois l'animal stabilisé après la chirurgie, d'autres tests et procédures de diagnostic sont indiqués si la cause de l'anémie n'a pas encore été identifiée.(Traduit par Dr Serge Messier).

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A 3-month-old and a 4-year-old cat were presented in the clinic due to regurgitation. The kitten had displayed the symptoms since it had been fed solid foods and was smaller than the litter mates. The 4-year-old cat showed sudden-onset symptoms for 5 days prior to presentation and had a good general condition. Positive contrast thoracic radiographs of both cats in lateral recumbency showed an esophageal dilatation cranial to the heart base and raised a suspicion of foreign material with soft tissue density in this area. In the 4-year-old cat, findings of ventrodorsal thoracic radiographs were compatible with a dextroposition of the aorta and a slightly marked focal left curve of the trachea. The echocardiographic examination of the kitten pictured a right sided aorta, hence a vascular ring anomaly with a dextroposition from the aorta was suspected. Aberrant blood flow as it is seen in a persistent ductus arteriosus was not apparent in the echocardiography. As a result of the sudden development of the clinical signs in the older cat without displaying any former history of regurgitation, an esophagoscopy was performed to exclude an intraluminal esophageal cause for the stricture as well as to extract the foreign material. In this cat, computed tomography imaging also displayed an aberrant left subclavian artery. Both cats recovered well after surgical correction.The diagnosis of a ring anomaly in the kitten via echocardiography is a rare situation. As is the diagnosis of a high-grade esophageal stricture due to a vascular ring anomaly at the age of 4 without a former history of regurgitation.Recovery was excellent in the younger cat. There were no signs of regurgitation 6 months after surgery. The adult cat was in good general condition without clinical symptoms according to the owners when presented for stitch removal. Unfortunately, the adult cat was lost to follow up.

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