RESUMEN

Reproductive diseases and illnesses pose significant challenges in cattle farming, affecting fertility, milk production, and overall herd health. In recent years, the integration of various omics approaches, including transcriptomics, proteomics, metagenomics, miRNAomics, and metabolomics, has revolutionized the study of these conditions. This systematic review summarised the findings from studies that investigated reproductive disease biomarkers in both male and female cattle. After extracting 6137 studies according to exclusion and inclusion criteria, a total of 60 studies were included in this review. All studies identified were associated with female cattle and none were related to reproductive diseases in bulls. The analysis highlights specific biomarkers, metabolic pathways, and microbial compositions associated with bovine reproductive disease conditions, providing valuable insights into the underlying molecular mechanisms of disease. Pro-inflammatory cytokines such as IL-1ß, IL-8, IL-4, IL-6, TNFα and acute-phase response proteins such as SAA and HP have been identified as promising biomarkers for bovine reproductive diseases. However, further research is needed to validate these markers clinically and to explore potential strategies for improving cow reproductive health. The role of bulls as carriers of venereal diseases has been underestimated in the current literature and therefore needs more attention to understand their impact on infectious reproductive diseases of female cattle.

Asunto(s)

Biomarcadores , Enfermedades de los Bovinos , Animales , Bovinos , Biomarcadores/metabolismo , Femenino , Enfermedades de los Bovinos/diagnóstico , Enfermedades de los Bovinos/inmunología , Masculino , Reproducción/inmunología , Pronóstico , Citocinas/metabolismo , Proteómica/métodos , Metabolómica/métodos

RESUMEN

Efficient cattle production and provision of animal-sourced foods in much of Africa is constrained by vector-borne bacterial and protozoal diseases. Effective vaccines are not currently available for most of these infections resulting in a continuous disease burden that limits genetic improvement. We tested whether stimulation of innate immunity using the Toll-like Receptor (TLR) 7 agonist imiquimod, formulated with saponin and water-in-oil emulsion, would protect against morbidity and mortality due to Anaplasma marginale, a tick-borne pathogen of cattle highly endemic in west Africa. In Trial 1, haplotype matched Friesian x Sanga (F1) A. marginale negative calves were allocated to either the experimental group (n = 10) and injected with the synthetic TLR 7 agonist/saponin formulation or to an untreated control group (n = 10). TLR7 agonist/saponin injected calves responded with significantly elevated rectal temperature, enlarged regional lymph nodes, and elevated levels of IL-6 post-injection as compared to control group calves. All calves were then allowed to graze in pasture for natural exposure to tick transmission. All calves in both groups acquired A. marginale, consistent with the high transmission rate in the endemic region. The need for antibiotic treatment, using pre-existing criteria, was significantly lower in the experimental group (odds ratio for not requiring treatment was 9.3, p = 0.03) as compared to the control group. Despite treatment, 6/10 calves in the control group died, reflecting treatment failures that are typical of anaplasmosis in the acute phase, while mortality in the experimental group was 1/10 (odds ratio for survival was 13.5, p = 0.03). The trial was then repeated using 45 Friesian x Sanga calves per group. In Trial 2, the odds ratios for preventing the need for treatment and for mortality in the TLR7 agonist/saponin experimental group versus the control group were 5.6 (p = 0.0002) and 7.0 (p = 0.004), respectively, reproducing the findings of the initial trial. Together these findings demonstrate that innate immune stimulation using a TLR7 agonist formulated with saponin and water-in-oil emulsion provides significant protection against disease caused by tick borne A. marginale in highly susceptible cross-bred cattle, critically important for their potential to increase productivity for smallholder farmers in Africa.

Asunto(s)

Adyuvantes Inmunológicos , Anaplasma marginale , Anaplasmosis , Enfermedades de los Bovinos , Receptor Toll-Like 7 , Animales , Bovinos , Receptor Toll-Like 7/agonistas , Anaplasma marginale/inmunología , Enfermedades de los Bovinos/prevención & control , Enfermedades de los Bovinos/microbiología , Enfermedades de los Bovinos/inmunología , Enfermedades de los Bovinos/mortalidad , Anaplasmosis/prevención & control , Adyuvantes Inmunológicos/farmacología , África Occidental , Imiquimod , Saponinas/farmacología , Enfermedades Endémicas/veterinaria , Enfermedades Endémicas/prevención & control

RESUMEN

Besnoitia besnoiti is an obligate intracellular apicomplexan parasite and the causal agent of bovine besnoitiosis. Bovine besnoitiosis has a considerable economic impact in Africa and Asia due to reduced milk production, abortions, and bull infertility. In Europe, bovine besnoitiosis is classified as an emerging disease. Polymorphonuclear neutrophils (PMN) are one of the most abundant leukocytes in cattle blood and amongst the first immunological responders toward invading pathogens. In the case of B. besnoiti, bovine PMN produce reactive oxygen species (ROS), release neutrophil extracellular traps (NETs), and show increased autophagic activities upon exposure to tachyzoite stages. In that context, the general processes of NETosis and autophagy were previously reported as associated with AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK) activation. Here, we study the role of AMPK in B. besnoiti tachyzoite-induced NET formation, thereby expanding the analysis to both upstream proteins, such as the calcium/calmodulin-dependent protein kinase kinase 2 (CAMKK), and downstream signaling and effector molecules, such as the autophagy-related proteins ULK-1 and Beclin-1. Current data revealed early AMPK activation (<30 min) in both B. besnoiti-exposed and AMPK activator (AICAR)-treated bovine PMN. This finding correlated with upstream responses on the level of CAMKK activation. Moreover, these reactions were accompanied by an augmented autophagic activity, as represented by enhanced expression of ULK-1 but not of Beclin-1. Referring to neutrophil effector functions, AICAR treatments induced both AMPK phosphorylation and NET formation, without affecting cell viability. In B. besnoiti tachyzoite-exposed PMN, AICAR treatments failed to affect oxidative responses, but led to enhanced NET formation, thereby indicating that AMPK and autophagic activation synergize with B. besnoiti-driven NETosis.

Asunto(s)

Proteínas Quinasas Activadas por AMP , Quinasa de la Proteína Quinasa Dependiente de Calcio-Calmodulina , Trampas Extracelulares , Neutrófilos , Sarcocystidae , Transducción de Señal , Animales , Bovinos , Neutrófilos/metabolismo , Neutrófilos/efectos de los fármacos , Neutrófilos/inmunología , Proteínas Quinasas Activadas por AMP/metabolismo , Quinasa de la Proteína Quinasa Dependiente de Calcio-Calmodulina/metabolismo , Trampas Extracelulares/metabolismo , Sarcocystidae/metabolismo , Transducción de Señal/efectos de los fármacos , Autofagia/efectos de los fármacos , Coccidiosis/parasitología , Coccidiosis/veterinaria , Coccidiosis/inmunología , Enfermedades de los Bovinos/parasitología , Enfermedades de los Bovinos/metabolismo , Enfermedades de los Bovinos/inmunología , Especies Reactivas de Oxígeno/metabolismo

RESUMEN

Analysis of the recall response ex vivo in cattle vaccinated with a Mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis (Map) rel deletion mutant revealed the immune response was directed toward a 35 kD major membrane protein (MMP) of Map. Antigen presenting cells (APC) primed with MMP elicited expansion of CD8 cytotoxic memory T cells (CTL) with ability to kill intracellular bacteria. Development of CTL was MHC-restricted. The gene MAP2121c, encoding MMP, was modified for expression of MMP (tPA-MMP-2mut) in a mammalian cell line to explore the potential of developing MMP as a vaccine. Ex vivo stimulation of PBMC, from Map free cattle, with APC primed with tPA-MMP-2mut expressed p35 elicited a primary CD8 CTL response comparable to the recall response elicited with PBMC from cattle vaccinated with either the Maprel deletion mutant or MMP. In the present study, the modified gene for MMP, now referred to as p35NN, was placed into a bovine herpes virus-4 (BoHV4) vector to determine the potential use of BoHV-4AΔTK-p35NN as a peptide-based vaccine. Subcutaneous vaccination of healthy cattle with BoHV-4AΔTK-p35NN elicited a CTL recall response, as detected ex vivo. The results show use of a virus vector is an effective way for delivery of MMP as a vaccine. The immunogenic activity of MMP was not lost when modified for expression in mammalian cells. The next step is to conduct a field trial to determine if presence of an immune response to MMP prevents Map from establishing an infection.

Asunto(s)

Vacunas Bacterianas , Enfermedades de los Bovinos , Mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis , Paratuberculosis , Linfocitos T Citotóxicos , Animales , Bovinos , Mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis/inmunología , Paratuberculosis/inmunología , Paratuberculosis/prevención & control , Vacunas Bacterianas/inmunología , Enfermedades de los Bovinos/inmunología , Enfermedades de los Bovinos/prevención & control , Enfermedades de los Bovinos/microbiología , Linfocitos T Citotóxicos/inmunología , Proteínas de la Membrana/inmunología , Proteínas de la Membrana/genética , Vacunación/veterinaria , Vectores Genéticos/inmunología , Linfocitos T CD8-positivos/inmunología , Proteínas Bacterianas/inmunología , Proteínas Bacterianas/genética

RESUMEN

The objective of this study was to examine the values of MX dynamin-like GTPase 1 (Mx1), high mobility group box-1 (HMGB1), systemic inflammatory response index (SIRI), systemic inflammatory index (SII), tumor necrosis factor (TNF), and other hematological indices in calves with systemic inflammatory response syndrome (SIRS). The study material was divided into two groups: the SIRS group (comprising 13 calves) and the control group (comprising 10 calves). The independent samples t-test and Mann-Whitney U test were employed for normally distributed and non-normally distributed data, respectively. The relationship between the two groups was determined using Spearman correlation coefficient analysis. Significant differences were identified between the SIRS group and the control group with regard to white blood cell (WBC; P < 0.05), neutrophil (NEU; P < 0.01), and neutrophil-to-lymphocyte ratio (NLR; P < 0.001) values, in addition to SIRI (P < 0.05), SII (P < 0.01) values. Furthermore, HMGB1 (P < 0.001), Mx1 (P < 0.05), and TNF values (P < 0.001) demonstrated notable disparities between the two groups. As a result of this study, it was concluded that there were significant increases in inflammatory hematological indices, as well as in the levels of HMGB1, Mx1, and TNF, in calves with SIRS.

Asunto(s)

Animales Recién Nacidos , Enfermedades de los Bovinos , Diarrea , Proteína HMGB1 , Proteínas de Resistencia a Mixovirus , Síndrome de Respuesta Inflamatoria Sistémica , Factor de Necrosis Tumoral alfa , Animales , Proteína HMGB1/sangre , Bovinos , Síndrome de Respuesta Inflamatoria Sistémica/veterinaria , Síndrome de Respuesta Inflamatoria Sistémica/sangre , Síndrome de Respuesta Inflamatoria Sistémica/inmunología , Proteínas de Resistencia a Mixovirus/genética , Factor de Necrosis Tumoral alfa/sangre , Enfermedades de los Bovinos/inmunología , Enfermedades de los Bovinos/sangre , Animales Recién Nacidos/inmunología , Diarrea/veterinaria , Diarrea/inmunología , Masculino , Femenino , Inflamación/veterinaria , Inflamación/sangre , Inflamación/inmunología

RESUMEN

Many cattle infected with Mycoplasma bovis remain healthy while others develop severe chronic respiratory disease. We hypothesized that inflammatory stimuli such as co-pathogens worsen disease outcomes in M. bovis-infected calves. Calves (n=24) were intrabronchially inoculated with M. bovis and either killed bacterial lysate, transient M. haemolytica infection, or saline. Caseonecrotic lesions developed in 7/7 animals given M. haemolytica and M. bovis compared to 2/8 given M. bovis with no inflammatory stimulus, and 6/9 animals given bacterial lysate and M. bovis (P=0.01). Animals receiving M. haemolytica and M. bovis had more caseonecrotic foci in lungs than those receiving M. bovis with no inflammatory stimulus (median = 21 vs 0; P = 0.01), with an intermediate response (median = 5) in animals given bacterial lysate. In addition to caseonecrotic foci, infected animals developed neutrophilic bronchiolitis that appeared to develop into caseonecrotic foci, peribronchiolar lymphocytic cuffs that were not associated with the other lesions, and 4 animals with bronchiolitis obliterans. The data showed that transient lung inflammation at the time of M. bovis infection provoked the development of caseonecrotic bronchopneumonia, and the severity of inflammation influenced the number of caseonecrotic foci that developed. In contrast, caseonecrotic lesions were few or absent in M. bovis-infected calves without a concurrent inflammatory stimulus. These studies provide insight into how caseonecrotic lesions develop within the lung of M. bovis-infected calves. This and other studies suggest that controlling co-pathogens and harmful inflammatory responses in animals infected with M. bovis could potentially minimize development of M. bovis caseonecrotic bronchopneumonia.

Asunto(s)

Enfermedades de los Bovinos , Pulmón , Mycoplasma bovis , Neumonía por Mycoplasma , Animales , Bovinos , Neumonía por Mycoplasma/veterinaria , Neumonía por Mycoplasma/microbiología , Enfermedades de los Bovinos/microbiología , Enfermedades de los Bovinos/inmunología , Pulmón/microbiología , Pulmón/patología , Inflamación/veterinaria , Inflamación/microbiología , Mannheimia haemolytica/patogenicidad , Coinfección/veterinaria , Coinfección/microbiología

RESUMEN

BACKGROUND: Bovine herpesvirus 1 (BoHV-1) is a major pathogen that affects the global bovine population, primarily inducing respiratory and reproductive disorders. Its ability to establish latent infections in neuronal cells and to reactivate under certain conditions poses a continual threat to uninfected hosts. In this study, we aimed to analyze the replication characteristics of BoHV-1 in neuronal cells, as well as the effects of viral replication on host cell immunity and physiology. METHODS: Using the Neuro-2a neuronal-origin cell line as a model, we explored the dynamics of BoHV-1 replication and analyzed differential gene expression profiles post-BoHV-1 infection using high-throughput RNA sequencing. RESULTS: BoHV-1 demonstrated restricted replication in Neuro-2a cells. BoHV-1 induced apoptotic pathways and enhanced the transcription of interferon-stimulated genes and interferon regulatory factors while suppressing the complement cascade in Neuro-2a cells. CONCLUSIONS: Different from BoHV-1 infection in other non-highly differentiated somatic cells result in viral dominance, BoHV-1 regulated the innate immune response in neuronal cells formed a "virus-nerve cell" relative equilibrium state, which may account for the restricted replication of BoHV-1 in neuronal cells, leading to a latent infection. These findings provide a foundation for further research into the mechanism underlying BoHV-1-induced latent infection in nerve cells.

Asunto(s)

Perfilación de la Expresión Génica , Herpesvirus Bovino 1 , Inmunidad Innata , Neuronas , Replicación Viral , Herpesvirus Bovino 1/inmunología , Herpesvirus Bovino 1/genética , Herpesvirus Bovino 1/fisiología , Animales , Bovinos , Neuronas/virología , Neuronas/inmunología , Línea Celular , Ratones , Infecciones por Herpesviridae/virología , Infecciones por Herpesviridae/inmunología , Infecciones por Herpesviridae/veterinaria , Apoptosis , Transcriptoma , Latencia del Virus , Interacciones Huésped-Patógeno/inmunología , Enfermedades de los Bovinos/virología , Enfermedades de los Bovinos/inmunología , Factores Reguladores del Interferón/genética , Factores Reguladores del Interferón/metabolismo , Secuenciación de Nucleótidos de Alto Rendimiento

RESUMEN

OBJECTIVE: Flagellin protein, an integral component of flagella, provides motility to several bacterial species and also acts as a candidate antigen in diagnostics and subunit vaccines. The bulk production of flagellin with retention of all conformational epitopes using recombinant protein technology is of paramount importance in the development of pathogen-specific immuno-assays and vaccines. We describe the production of highly soluble and immuno-reactive rFliA(C) protein of Clostridium chauvoei, a causative agent of blackleg or black quarter (BQ) affecting cattle and small ruminants worldwide. The bacterium is known to possess peritrichous flagella that provide motility and also act as a virulence factor with high protective antigenicity. METHODS: Upon sequence and structural analysis, a partial fliA(C) gene from Clostridium chauvoei was cloned and the recombinant mature protein with N- and C- terminal truncation was over-expressed as a His-tagged fusion protein (∼25 kDa) in Escherichia coli. Subsequently, rFliA(C) protein was purified by single-step affinity chromatography and characterized for its immuno-reactivity in laboratory animals, Western blot, and indirect-ELISA format. RESULTS: rFliA(C) was highly soluble and was purified in high quantity and quality. rFliA(C) elicited antigen-specific conformational polyclonal antibodies in rabbit and guinea pig models, as well as anti-Clostridium chauvoei-specific antibodies being specifically detected in BQ-vaccinated and convalescent sera of bovines in Western blot and in indirect-ELISA format. Further, no cross reactivity was noted with antibodies against major bovine diseases (e.g., foot-and-mouth disease, IBR, LSDV, hemorrhagic septicaemia, brucellosis, and leptospirosis). CONCLUSION: The study indicated the production of conformational recombinant flagellin-rFliA(C)-antigen and its potential utility in development of diagnostics for detection of Clostridium chauvoei-specific antibodies in BQ-recovered and/or vaccinated animals.

Asunto(s)

Anticuerpos Antibacterianos , Clostridium chauvoei , Flagelina , Proteínas Recombinantes , Flagelina/inmunología , Flagelina/genética , Animales , Clostridium chauvoei/inmunología , Clostridium chauvoei/genética , Proteínas Recombinantes/inmunología , Proteínas Recombinantes/genética , Conejos , Anticuerpos Antibacterianos/sangre , Anticuerpos Antibacterianos/inmunología , Cobayas , Vacunas Bacterianas/inmunología , Vacunas Bacterianas/genética , Infecciones por Clostridium/veterinaria , Infecciones por Clostridium/inmunología , Infecciones por Clostridium/microbiología , Bovinos , Antígenos Bacterianos/inmunología , Antígenos Bacterianos/genética , Enfermedades de los Bovinos/inmunología , Enfermedades de los Bovinos/microbiología , Escherichia coli/genética , Escherichia coli/metabolismo , Ensayo de Inmunoadsorción Enzimática , Clonación Molecular

RESUMEN

Bovine betacoronavirus (BoCoV) is a pneumoenteric pathogen of cattle that is closely related to human coronavirus OC43. Vaccines are administered to protect against diseases caused by BoCoV, but knowledge gaps exist with regard to correlates of protection and the effect of immune evasion on driving evolution. In this study, immune epitopes were mapped onto BoCoV structural proteins, including spike and haemagglutinin esterase (HE), and then supported with targeted gene sequencing of Irish clinical isolates and selective pressure analysis. Increased prevalence of diversifying selection and amino acid changes in some mapped immune epitopes suggests that immune escape is selecting for non-synonymous mutations arising in these regions. Selection analysis and sequencing provided increased support for neutralising antibody (nAb) epitopes compared to others, suggesting that nAbs are an important arm of the immune response to BoCoV. Phylogenetic analysis of spike and HE sequences showed that Irish isolates from this study were in the European clade, except for one HE sequence that sat in the Asian/American clade, while the spike gene of this sample was in the European clade. Recombination between a European and an Asian/American isolate would give rise to such a sequence. This study has gathered evidence suggesting that pressure to evade the nAb response is contributing to BoCoV evolution.

Asunto(s)

Enfermedades de los Bovinos , Infecciones por Coronavirus , Coronavirus Bovino , Filogenia , Selección Genética , Glicoproteína de la Espiga del Coronavirus , Animales , Bovinos , Coronavirus Bovino/genética , Coronavirus Bovino/inmunología , Coronavirus Bovino/aislamiento & purificación , Enfermedades de los Bovinos/virología , Enfermedades de los Bovinos/inmunología , Irlanda , Infecciones por Coronavirus/veterinaria , Infecciones por Coronavirus/virología , Infecciones por Coronavirus/inmunología , Glicoproteína de la Espiga del Coronavirus/genética , Glicoproteína de la Espiga del Coronavirus/inmunología , Anticuerpos Neutralizantes/inmunología , Epítopos/genética , Epítopos/inmunología , Anticuerpos Antivirales/inmunología , Evasión Inmune , Hemaglutininas Virales , Proteínas Virales de Fusión

RESUMEN

Background: Cattle and buffaloes can contract cysticercosis, an infection of the muscles brought on by Taenia saginata larvae. Despite having a global spread, cysticercosis is more prevalent in impoverished nations due to impaired hygiene standards. It has been discovered that Taenia saginata cysticercosis routine visual diagnosis is not very effective, especially in mild infections. Therefore, a more trustworthy in vivo test might be used as an alternative in slaughterhouses and epidemiological studies. Biochemical assays are possibly utilized as an alternative to detect cysticercosis inside a topical environment. Aim: Investigating serum biochemical alterations in cattle with cysticercosis was the goal of the current research. As a further method of diagnosis, it was also determined how Cysticercus bovis affected pro-inflammatory cytokines and histopathology. Methods: Blood samples from 42 slaughtered cattle (21 healthy and 21 sick animals) were taken from Assiut abattoir. Using an ELISA and spectrophotometer, respectively, their serum's pro-inflammatory cytokines and biochemical profile were evaluated. These cattle were chosen between March 2023 and February 2024. Results: A percentage of 4.6% of the 455 cattle examined after being slaughtered had T. saginata cysticerci infections. All values in the serum biochemistry were considerably different (p < 0.01), whereas the majority of biochemical parameters increased significantly (p < 0.01) in infected animals. In contrast, there was a substantial (p < 0.01) decline in HDL-c, SOD, CAT, and GSH. On the other hand, procytokine inflammatory indices for both TNF-α and IL-1ß indicated a substantial increase (p < 0.01) in infected cattle. Additionally, the histological results revealed significant alterations in the tissues of infected livestock. Conclusion: This has been inferred cysticercosis possesses negative impacts on cattle's plasma biochemical profiles, indicating the field applicability of biochemical measures in outbreaks of bovine cysticercosis. Pro-inflammatory cytokine indices and histological changes could be included as further indicators of T. saginata cysticercosis in cattle.

Asunto(s)

Enfermedades de los Bovinos , Cisticercosis , Citocinas , Taenia saginata , Animales , Cisticercosis/veterinaria , Taenia saginata/aislamiento & purificación , Enfermedades de los Bovinos/parasitología , Enfermedades de los Bovinos/epidemiología , Enfermedades de los Bovinos/sangre , Enfermedades de los Bovinos/inmunología , Bovinos , Citocinas/sangre

RESUMEN

Objective: This study compared clinical and immunological responses to coinfection challenge of beef calves mucosally primed and differentially boosted with commercial combination vaccines containing antigens against bovine coronavirus (BCoV), bovine parainfluenza virus Type 3 (BPIV3), and bovine respiratory syncytial virus (BRSV). Animals: Nineteen commercial beef heifers. Procedure: At birth, calves were mucosally (IN) primed with modified-live virus (MLV) vaccines, differentially boosted by injection of either combination MLV (IN-MLV) or inactivated virus (IN-KV) vaccines at a mean age of 44 d, and then challenged by coinfection with BCoV, BPIV3, and BRSV at weaning. Results: Both groups were similarly protected from clinical disease and had anamnestic neutralizing antibody responses to all 3 viruses. The IN-KV group shed more BCoV, and less BPIV3 and BRSV, than the IN-MLV group. Conclusion: These data indicated similar clinical and immunological protection between IN-MLV and IN-KV; however, shed of virus varied. Clinical relevance: Whereas boosting with KV or MLV appeared to have similar efficacy, viral shed differences may affect disease control.

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Efficacité comparative des vaccins vivants modifiés et inactivés pour stimuler les réponses au virus respiratoire syncytial bovin, au virus parainfluenza bovin de type 3 et au coronavirus bovin après amorçage via la muqueuse de veaux de boucherie nouveau-nés. Objectif: Cette étude a comparé les réponses cliniques et immunologiques à une co-infection de veaux de boucherie amorcés par voie muqueuse et différentiellement stimulés avec des vaccins combinés commerciaux contenant des antigènes contre le coronavirus bovin (BCoV), le virus parainfluenza bovin de type 3 (BPIV3) et le virus respiratoire syncytial bovin (BRSV). Animaux: Dix-neuf génisses de boucherie commerciales. Procédure: À la naissance, les veaux ont été vaccinés au niveau des muqueuses (IN) avec des vaccins à virus vivants modifiés (MLV), stimulés de manière différentielle par l'injection de vaccins combinés MLV (IN-MLV) ou de virus inactivés (IN-KV) à un âge moyen de 44 jours. puis provoqué par une co-infection avec BCoV, BPIV3 et BRSV au sevrage. Résultats: Les deux groupes étaient protégés de la même manière contre la maladie clinique et présentaient des réponses anamnestiques en anticorps neutralisants contre les 3 virus. Le groupe IN-KV a excrété plus de BCoV et moins de BPIV3 et de BRSV que le groupe IN-MLV. Conclusion: Ces données indiquent une protection clinique et immunologique similaire entre IN-MLV et IN-KV; cependant, l'excrétion du virus variait. Pertinence clinique: Alors que le rappel avec KV ou MLV semble avoir une efficacité similaire, les différences d'excrétion virale peuvent affecter la limitation de la maladie.(Traduit par Dr Serge Messier).

Asunto(s)

Animales Recién Nacidos , Enfermedades de los Bovinos , Coronavirus Bovino , Virus de la Parainfluenza 3 Bovina , Infecciones por Virus Sincitial Respiratorio , Virus Sincitial Respiratorio Bovino , Vacunas de Productos Inactivados , Vacunas Virales , Animales , Bovinos , Coronavirus Bovino/inmunología , Virus de la Parainfluenza 3 Bovina/inmunología , Virus Sincitial Respiratorio Bovino/inmunología , Enfermedades de los Bovinos/prevención & control , Enfermedades de los Bovinos/virología , Enfermedades de los Bovinos/inmunología , Femenino , Vacunas de Productos Inactivados/inmunología , Vacunas de Productos Inactivados/administración & dosificación , Infecciones por Virus Sincitial Respiratorio/veterinaria , Infecciones por Virus Sincitial Respiratorio/prevención & control , Infecciones por Virus Sincitial Respiratorio/inmunología , Vacunas Virales/inmunología , Vacunas Virales/administración & dosificación , Animales Recién Nacidos/inmunología , Infecciones por Coronavirus/veterinaria , Infecciones por Coronavirus/prevención & control , Infecciones por Coronavirus/inmunología , Infecciones por Coronavirus/virología , Anticuerpos Antivirales/sangre , Vacunas Atenuadas/inmunología , Vacunas Atenuadas/administración & dosificación , Infecciones por Respirovirus/veterinaria , Infecciones por Respirovirus/prevención & control , Infecciones por Respirovirus/inmunología , Inmunización Secundaria/veterinaria

RESUMEN

Background: Control of buffalo flies (Haematobia irritans exigua, BFs) relies mainly on chemical methods; however, resistance to insecticides is widespread in BF populations. Breeding for resistance to BFs represents a possible alternative, but direct phenotyping of animals is laborious and often inaccurate. The availability of reliable diagnostic biomarker(s) to identify low BF carrier cattle would facilitate rapid and accurate selection for genetic improvement. However, limited information is available regarding differences amongst cattle in host responses to BF infestation. Methods: This study investigated the variation in Brangus cattle serum proteomic profiles before (naïve) and after peak BF exposure, in low (LF) and high BF burden (HF) cattle. Cattle were phenotyped for susceptibility based on BF counts on multiple dates using visual and photographic techniques. The relative abundance of serum proteins in cattle before and after exposure to BFs was analysed using sequential window acquisition of all theoretical fragment ion mass spectrometry (SWATH-MS). Results: Exposure to BFs elicited similar responses in HF and LF cattle, with 79 and 70 proteins, respectively, showing significantly different abundances post exposure as compared to their relevant naïve groups. The comparison of serum samples from naïve HF and LF cattle identified 44 significantly differentially abundant (DA) proteins, while 37 significantly DA proteins were identified from the comparison between HF and LF cattle post-exposure to BFs. Proteins with higher abundance in naïve LF cattle were enriched in blood coagulation mechanisms that were sustained after exposure to BFs. Strong immune response mechanisms were also identified in naïve LF cattle, whereas these responses developed in HF cattle only after exposure to BF. High BF cattle also showed active anticoagulation mechanisms in response to BF exposure, including downregulation of coagulation factor IX and upregulation of antithrombin-III, which might facilitate BF feeding. Conclusion: Underlying differences in the abundance of proteins related to blood coagulation and immune response pathways could potentially provide indirect indicators of susceptibility to BF infestation and biomarkers for selecting more BF-resistant cattle.

Asunto(s)

Proteómica , Animales , Bovinos , Proteómica/métodos , Susceptibilidad a Enfermedades , Enfermedades de los Bovinos/inmunología , Enfermedades de los Bovinos/sangre , Enfermedades de los Bovinos/parasitología , Biomarcadores/sangre , Miasis/veterinaria , Miasis/inmunología , Interacciones Huésped-Parásitos/inmunología , Proteínas Sanguíneas/metabolismo , Proteínas Sanguíneas/análisis , Proteoma

RESUMEN

The rectal-anal junction (RAJ) is the major colonization site of Shiga toxin-producing Escherichia coli (STEC) O157 in beef cattle, leading to transmission of this foodborne pathogen from farms to food chains. To date, there is limited understanding regarding whether the mucosa-attached microbiome has a profound impact on host-STEC interactions. In this study, the active RAJ mucosa-attached microbiota and its potential role in host immunity-STEC commensal interactions were investigated using RAJ mucosal biopsies collected from calves orally challenged with two STEC O157 strains with or without functional stx2a (stx2a+ or stx2a-). The results revealed that shifts of microbial diversity, topology, and assembly patterns were subjected to stx2a production post-challenge and Paeniclostridium and Gallibacterium were the keystone taxa for both microbial interactions and assembly. Additional mucosal transcriptome profiling showed stx2a-dependent host immune responses (i.e. B- and T-cell signaling and antigen processing and presentation) post-challenge. Further integrated analysis revealed that mucosa-attached beneficial microbes (i.e. Provotella, Faecalibacterium, and Dorea) interacted with host immune genes pre-challenge to maintain host homeostasis; however, opportunistic pathogenic microbes (i.e. Paeniclostridium) could interact with host immune genes after the STEC O157 colonization and interactions were stx2a-dependent. Furthermore, predicted bacterial functions involved in pathogen (O157 and Paeniclostridium) colonization and metabolism were related to host immunity. These findings suggest that during pathogen colonization, host-microbe interactions could shift from beneficial to opportunistic pathogenic bacteria driven and be dependent on the production of particular virulence factors, highlighting the potential regulatory role of mucosa-attached microbiota in affecting pathogen-commensal host interactions in calves with STEC O157 infection.

Asunto(s)

Infecciones por Escherichia coli , Escherichia coli O157 , Mucosa Intestinal , Recto , Animales , Escherichia coli O157/inmunología , Escherichia coli O157/genética , Recto/microbiología , Bovinos , Infecciones por Escherichia coli/microbiología , Infecciones por Escherichia coli/inmunología , Infecciones por Escherichia coli/veterinaria , Mucosa Intestinal/microbiología , Mucosa Intestinal/inmunología , Enfermedades de los Bovinos/microbiología , Enfermedades de los Bovinos/inmunología , Microbioma Gastrointestinal , Interacciones Huésped-Patógeno , Interacciones Microbiota-Huesped/inmunología , Toxina Shiga II/genética , Toxina Shiga II/inmunología

RESUMEN

One of the initial causes of cystic ovarian disease (COD) is a failure in the normal ovulation mechanism. This study aimed to characterize the populations of immune cells (T-lymphocytes, B-lymphocytes, monocytes-macrophages and granulocytes) present in the ovary of cows with COD and induced follicular persistence, and evaluate their relation with follicular persistence and cyst formation. The follicular persistence model was developed using a progesterone (P4) slow-release intravaginal device, to obtain subluteal concentrations of P4. Results evidenced that T-lymphocytes, B-lymphocytes and monocytes-macrophages in the cortex, medulla, and theca externa and interna of dominant follicles were higher in the control group than in the COD and all persistence groups. Granulocytes in the medulla and theca externa of dominant follicles were lower in the control group than in the COD group, and those in the cortex and medulla were lower in the control group than in the persistence groups. The presence of T-lymphocytes, B-lymphocytes and granulocytes in the follicular fluid was abundant, especially that of granulocytes, without differences between control and COD cows. These results suggest that the immune system potentially plays a role in the local mechanisms of COD pathogenesis in dairy cows. In spontaneous COD and in our follicular persistence model, the distribution of the cells studied was different from that in the control group. However, to our knowledge, this is the first report describing the presence of immune cells in bovine follicular fluid samples and the expression of steroid hormone receptors in infiltrating immune cells in the bovine ovary.

Asunto(s)

Quistes Ováricos , Folículo Ovárico , Progesterona , Animales , Femenino , Bovinos , Quistes Ováricos/patología , Quistes Ováricos/inmunología , Folículo Ovárico/inmunología , Folículo Ovárico/patología , Folículo Ovárico/metabolismo , Progesterona/metabolismo , Enfermedades de los Bovinos/inmunología , Enfermedades de los Bovinos/patología , Leucocitos/inmunología , Leucocitos/patología , Leucocitos/metabolismo , Ovario/inmunología , Ovario/patología , Linfocitos B/inmunología , Líquido Folicular/inmunología , Líquido Folicular/metabolismo , Linfocitos T/inmunología

RESUMEN

Background: Escherichia coli is one of the serious pathogens causing various infections in the animal field, such as neonatal calf diarrhea, which is responsible for mortality associated with diarrhea during the first days of life. Aim: Current work is aimed at designing an effective and safe multiepitope vaccine candidate against E. coli infection in calves based on the fimbrial protein K99 of Enterotoxigenic E. coli (ETEC) and Immuno-informatics. Methods: A conserved sequence of K99 protein was generated, and then highly antigenic, nonallergic, and overlapped epitopes were used to construct a multiepitope vaccine. Five THL, six MHC II, and four beta cell epitopes were targeted to create the candidate. The candidate vaccine was produced utilizing 15 epitopes and three types of linkers, two types of untranslated region (UTR) human hemoglobin subunit beta (HBB), UTR beta-globin (Rabb), and RpfE protein as an immunomodulation adjuvant. Results: Immuno-informatics analysis of the constructed protein showed that the protein was antigenic (antigenic score of 0.8841), stable, nonallergen, and soluble. Furthermore, the Immuno-informatics and physiochemical analysis of the constructed protein showed a stable, nonallergic, soluble, hydrophilic, and acidic PI (isoelectric point). of 9.34. Docking of the candidate vaccine with the toll-like receptor TLR3 was performed, and results showed a strong interaction between the immune receptor and the vaccine. Finally, the expression efficiency of the construct in E. coli was estimated via computational cloning of the vaccine sequence into Pet28a. Conclusion: Results of immunoinformatics and in silico approaches reveal that the designed vaccine is antigenic, stable, and able to bind to the immune cell receptors. Our results interpret the proposed multiepitope mRNA vaccine as a good preventive option against E. coli infection in calves.

Asunto(s)

Enfermedades de los Bovinos , Biología Computacional , Escherichia coli Enterotoxigénica , Infecciones por Escherichia coli , Vacunas contra Escherichia coli , Animales , Bovinos , Escherichia coli Enterotoxigénica/inmunología , Infecciones por Escherichia coli/veterinaria , Infecciones por Escherichia coli/prevención & control , Infecciones por Escherichia coli/inmunología , Vacunas contra Escherichia coli/inmunología , Enfermedades de los Bovinos/prevención & control , Enfermedades de los Bovinos/inmunología , Enfermedades de los Bovinos/microbiología , Epítopos/inmunología , ARN Mensajero/genética , ARN Mensajero/metabolismo , Modelos Moleculares , Inmunoinformática

RESUMEN

A simple IgG-specific ELISA for Leptospira spp. was compared with the microscopic agglutination test (MAT) to detect IgG antibody responses to a commercial vaccine in cattle. We used an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) with sonicated Leptospira interrogans serovar copenhageni M 20. After initial vaccination, specific antibodies against Leptospira spp. were detected in 90 % of the animals by IgG-ELISA and 60 % by MAT, while after booster, antibodies were detected in 100 % and 80 % of the animals by IgG-ELISA and MAT, respectively. Both serological MAT and ELISA tests revealed interferences of vaccine antibodies. Disease diagnosis with ELISA and MAT methods should be made two and a half months and four months, respectively, after vaccination to avoid interference of vaccine antibodies. On the other hand, our results suggest that IgG-ELISA may be a useful method to assess the development of IgG antibodies induced by Leptospira vaccine.

Asunto(s)

Pruebas de Aglutinación , Anticuerpos Antibacterianos , Vacunas Bacterianas , Enfermedades de los Bovinos , Ensayo de Inmunoadsorción Enzimática , Inmunoglobulina G , Leptospirosis , Animales , Leptospirosis/veterinaria , Leptospirosis/diagnóstico , Leptospirosis/inmunología , Bovinos , Enfermedades de los Bovinos/microbiología , Enfermedades de los Bovinos/diagnóstico , Enfermedades de los Bovinos/inmunología , Enfermedades de los Bovinos/sangre , Ensayo de Inmunoadsorción Enzimática/veterinaria , Anticuerpos Antibacterianos/sangre , Vacunas Bacterianas/inmunología , Inmunoglobulina G/sangre , Pruebas de Aglutinación/veterinaria , Leptospira interrogans/inmunología , Leptospira/inmunología , Vacunación/veterinaria , Pruebas Serológicas/veterinaria

RESUMEN

Anaplasma marginale is a tick-borne pathogen of cattle that causes bovine anaplasmosis in tropical and subtropical regions throughout the world. Killed vaccines derived from infected erythrocytes have been used for control of this disease with limited success. Recently, we described a targeted deletion mutation in the phage head-to-tail connector protein gene of A. marginale which caused bacterial attenuation in vivo and provided protection as a modified live vaccine (MLAV). Following intravenous injection of susceptible steers, the MLAV induced protective immunity against disease progression. In the current study, we demonstrated that the immunity resulting from MLAV in cattle prevents the disease progression resulting from virulent A. marginale intrastadial transmission from infected Dermacentor variabilis male ticks. The nonimmunized control steers receiving the infection from ticks developed fever, lethargy, and inappetence for several days post tick exposure with significant decreases in the packed cell volume and increases in bacteremia. In contrast, the MLAV immunized steers remained healthy after being challenged with infected ticks and this group of animals had a significant reduction in bacteremia as compared with the controls. This study demonstrated that the A. marginale MLAV provided protection against acute tick-transmitted anaplasmosis, in addition to protection documented in steers challenge-exposed with infected blood as reported previously.

Asunto(s)

Anaplasma marginale , Anaplasmosis , Vacunas Bacterianas , Enfermedades de los Bovinos , Vacunas Atenuadas , Animales , Anaplasma marginale/inmunología , Anaplasma marginale/genética , Anaplasmosis/prevención & control , Anaplasmosis/inmunología , Bovinos , Enfermedades de los Bovinos/prevención & control , Enfermedades de los Bovinos/inmunología , Vacunas Bacterianas/inmunología , Vacunas Bacterianas/administración & dosificación , Vacunas Bacterianas/genética , Masculino , Vacunas Atenuadas/inmunología , Vacunas Atenuadas/administración & dosificación , Dermacentor/inmunología , Dermacentor/microbiología , Anticuerpos Antibacterianos/sangre

RESUMEN

This study aims to analyze if the results from different serological assays, used alone or combined, could match the outcome of challenge infection with foot-and-mouth disease virus (FMDV) after vaccination in cattle. Day-of-challenge sera from animals that had been vaccinated 21 days before with monovalent formulations containing inactivated A Iran 96 or A Iran 99 virus strains were used. Challenge and serology were performed with A22 Iraq strain. IgG1 titers and total-IgG avidity indexes were significantly higher in protected animals (p < 0.01) while IgG2-titers were not related to protection (p > 0.05). An IgG1 avidity ELISA was developed to analyze in one step, IgG1 levels and avidity. This assay estimated protection with 96 % accuracy. A strong agreement with challenge results was achieved (K = 0.85), suggesting a role of high-affinity IgG1 in protection against FMDV. These results support the assessment of the single dilution IgG1-Avidity ELISA to predict cross-protection in FMDV-vaccinated cattle.

Asunto(s)

Anticuerpos Antivirales , Afinidad de Anticuerpos , Enfermedades de los Bovinos , Protección Cruzada , Ensayo de Inmunoadsorción Enzimática , Virus de la Fiebre Aftosa , Fiebre Aftosa , Inmunoglobulina G , Vacunación , Vacunas Virales , Animales , Fiebre Aftosa/prevención & control , Fiebre Aftosa/inmunología , Ensayo de Inmunoadsorción Enzimática/métodos , Bovinos , Inmunoglobulina G/sangre , Inmunoglobulina G/inmunología , Virus de la Fiebre Aftosa/inmunología , Anticuerpos Antivirales/sangre , Anticuerpos Antivirales/inmunología , Vacunas Virales/inmunología , Enfermedades de los Bovinos/prevención & control , Enfermedades de los Bovinos/inmunología , Protección Cruzada/inmunología , Vacunación/métodos

RESUMEN

Escherichia coli (E. coli), a Gram-negative bacterium, is the primary pathogen responsible for endometritis in dairy cattle. The outer membrane components of E. coli, namely lipopolysaccharide (LPS) and bacterial lipoprotein, have the capacity to trigger the host's innate immune response through pattern recognition receptors (PRRs). Tolerance to bacterial cell wall components, including LPS, may play a crucial role as an essential regulatory mechanism during bacterial infection. However, the precise role of Braun lipoprotein (BLP) tolerance in E. coli-induced endometritis in dairy cattle remains unclear. In this study, we aimed to investigate the impact of BLP on the regulation of E. coli infection-induced endometritis in dairy cattle. The presence of BLP was found to diminish the expression and release of proinflammatory cytokines (IL-8 and IL-6), while concurrently promoting the expression and release of the anti-inflammatory cytokine IL-10 in endometrial epithelial cells (EECs). Furthermore, BLP demonstrated the ability to impede the activation of MAPK (ERK and p38) and NF-κB (p65) signaling pathways, while simultaneously enhancing signaling through the STAT3 pathway in EECs. Notably, BLP exhibited a dual role, acting both as an activator of TLR2 and as a regulator of TLR2 activation in LPS- and E. coli-treated EECs. In E. coli-infected endometrial explants, the presence of BLP was noted to decrease the release of proinflammatory cytokines and the expression of HMGB1, while simultaneously enhancing the release of anti-inflammatory cytokines. Collectively, our findings provide evidence that the bacterial component BLP plays a protective role in E. coli-induced endometritis in dairy cattle.

Asunto(s)

Enfermedades de los Bovinos , Endometrio , Infecciones por Escherichia coli , Escherichia coli , Animales , Femenino , Bovinos , Infecciones por Escherichia coli/veterinaria , Infecciones por Escherichia coli/inmunología , Endometrio/metabolismo , Enfermedades de los Bovinos/microbiología , Enfermedades de los Bovinos/metabolismo , Enfermedades de los Bovinos/inmunología , Lipoproteínas/metabolismo , Endometritis/veterinaria , Endometritis/microbiología , Endometritis/metabolismo , Endometritis/inmunología , Citocinas/metabolismo , Citocinas/genética , Tolerancia Inmunológica

RESUMEN

Background: Pasteurella multocida is a bacterial pathogen that causes a variety of infections across diverse animal species, with one of the most devastating associated diseases being hemorrhagic septicemia. Outbreaks of hemorrhagic septicemia in cattle and buffaloes are marked by rapid progression and high mortality. These infections have particularly harmful socio-economic impacts on small holder farmers in Africa and Asia who are heavily reliant on a small number of animals kept as a means of subsistence for milk and draft power purposes. A novel vaccine target, PmSLP-3, has been identified on the surface of hemorrhagic septicemia-associated strains of P. multocida and was previously shown to elicit robust protection in cattle against lethal challenge with a serogroup B strain. Methods: Here, we further investigate the protective efficacy of this surface lipoprotein, including evaluating the immunogenicity and protection upon formulation with a variety of adjuvants in both mice and cattle. Results: PmSLP-3 formulated with Montanide ISA 61 elicited the highest level of serum and mucosal IgG, elicited long-lasting serum antibodies, and was fully protective against serogroup B challenge. Studies were then performed to identify the minimum number of doses required and the needed protein quantity to maintain protection. Duration studies were performed in cattle, demonstrating sustained serum IgG titres for 3 years after two doses of vaccine and full protection against lethal serogroup B challenge at 7 months after a single vaccine dose. Finally, a serogroup E challenge study was performed, demonstrating that PmSLP-3 vaccine can provide protection against challenge by the two serogroups responsible for hemorrhagic septicemia. Conclusion: Together, these data indicate that PmSLP-3 formulated with Montanide ISA 61 is an immunogenic and protective vaccine against hemorrhagic septicemia-causing P. multocida strains in cattle.

Asunto(s)

Anticuerpos Antibacterianos , Vacunas Bacterianas , Enfermedades de los Bovinos , Septicemia Hemorrágica , Pasteurella multocida , Animales , Bovinos , Pasteurella multocida/inmunología , Septicemia Hemorrágica/prevención & control , Septicemia Hemorrágica/veterinaria , Septicemia Hemorrágica/inmunología , Septicemia Hemorrágica/microbiología , Vacunas Bacterianas/inmunología , Vacunas Bacterianas/administración & dosificación , Enfermedades de los Bovinos/prevención & control , Enfermedades de los Bovinos/inmunología , Enfermedades de los Bovinos/microbiología , Ratones , Anticuerpos Antibacterianos/sangre , Anticuerpos Antibacterianos/inmunología , Femenino , Serogrupo , Infecciones por Pasteurella/prevención & control , Infecciones por Pasteurella/veterinaria , Infecciones por Pasteurella/inmunología , Infecciones por Pasteurella/microbiología , Adyuvantes Inmunológicos/administración & dosificación , Inmunoglobulina G/sangre , Inmunoglobulina G/inmunología , Ratones Endogámicos BALB C , Vacunación