RESUMEN
BACKGROUND: A variety of bioactive compounds isolated from various botanical sources have been found to have therapeutic and immunotherapeutic effects on chicken coccidiosis. AIM: This study aimed to evaluate the anti-coccidial potential of Enteromorpha prolifera polysaccharide (EP) in indigenous chickens in Northwest Ethiopia. MATERIALS AND METHODS: A total of 78 male indigenous chickens were used for this study. The study had two treatment groups: (1) the EP non-supplemented group (those fed on diets without EP and Eimeria oocyst inoculated) and (2) the EP group (those receiving diets supplemented with 400 mg EP/kg diet and Eimeria oocyst inoculated). Each treatment group had five replications. Following fourteen days of EP supplementation, 1.5 × 104 oocysts of mixed Eimeria species were inoculated into individual birds. RESULTS: EP-supplemented chicken showed significantly lower (p < 0.05) oocyst counts compared to non-supplemented ones on 9 and 11 days post-challenge. In addition, chickens in the EP-supplemented group showed less severe lesion scores, with an average score of 1.33. Chickens that received EP showed a maximum of 27.27% protection against lesions. In contrast, the non-supplemented chickens had a lower percentage of protection (19.83%). The maximum anti-coccidial index value (146.98) was obtained from EP-supplemented chickens. Chickens in the EP-supplemented group exhibited a significantly higher (p < 0.05) weight gain. CONCLUSION: Overall, the inclusion of EP in chickens' diets shows promise as a potential anti-coccidial strategy. However, additional research is required to explore the mechanisms by which EP in chickens' diet could involve in increasing the protection ability of chickens against coccidiosis.
Asunto(s)
Alimentación Animal , Pollos , Coccidiosis , Dieta , Suplementos Dietéticos , Eimeria , Polisacáridos , Enfermedades de las Aves de Corral , Animales , Coccidiosis/veterinaria , Coccidiosis/parasitología , Coccidiosis/prevención & control , Coccidiosis/tratamiento farmacológico , Enfermedades de las Aves de Corral/parasitología , Enfermedades de las Aves de Corral/tratamiento farmacológico , Enfermedades de las Aves de Corral/prevención & control , Etiopía , Polisacáridos/farmacología , Masculino , Dieta/veterinaria , Alimentación Animal/análisis , Eimeria/fisiología , Eimeria/efectos de los fármacos , Suplementos Dietéticos/análisis , Ulva/química , Coccidiostáticos/farmacología , Algas ComestiblesRESUMEN
BACKGROUND: Mycoplasma gallisepticum (MG) has long been a pathogenic microorganism threatening the global poultry industry. Previous studies have demonstrated that the mechanism by which quercetin (QUE) inhibits the colonization of MG in chicks differs from that of antibiotics. However, the molecular mechanism by which QUE facilitates the clearance of MG remains unclear. PURPOSE: The aim of this study was to investigate the molecular mechanism of MG clearance by QUE, with the expectation of providing new options for the treatment of MG. METHODS: A model of MG infection in chicks and MG-induced M1 polarization in HD-11 cells were established. The mechanism of QUE clearance of MG was investigated by evaluating the relationship between tracheal mucosal barrier integrity, antibody levels, Th1/Th2 immune balance and macrophage metabolism and M1/M2 polarization balance. Furthermore, network pharmacology and molecular docking techniques were employed to explore the potential molecular pathways connecting QUE, M2 polarization, and fatty acid oxidation (FAO). RESULTS: The findings indicate that QUE remodels tracheal mucosal barrier function by regulating tight junctions and secretory immunoglobulin A (sIgA) expression levels. This process entails the regulatory function of QUE on the Th1/Th2 immune imbalance that is induced by MG infection in the tracheal mucosa. Moreover, QUE intervention impeded the M1 polarization of HD-11 cells induced by MG infection, while simultaneously promoting M2 polarization through the induction of FAO. Conversely, inhibitors of the FAO pathway impede this effect. The results of computer network analysis suggest that QUE may induce FAO via the PI3K/AKT pathway to promote M2 polarization. Notably, inhibition of the PI3K/AKT pathway was found to effectively inhibit M2 polarization in HD-11 cells, while having a limited effect on FAO. CONCLUSIONS: QUE promotes M2 polarization of HD-11 cells to enhance Th2 immune response through FAO and PI3K/AKT pathways, thereby restoring tracheal mucosal barrier function and ultimately inhibiting MG colonization.
Asunto(s)
Pollos , Infecciones por Mycoplasma , Mycoplasma gallisepticum , Enfermedades de las Aves de Corral , Quercetina , Células Th2 , Animales , Quercetina/farmacología , Mycoplasma gallisepticum/efectos de los fármacos , Infecciones por Mycoplasma/tratamiento farmacológico , Infecciones por Mycoplasma/inmunología , Enfermedades de las Aves de Corral/tratamiento farmacológico , Enfermedades de las Aves de Corral/inmunología , Células Th2/efectos de los fármacos , Células Th2/inmunología , Mucosa Respiratoria/efectos de los fármacos , Mucosa Respiratoria/inmunología , Tráquea/efectos de los fármacos , Simulación del Acoplamiento Molecular , Uniones Estrechas/efectos de los fármacos , Inmunoglobulina A Secretora/metabolismo , Fosfatidilinositol 3-Quinasas/metabolismo , Células TH1/efectos de los fármacos , Células TH1/inmunología , Macrófagos/efectos de los fármacos , Ácidos GrasosRESUMEN
NIBV is an acute and highly contagious virus that has a major impact on the poultry industry. Wogonin, as a flavonoid drug, has antiviral effects, but there have been no reports indicating its role in renal injury caused by NIBV infection. The aim of this study is to investigate the antiviral effect of wogonin against NIBV. Renal tubular epithelial cells were isolated and cultured, and divided into four groups: Con, Con+Wog, NIBV and NIBV+Wog. We found that wogonin significantly inhibited the copy number of NIBV and significantly alleviated NIBV-induced cell apoptosis and necrosis. Moreover, wogonin inhibited the reduction in mitochondrial membrane potential and the aberrant opening of mPTP caused by NIBV. In conclusion, wogonin can protect renal tubular epithelial cells from damage by inhibiting the replication of NIBV and preventing mitochondrial apoptosis and necroptosis induced by NIBV.
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Apoptosis , Pollos , Células Epiteliales , Flavanonas , Túbulos Renales , Necroptosis , Animales , Flavanonas/farmacología , Células Epiteliales/efectos de los fármacos , Células Epiteliales/virología , Células Epiteliales/metabolismo , Necroptosis/efectos de los fármacos , Apoptosis/efectos de los fármacos , Túbulos Renales/virología , Túbulos Renales/efectos de los fármacos , Túbulos Renales/citología , Túbulos Renales/patología , Potencial de la Membrana Mitocondrial/efectos de los fármacos , Antivirales/farmacología , Mitocondrias/efectos de los fármacos , Mitocondrias/metabolismo , Infecciones por Coronavirus/virología , Infecciones por Coronavirus/tratamiento farmacológico , Enfermedades de las Aves de Corral/virología , Enfermedades de las Aves de Corral/tratamiento farmacológico , Replicación Viral/efectos de los fármacos , Células CultivadasRESUMEN
Ochratoxin A (OTA) is a prevalent mycotoxin found in feed that causes significant kidney injury in animals. Further investigation was needed to devise strategies for treating OTA-induced kidney damage through the gut-kidney axis. Evidence indicates the crucial role of intestinal microbiota in kidney damage development. Inulin, a dietary fiber, protects kidneys by modulating intestinal microbiota and promoting short-chain fatty acid (SCFA) production. However, its precise mechanism in OTA-induced kidney damage remained unclear. In this study, chickens were orally administered OTA and inulin for 2 weeks to investigate inulin's effects on OTA-induced kidney damage and underlying mechanisms. The alteration of intestinal microbiota, SCFAs contents, and SCFA receptors was further analyzed. Results demonstrated that inulin supplementation influenced intestinal microbiota, increased SCFAs production, and mitigated OTA-induced kidney damage in chickens. The importance of microbiota in mediating inulin's renal protection was further confirmed by antibiotic and fecal microbiota transplantation experiments. Additionally, inulin exhibited antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties, alleviating NLRP3 inflammasome activation and pyroptosis. In summary, inulin protected chickens from OTA-induced kidney damage, which might provide a potential strategy to mitigate the harmful effects of mycotoxins through prebiotics and safeguard renal health.
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Pollos , Microbioma Gastrointestinal , Inulina , Riñón , Ocratoxinas , Ocratoxinas/toxicidad , Animales , Inulina/administración & dosificación , Microbioma Gastrointestinal/efectos de los fármacos , Riñón/efectos de los fármacos , Riñón/metabolismo , Bacterias/clasificación , Bacterias/aislamiento & purificación , Bacterias/genética , Bacterias/efectos de los fármacos , Bacterias/metabolismo , Suplementos Dietéticos/análisis , Ácidos Grasos Volátiles/metabolismo , Enfermedades de las Aves de Corral/microbiología , Enfermedades de las Aves de Corral/tratamiento farmacológico , Enfermedades de las Aves de Corral/prevención & control , Alimentación Animal/análisis , Masculino , Enfermedades Renales/metabolismo , Enfermedades Renales/prevención & control , Enfermedades Renales/etiologíaRESUMEN
Interstitial nephritis is the primary cause of mortality in IBV-infected chickens. Our previous research has demonstrated that Radix Isatidis polysaccharide (RIP) could alleviate this form of interstitial nephritis. To explore the mechanism, SPF chickens and chicken embryonic kidney cells (CEKs) were pre-treated with RIP and subsequently infected with QX-genotype IBV strain. Kidneys were sampled for transcriptomic and metabolomic analyses, and the cecum contents were collected for 16S rRNA gene sequencing. Results showed that pre-treatment with RIP led to a 50 % morbidity reduction in infected-chickens, along with decreased tissue lesion and viral load in the kidneys. Multi-omics analysis indicated three possible pathways (including antioxidant, anti-inflammatory and anti-apoptosis) which associated with RIP's efficacy against interstitial nephritis. Following further validation both in vivo and in vitro, the results showed that pre-treatment with RIP could activate the antioxidant transcription factor Nrf2, stimulate antioxidant enzyme expression, and consequently inhibit oxidative stress. Pre-treatment with RIP could also significantly reduce the expression of NLRP3 inflammasome and apoptosis-associated proteins (including Bax, Caspase-3, and Caspase-9). Additionally, RIP was also observed to promote the growth of beneficial bacteria in the intestine. Overall, pretreatment with RIP can alleviate QX-genotype IBV-induced interstitial nephritis via the Nrf2/NLRP3/Caspase-3 signaling pathway. This study lays the groundwork for the potential use of RIP in controlling avian infectious bronchitis (IB).
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Caspasa 3 , Pollos , Virus de la Bronquitis Infecciosa , Factor 2 Relacionado con NF-E2 , Proteína con Dominio Pirina 3 de la Familia NLR , Nefritis Intersticial , Polisacáridos , Transducción de Señal , Animales , Virus de la Bronquitis Infecciosa/efectos de los fármacos , Virus de la Bronquitis Infecciosa/patogenicidad , Transducción de Señal/efectos de los fármacos , Polisacáridos/farmacología , Polisacáridos/química , Proteína con Dominio Pirina 3 de la Familia NLR/metabolismo , Nefritis Intersticial/tratamiento farmacológico , Nefritis Intersticial/virología , Caspasa 3/metabolismo , Caspasa 3/genética , Factor 2 Relacionado con NF-E2/metabolismo , Factor 2 Relacionado con NF-E2/genética , Enfermedades de las Aves de Corral/tratamiento farmacológico , Enfermedades de las Aves de Corral/virología , Infecciones por Coronavirus/tratamiento farmacológico , Infecciones por Coronavirus/virología , Infecciones por Coronavirus/veterinaria , Genotipo , Riñón/efectos de los fármacos , Riñón/patologíaRESUMEN
Coccidiosis poses a significant challenge to the poultry industry. However, the excessive and improper use of anticoccidial drugs and vaccines has led to resistance and food safety concerns. Consequently, traditional Chinese herbs have garnered attention as a potentially safer and more effective alternative. ChangQing compound derived from various Chinese herbal medicines is a promising anticoccidiosis agent, but its therapeutic effects have not been comprehensively evaluated. This study aimed to assess the therapeutic efficacy of ChangQing Compound against Eimeria tenella-induced coccidiosis in chickens on the basis of physiological indicators, cecum lesions, and changes in microbial diversity. The comparison with the positive control group revealed the average weight gain (AWG) and anticoccidial index (ACI) of the chicks were significantly higher, in contrast, the feed conversion ratio (FCR), cecal lesion score (CLS), and oocyst count per gram of cecal content (OPG) were significantly lower (P<0.05). Notably, AWG (138.87â¯g), OPG (0.57 × 106), ACI (177.92), and FCR (2.51) reflected the significant therapeutic effect of the 2.5â¯g/L ChangQing compound treatment (CQM). Histological sections showed that the cecal villus damage and intestinal wall swelling were minimal in the CQM, consistent with the CLS (0.73). Additionally, the 2.5â¯g/L ChangQing compound treatment effectively prevented the decrease of red blood cells, platelets, and hemoglobin, while promoting the release of anti-inflammatory factors interleukin-10 and interleukin-4, and inhibiting the pro-inflammatory factors interferon-γ and interleukin-17. The microbial community structure in the CQM was most similar to that of the negative control group. In summary, ChangQing compound had multiple positive effects (e.g., promoting weight gain, alleviating anemia, suppressing coccidial proliferation, reducing intestinal damage, modulating immunity, and maintaining intestinal microbiota homeostasis). The study results may be relevant to developing a novel strategy for the clinical management of coccidiosis.
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Pollos , Coccidiosis , Medicamentos Herbarios Chinos , Eimeria tenella , Enfermedades de las Aves de Corral , Animales , Coccidiosis/tratamiento farmacológico , Coccidiosis/veterinaria , Eimeria tenella/efectos de los fármacos , Enfermedades de las Aves de Corral/tratamiento farmacológico , Enfermedades de las Aves de Corral/parasitología , Medicamentos Herbarios Chinos/farmacología , Medicamentos Herbarios Chinos/uso terapéutico , Medicina Tradicional China , Ciego , Coccidiostáticos/uso terapéutico , Coccidiostáticos/farmacologíaRESUMEN
This study aimed to assess the effectiveness of aflatoxin B1 (AFB1) and Thunbergia laurifolia extract (TLE) in the diets of Cherry Valley ducklings. Our investigation covered growth indicators, blood biochemical indices, meat quality, intestinal morphology, immune response, and CP450 enzyme-related gene expression. We conducted the study with 180 seven-day-old Cherry Valley ducks, randomly divided into five dietary treatments. These treatments included a basal diet without AFB1 (T1 group), TLE, or a commercial binder; the basal diet containing 0.1 mg AFB1/kg (T2 group), 0.1 mg AFB1/kg and 100 mg TLE/kg (T3 group), 0.1 mg AFB1/kg and 200 mg TLE/kg (T4 group), and 0.1 mg AFB1/kg and 0.5 g/kg of a commercial binder (T5 group), respectively. Ducklings fed with the T2 diet exhibited lower final body weight (BW), average body weight gain (ADG), and poor feed conversion ratio (FCR) during the 42-day trials. However, all ducklings in the T3, T4, and T5 groups showed significant improvements in final BW, ADG, and FCR compared to the T2 group. Increased alanine transaminase (ALT) concentration and increased expression of CYP1A1 and CYP1A2 indicated hepatotoxicity in ducklings fed the T2 diet. In contrast, ducklings fed T3, T4, and T5 diets all showed a decrease in the expression of CYP1A1 and CYP1A2, but only the T4 treatment group showed improvement in ALT concentration. AFB1 toxicity considerably raised the crypt depth (CD) in both the duodenum and jejunum of the T2 group, while the administration of 200 mg TLE/kg (T4) or a commercial binder (T5) effectively reduced this toxicity. Additionally, the villus width of the jejunum in the T2 treatment group decreased significantly, while all T3, T4, and T5 groups showed improvement in this regard. In summary, T. laurifolia extract can detoxify aflatoxicosis, leading to growth reduction and hepatic toxicosis in Cherry Valley ducklings.
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Antioxidantes , Patos , Extractos Vegetales , Animales , Extractos Vegetales/farmacología , Antioxidantes/farmacología , Alimentación Animal/análisis , Enfermedades de las Aves de Corral/tratamiento farmacológico , Enfermedades de las Aves de Corral/inducido químicamente , Aflatoxina B1/toxicidad , Micotoxicosis/tratamiento farmacológico , Hígado/efectos de los fármacos , Hígado/patología , Hígado/metabolismo , Envenenamiento por AflatoxinasRESUMEN
BACKGROUND: Colibacillosis in broiler chickens is associated with economic loss and localized or systemic infection. Usually, the last resort is antibacterial therapy. Insight into the disease pathogenesis, host responses and plausible immunomodulatory effects of the antibacterials is important in choosing antibacterial agent and optimization of the treatment. Selected responses of broiler chickens experimentally infected with Escherichia coli (E. coli) and also those treated with florfenicol are evaluated in this study. Chickens (n = 70, 5 weeks old) were randomly assigned to four groups. The control groups included normal control (NC) and intratracheal infection control (ITC) (received sterile bacterial medium). The experimental groups consisted of intratracheal infection (IT) that received bacterial suspension and intratracheal infection with florfenicol administration (ITF) group. RESULTS: Florfenicol reversed the decreased albumin/globulin ratio to the level of control groups (p > 0.05). Serum interleukin 10 (IL-10) and interferon-gamma (IFN-γ) concentrations decreased in IT birds as compared to NC group. Florfenicol decreased the serum interleukin 6 (IL-6) concentration as compared to IT group. Milder signs of inflammation, septicemia, and left shift were observed in the leukogram of the ITF group. Florfenicol decreased the severity of histopathological lesions in lungs and liver. Depletion of lymphoid tissue was detected in spleen, thymus and bursa of IT group but was absent in ITF birds. The number of colony forming units of E. coli in liver samples of ITF group was only slightly lower than IT birds. CONCLUSIONS: Experimental E. coli infection of chickens by intratracheal route is associated with remarkable inflammatory responses as shown by changes in biochemical and hematological parameters. Histopathological lesions in lymphoid organs (especially in the spleen) were also prominent. Florfenicol has positive immunomodulatory effects and improves many of the lesions before the full manifestation of its antibacterial effects. These effects of florfenicol should be considered in pharmacotherapy decision-making process.
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Antibacterianos , Pollos , Infecciones por Escherichia coli , Enfermedades de las Aves de Corral , Tianfenicol , Animales , Tianfenicol/análogos & derivados , Tianfenicol/uso terapéutico , Tianfenicol/farmacología , Tianfenicol/administración & dosificación , Antibacterianos/uso terapéutico , Antibacterianos/farmacología , Antibacterianos/administración & dosificación , Enfermedades de las Aves de Corral/tratamiento farmacológico , Enfermedades de las Aves de Corral/microbiología , Enfermedades de las Aves de Corral/inmunología , Infecciones por Escherichia coli/veterinaria , Infecciones por Escherichia coli/tratamiento farmacológico , Escherichia coli/efectos de los fármacosRESUMEN
BACKGROUND: Chicken coccidiosis is an intracellular parasitic disease that presents major challenges to the development of the commercial poultry industry. Perennial drug selective pressure has led to the multi-drug resistance of chicken coccidia, which makes the prevention and control of chicken coccidiosis extremely difficult. In recent years, natural plant products have attracted the attention of researchers due to their inherent advantages, such as the absence of veterinary drug residues. The development of these natural products provides a new direction for the prevention and treatment of chicken coccidiosis. METHODS: The anticoccidial effect of a natural plant product combination formulation (eucalyptus oil + apigenin + eugenol essential oil) was tested against Eimeria tenella in broilers. To search for the optimal concentration of the combination formulation, we screened 120 broilers in a chicken cage trial in which 100 broilers were infected with 5 × 104 sporulated Eimeria tenella oocysts; broilers receiving a decoquinate solution was set up as a chemical control. The optimal anticoccidial concentration was determined by calculating the anticoccidial index (ACI), and the suitable concentration was used as the recommended dose for a series of safety dose assessment tests, such as feed conversion ratio (FCR), hematological indices and serum biochemical indices, as well as liver and kidney sections, at onefold (low dose), threefold (medium dose) and sixfold (high dose) the recommended dose (RD). RESULTS: The results showed that this combination formulation of three plant natural products had a better anticoccidial effect than formulations containing two plant natural products or a single one, with an ACI of 169.3. The dose gradient anticoccidial test revealed that the high-dose formulation group had a better anticoccidial effect (ACI = 169.2) than the medium- and low-dose groups. The safety evaluation test showed that concentrations of the formulation at one-, three- and sixfold the RD were non-toxic to Arbor Acres broilers, indicating the high safety of the combination formulation. CONCLUSIONS: The combination formulation showed not only a moderate anticoccidial effect but also had a high safety profile for broilers. The results of this study indicate a new alternative for the prevention and control of coccidiosis in broilers.
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Pollos , Coccidiosis , Coccidiostáticos , Eimeria tenella , Eucalyptus , Eugenol , Enfermedades de las Aves de Corral , Animales , Pollos/parasitología , Eimeria tenella/efectos de los fármacos , Coccidiosis/tratamiento farmacológico , Coccidiosis/veterinaria , Coccidiosis/parasitología , Enfermedades de las Aves de Corral/tratamiento farmacológico , Enfermedades de las Aves de Corral/parasitología , Coccidiostáticos/farmacología , Coccidiostáticos/uso terapéutico , Coccidiostáticos/administración & dosificación , Eugenol/farmacología , Eugenol/administración & dosificación , Eucalyptus/química , Productos Biológicos/farmacología , Productos Biológicos/administración & dosificación , Oocistos/efectos de los fármacos , Extractos Vegetales/farmacología , Extractos Vegetales/química , Extractos Vegetales/administración & dosificación , Aceites Volátiles/farmacología , Aceites Volátiles/química , Aceites Volátiles/administración & dosificaciónRESUMEN
Phillygenin (PHI) is an active ingredient derived from the leaf of Forsythia suspensa that has been found to alleviate inflammation and peroxidation response. Avian infectious bronchitis (IB) is a major threat to poultry industry viral respiratory tract disease that infected with infectious bronchitis virus (IBV). This study investigated the protection of PHI to CEK cell and broiler's tracheal injury triggered by avian infectious bronchitis virus (IBV). The results showed that IBV infection did not cause serious clinical symptoms and slowing-body weight in PHI-treated broilers. The expression of virus loads, pro-inflammation factors (IL-6, TNF-α, and IL-1ß) in CEK cell, and tracheas were decreased compared to the IBV group, exhibiting its potent anti-inflammation. Mechanistically, the study demonstrated that the inhibition of TLR7/MyD88/NF-κB pathway was mainly involved in the protection effect of PHI to inflammation injury. Interestingly, a higher abundance of Firmicutes and Lactobacillus in respiratory tract was observed in PHI-treated broilers than in the IBV group. Significant differences were observed between the IBV group and PHI-treated group in the Ferroptosis, Tryptophan metabolism, and Glutathione metabolism pathways. PHI exhibited potent protection effect on IBV infection and alleviated inflammation injury, mainly through inhibiting TLR7/MyD88/NF-κB pathway. The study encourages further development of PHI, paving the way to its clinical use as a new candidate drug to relieve IBV-induced respiratory symptoms.
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Pollos , Infecciones por Coronavirus , Virus de la Bronquitis Infecciosa , Factor 88 de Diferenciación Mieloide , FN-kappa B , Enfermedades de las Aves de Corral , Receptor Toll-Like 7 , Animales , FN-kappa B/metabolismo , Factor 88 de Diferenciación Mieloide/metabolismo , Enfermedades de las Aves de Corral/tratamiento farmacológico , Enfermedades de las Aves de Corral/microbiología , Enfermedades de las Aves de Corral/metabolismo , Receptor Toll-Like 7/metabolismo , Infecciones por Coronavirus/tratamiento farmacológico , Infecciones por Coronavirus/veterinaria , Microbiota/efectos de los fármacos , Transducción de Señal/efectos de los fármacosRESUMEN
Duck enteritis virus (DEV) may lead to vascular injury, gastrointestinal mucosal erosion, lymphoid organ injury, and Polyinosinic-polycytidylic acid (Poly I:C) has an antiviral effect by inducing low levels of interferon. The purpose of this study was to explore the pathogenesis of DEV-induced intestinal injury in ducks and to verify the therapeutic effects of different concentrations of Poly I:C. In this study, duck enteritis model was established by infecting healthy Pekin ducks with DEV. Duck intestinal tissues were extracted from normal control group, model group, and treatment group with different doses of Poly I:C. In vivo, HE and TUNEL staining were used to observe the morphological changes and apoptosis. In vitro, the proliferation and apoptosis of duck intestinal epithelial cells were evaluated by MTT assay, TUNEL staining, and flow cytometry. The results showed that Poly I:C protected ducks from DEV toxicity by improving intestinal morphology and inhibiting apoptosis. In addition, the antiviral effect of Poly I:C on DEV was found in a dose-dependent manner, with a more relatively obvious effect at a high dose of Poly I:C. All in all, these results demonstrated that Poly I:C played a vital role in the apoptosis induced by DEV in ducks and modest dose of Poly I:C treatment worked well and may provide important reference for the development of new antiviral drugs in the future.
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Apoptosis , Patos , Enteritis , Poli I-C , Animales , Patos/virología , Poli I-C/farmacología , Poli I-C/administración & dosificación , Apoptosis/efectos de los fármacos , Enteritis/virología , Enteritis/tratamiento farmacológico , Enteritis/veterinaria , Enfermedades de las Aves de Corral/virología , Enfermedades de las Aves de Corral/tratamiento farmacológico , Intestinos/virología , Intestinos/patología , Antivirales/farmacología , Mardivirus/efectos de los fármacos , Mucosa Intestinal/virología , Mucosa Intestinal/efectos de los fármacos , Mucosa Intestinal/patologíaRESUMEN
OBJECTIVES: Antimicrobials can select for antimicrobial-resistant bacteria. After treatment the active compound is excreted through urine and faeces. As some antimicrobials are chemically stable, recirculation of subinhibitory concentrations of antimicrobials may occur due to coprophagic behaviour of animals such as chickens. METHODS: The persistence of three antimicrobials over time and their potential effects on antimicrobial resistance were determined in four groups of broilers. Groups were left untreated (control) or were treated with amoxicillin (unstable), doxycycline or enrofloxacin (stable). Antimicrobials were extracted from the faecal samples and were measured by LC-MS/MS. We determined the resistome genotypically using shotgun metagenomics and phenotypically by using Escherichia coli as indicator microorganism. RESULTS: Up to 37 days after treatment, doxycycline and enrofloxacin had concentrations in faeces equal to or higher than the minimal selective concentration (MSC), in contrast to the amoxicillin treatment. The amoxicillin treatment showed a significant difference (Pâ≤â0.01 and Pâ≤â0.0001) in the genotypic resistance only directly after treatment. On the other hand, the doxycycline treatment showed approximately 52% increase in phenotypic resistance and a significant difference (Pâ≤â0.05 and Pâ≤â0.0001) in genotypic resistance throughout the trial. Furthermore, enrofloxacin treatment resulted in a complete non-WT E. coli population but the quantity of resistance genes was similar to the control group, likely because resistance is mediated by point mutations. CONCLUSIONS: Based on our findings, we suggest that persistence of antimicrobials should be taken into consideration in the assessment of priority classification of antimicrobials in livestock.
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Antibacterianos , Pollos , Farmacorresistencia Bacteriana , Enrofloxacina , Escherichia coli , Heces , Pruebas de Sensibilidad Microbiana , Animales , Pollos/microbiología , Heces/microbiología , Antibacterianos/farmacología , Enrofloxacina/farmacología , Escherichia coli/efectos de los fármacos , Escherichia coli/genética , Farmacorresistencia Bacteriana/genética , Amoxicilina/farmacología , Selección Genética , Doxiciclina/farmacología , Genotipo , Metagenómica , Enfermedades de las Aves de Corral/microbiología , Enfermedades de las Aves de Corral/tratamiento farmacológicoRESUMEN
Reducing the inappropriate use of antibiotics in food animals is a global priority to address antimicrobial resistance (AMR). We investigated practices and factors associated with antibiotic use in small-scale commercial broiler farms in Lilongwe district, Malawi. We used structured questionnaires to collect data on recent antibiotic use practices among 128 broiler farmers, who kept between 50 and 1 000 birds, from December 2022 to March 2023. Logistic regression analysis was used to identify risk factors associated with antibiotic use. Over half (53.1â¯%, n=68) of the farms reported using antibiotics at least once in the previous production cycle. Overall, 11 different types of antibiotics were used either for treatment and/or preventive purposes, with oxytetracycline (88.2â¯%), erythromycin (29.4â¯%), and enrofloxacin (26.5â¯%) reported as the frequently used. One-third of all antibiotic formulations contained multiple active antibiotic ingredients, with 12â¯% containing four antibiotics. Covariates associated with an increased likelihood of antibiotic use include disease incidence (OR=13.8, 95â¯% CI 5.27-42.50, p<0.001) and entry of wild birds into poultry houses (OR=3.56, 95â¯% CI =1.44-9.61, p=0.008). Our study highlights inappropriate usage of antibiotics, largely associated with reduced biosecurity and disease incidence. These findings underscore the need to strengthen veterinary services, reinforce regulations on antibiotic access and use, and farmer education programs promoting proper husbandry, biosecurity, and responsible antibiotic use.
Asunto(s)
Crianza de Animales Domésticos , Antibacterianos , Pollos , Animales , Malaui , Antibacterianos/uso terapéutico , Crianza de Animales Domésticos/métodos , Crianza de Animales Domésticos/estadística & datos numéricos , Enfermedades de las Aves de Corral/tratamiento farmacológico , Enfermedades de las Aves de Corral/epidemiología , Enfermedades de las Aves de Corral/prevención & control , Encuestas y Cuestionarios , Agricultores/psicologíaRESUMEN
This experiment was conducted to investigate the effects of mulberry leaf extract (MLE) on alleviating fatty liver hemorrhagic syndrome (FLHS) in laying hens. The 576 Jing Fen laying hens of 56 weeks of age with good health and similar weights (1.76 ± 0.17 kg) were randomly divided into 6 groups, with 8 replicates in each group and 12 chickens in each replicate. The experiment lasted 56 d. The control group was fed a corn-soybean meal diet. The FLHS group was fed a high energy-low protein (HELP) diet, and the other four experimental groups were fed HELP diets supplemented with 0.04, 0.40, 0.80, and 1.20% MLE, respectively. The results showed that HELP treatment significantly induced liver injury, which indicated that the FLHS model was successfully established. MLE supplementation could alleviate the FLHS by reducing the liver index, abdominal fat percentage, total cholesterol (TC), triglyceride (TG), low-density lipoprotein (LDL), and very low-density lipoprotein (VLDL) in the serum (P < 0.05), and subsequently increase the egg production rate (P < 0.05). The laying hens fed 0.8% MLE exhibited the greatest production performance (P < 0.05) and could improve serum lipid levels. In addition, the genes associated with fatty acid synthesis (ACC, HMGR and SREBP-1C) were downregulated (P < 0.05), and genes related to fatty acid oxidation (CPT1A, AMPK, and ATGL) were found to be upregulated (P < 0.05). Supplementation with 1.2% MLE significantly reduced the relative abundance of Firmicutes and Desulfurized Bacillus (P < 0.05) and significantly increased the relative abundance of Fecal Bacillus (P < 0.05). In conclusion, MLE may regulate the mRNA expression of lipid metabolism-related genes through the AMPK signaling pathway and improve cecal microbiota balance and serum lipid levels to alleviate FLHS in laying hens and subsequently improve egg production performance.
Asunto(s)
Alimentación Animal , Pollos , Dieta , Suplementos Dietéticos , Morus , Extractos Vegetales , Hojas de la Planta , Enfermedades de las Aves de Corral , Animales , Extractos Vegetales/farmacología , Extractos Vegetales/administración & dosificación , Femenino , Enfermedades de las Aves de Corral/tratamiento farmacológico , Enfermedades de las Aves de Corral/microbiología , Dieta/veterinaria , Alimentación Animal/análisis , Hojas de la Planta/química , Suplementos Dietéticos/análisis , Morus/química , Hígado Graso/veterinaria , Distribución Aleatoria , Relación Dosis-Respuesta a DrogaRESUMEN
Phytic acid (PA) is a natural antioxidant with various biological activities, providing protective effects in multiple animals. Ochratoxin A (OTA) is a mold toxin commonly found in feed, which induces multi-organ damage, with kidney being the target organ of its toxicity. This study investigates the protective effects of PA on OTA-induced renal damage and its potential mechanisms in chicks. The results demonstrates that PA treatment restores OTA-induced renal pathological injuries, reverses the diminished activities of antioxidant enzymes, reduces the accumulation of malondialdehyde, and normalizes the expression of pro-inflammatory cytokines, which confirms that PA can alleviate OTA-induced renal damage. Further investigations reveal that OTA-induced renal injury accompanied by an increase in tissue iron content and the transcription levels of ferroptosis-related genes (TFR, ACSL4, and HO-1), and a decrease in the levels of SLC7A11 and GPX4. PA treatment reverses all these effects, indicating that PA mitigates OTA-induced renal ferroptosis. Moreover, PA supplementation improves intestinal morphology and mucosal function, corrects OTA-induced changes in the intestinal microbiota. Besides, PA microbiota transplantation alleviates renal inflammation and oxidative stress caused by OTA. In conclusion, PA plays a protective role against renal damage through the regulation of ferroptosis and the intestinal microbiota, possibly providing novel insights into the control and prevention of OTA-related nephrotoxicity.
Asunto(s)
Pollos , Ferroptosis , Microbioma Gastrointestinal , Ocratoxinas , Ácido Fítico , Enfermedades de las Aves de Corral , Animales , Ocratoxinas/toxicidad , Microbioma Gastrointestinal/efectos de los fármacos , Ferroptosis/efectos de los fármacos , Enfermedades de las Aves de Corral/inducido químicamente , Enfermedades de las Aves de Corral/prevención & control , Enfermedades de las Aves de Corral/microbiología , Enfermedades de las Aves de Corral/tratamiento farmacológico , Ácido Fítico/administración & dosificación , Ácido Fítico/farmacología , Enfermedades Renales/veterinaria , Enfermedades Renales/inducido químicamente , Enfermedades Renales/prevención & control , Alimentación Animal/análisis , Dieta/veterinaria , Masculino , Suplementos Dietéticos/análisisRESUMEN
Colistin (CST) is considered as "agent of last resort" against gram-negative bacteria as feed additive. Its clinical effectiveness has reduced since the emergence of mcr-1 gene in ducks. Isopropoxy benzene guanidine (IBG), a new guanidine derivative, showed positive effects on improving animal weights and alleviating intestinal pathogens, therefore, the objective of this study was to evaluate the effect of this compound supplement with CST in ducks and explore the possibilities in feed additive. A total of fifteen duck-origin Escherichia coli carrying the mcr-1 gene were included in this study. A checkerboard microdilution assay was used to evaluate the in vitro antibacterial activity of IBG combined with CST against mcr-1-positive E. coli. A 3-by-2 time-kill array of IBG (16, 32, and 64 µg/mL) and CST (1/2 MIC and 1/4 MIC) over 24 hours was utilized to characterize the activity of the agents alone and in combination against E. coli strain 1 in vitro. The intestinal colonization model was used to evaluate the in vivo effect of IBG combined with CST. These results indicated that the combination of IBG plus CST showed a synergistic effect against all clinical isolates (FICI < 0.5). The bacterial burden was reduced by more than 2 log10 CFU/mL when E. coli strain 1 was tested with 1/2 MIC CST plus 64 µg/mL IBG for 24 h. Further experiments in vivo demonstrated that the CST combined with IBG was able to increase duck weights, reduced intestinal pathogenic E. coli and showed a synergistic antibacterial effect. Combination of CST (4 mg/kg b.w.) plus IBG (32 or 64 mg/kg b.w.) achieved 1.84 to 3.29 log10 CFU/g killing after 7 d of therapy, which was significantly different from that in the challenge control group (p<0.05). In summary, our study demonstrated the potential use of IBG as feed additive for veterinary purposes in ducks and provided new insights into overcoming resistance in the future.
Asunto(s)
Antibacterianos , Colistina , Sinergismo Farmacológico , Patos , Infecciones por Escherichia coli , Proteínas de Escherichia coli , Escherichia coli , Enfermedades de las Aves de Corral , Animales , Escherichia coli/efectos de los fármacos , Colistina/farmacología , Colistina/administración & dosificación , Antibacterianos/farmacología , Antibacterianos/administración & dosificación , Infecciones por Escherichia coli/veterinaria , Infecciones por Escherichia coli/microbiología , Infecciones por Escherichia coli/tratamiento farmacológico , Proteínas de Escherichia coli/genética , Proteínas de Escherichia coli/metabolismo , Enfermedades de las Aves de Corral/microbiología , Enfermedades de las Aves de Corral/tratamiento farmacológico , Pruebas de Sensibilidad Microbiana/veterinaria , Enfermedades Intestinales/veterinaria , Enfermedades Intestinales/microbiología , Enfermedades Intestinales/tratamiento farmacológico , Guanidina/farmacología , Alimentación Animal/análisisRESUMEN
Infectious bursal disease virus (IBDV) is a highly contagious virus with a dsRNA genome, predominantly infecting chickens and causing significant economic losses due to high mortality rates. The emergence of recombinant, novel variant, and highly virulent strains that evade current vaccines has led to frequent epidemics and outbreaks in the poultry industry. The lack of targeted antivirals for IBDV underscores the pressing requirement to develop potent therapeutic options. Within this framework, our research investigated the effectiveness of picroside II, a naturally derived iridoid glycoside, against viruses in DF-1 cells. Our findings demonstrate that picroside II significantly inhibits viral replication, with its efficacy increasing proportionally to the dosage administered. Through time-addition and antiviral duration analysis, we determined that picroside II therapeutically blocks IBDV replication, with its effects persisting for over 72â¯hours. Further investigation revealed that picroside II specifically inhibits the cellular replication stage of IBDV's lifecycle. Additionally, our findings indicate that picroside II impairs VP1 polymerase activity by binding to the active pocket, which significantly disrupts the interaction between VP1 and VP3. Mutations at three critical binding sites on VP1 not only impair virus replication but also hinder polymerase function and disrupt VP1-VP3 interactions. Collectively, these results demonstrate that picroside II, by inhibiting viral polymerase activity, represents a promising antiviral agent against IBDV.
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Antivirales , Pollos , Cinamatos , Virus de la Enfermedad Infecciosa de la Bolsa , Glucósidos Iridoides , Replicación Viral , Replicación Viral/efectos de los fármacos , Virus de la Enfermedad Infecciosa de la Bolsa/efectos de los fármacos , Virus de la Enfermedad Infecciosa de la Bolsa/fisiología , Virus de la Enfermedad Infecciosa de la Bolsa/genética , Animales , Cinamatos/farmacología , Glucósidos Iridoides/farmacología , Antivirales/farmacología , Línea Celular , Proteínas Estructurales Virales/genética , Proteínas Estructurales Virales/metabolismo , Enfermedades de las Aves de Corral/virología , Enfermedades de las Aves de Corral/tratamiento farmacológicoRESUMEN
This study evaluated the efficacy of Azadirachta indica ethosomal nanovesicle against Eimeria tenella infection in broiler chicks. Azadirachta indica ethanolic extract was screened phtochemically and analyzed active components of the extracts using highperformance liquid chromatography (HPLC). Azadirachta indica ethosomal nanovesicle was synthesized and characterized by zeta potential and scanning electron microscope. Broiler chicks were allocated into seven groups. Control group. The second group administered nanosized ethosomal vesicles (1â¯mL/kg b.wt.). The third group administered Azadirachta indica nanovesicles (30â¯mg/kg b.wt.) from 10th day of age. Fourth group was infected with E. tenella at a dose of 1â¯mL containing 40000 oocyst/ chick at 14th day of age. The fifth group administered Azadirachta indica nanovesicle (30â¯mg/kg b.wt.) from 10th day of age and infected with E. tenella as fourth group. The sixth group infected with E. tenella as the fourth group and treated with Azadirachta indica nanovesicle (30â¯mg/kg b.wt. for 4 days after clinical signs appearance. The seventh group infected with E. tenella as the fourth group and treated with diclazuril group (1â¯mL/4â¯L of water) for 2 successive days. Coccidiosis significantly decreased body weight, feed intake, reduced glutathione (GSH) level while increased feed conversion ratio, oocyst count, malonaldehyde (MDA) and nitric oxide (NO) serum levels, protein expression of interleukin-1 beta (IL-1ß), interleukin 6 (IL-6), BAX and Caspase 3, in cecal tissue and induced cecal tissue injury. However, administration of coccidiosis chicks Azadirachta indica nanovesicle enhanced body weight, and serum GSH. While decreased feed intake, feed conversion ratio, oocyst count, MDA, and NO serum levels, and protein expression of IL-1ß, IL-6, BAX, and caspase 3 in cecal tissues and ameliorated cecal tissue damage. This study indicated that, A. indica ethosomal nanovesicle had potent anticoccidial properties.
Asunto(s)
Azadirachta , Pollos , Coccidiosis , Coccidiostáticos , Eimeria tenella , Extractos Vegetales , Enfermedades de las Aves de Corral , Animales , Azadirachta/química , Coccidiosis/tratamiento farmacológico , Coccidiosis/veterinaria , Coccidiosis/parasitología , Extractos Vegetales/farmacología , Enfermedades de las Aves de Corral/tratamiento farmacológico , Enfermedades de las Aves de Corral/parasitología , Coccidiostáticos/farmacología , Coccidiostáticos/administración & dosificación , Eimeria tenella/efectos de los fármacosRESUMEN
BACKGROUND: Our hypothesis centred on the potential to mitigate ascites outbreaks in birds exposed to cold stress by inhibiting pulmonary artery contraction through dietary intervention. OBJECTIVE: This study aimed to evaluate the effect of natural and synthetic medications on growth performance, ascites-related parameters and the expression of ascites-related genes in the lung tissue of broiler chickens under low ambient temperature. METHODS: We randomly assigned 450 one-day-old male Ross 308 chicks to six dietary treatments across five replicate pens, each containing 15 chicks. The treatments included a basal diet (control), and the basal diet was supplemented with hydroalcoholic extracts of sumac (HES, 200 mg/kg), Syrian mesquite (HEM, 200 mg/kg), l-arginine (40% above requirement), captopril (15 mg/kg) and vitamin E (100 mg/kg). RESULTS: Diets containing HEM, l-arginine and vitamin E resulted in increased average daily gain on days 8-14 and 0-28, whereas HES showed a similar effect only during days 8-14 compared to the control diet (p < 0.05). Additionally, feed additives decreased packed cell volume, left and right ventricle volumes and systolic blood pressure (p < 0.05). Moreover, chickens fed the control and l-arginine diets exhibited higher levels of angiotensin converting enzyme (ACE) mRNA in lung tissue compared to those fed HES, HEM and captopril (p < 0.05). Meanwhile, supplementation with HEM and l-arginine increased the expression of inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) mRNA in lung tissue compared to other treatments (p < 0.05). Regarding Cu/Zn-superoxide dismutase (Cu/Zn-SOD) expression, feed additives increased mRNA level in lung tissue, except for captopril (p < 0.05). CONCLUSIONS: This study demonstrates that the plant extracts may reduce the incidence of ascites syndrome not only through their antioxidant properties but also by modulating the expression of ACE, iNOS and Cu/Zn-SOD genes.
Asunto(s)
Alimentación Animal , Arginina , Ascitis , Captopril , Pollos , Dieta , Suplementos Dietéticos , Enfermedades de las Aves de Corral , Vitamina E , Animales , Captopril/administración & dosificación , Arginina/administración & dosificación , Arginina/metabolismo , Ascitis/veterinaria , Ascitis/genética , Ascitis/metabolismo , Dieta/veterinaria , Masculino , Alimentación Animal/análisis , Enfermedades de las Aves de Corral/tratamiento farmacológico , Suplementos Dietéticos/análisis , Vitamina E/administración & dosificación , Frío , Distribución Aleatoria , Expresión Génica/efectos de los fármacosRESUMEN
Eimeria spp. are the pathogen that causes coccidiosis, a significant disease that affects intensively reared livestock, especially poultry. Anticoccidial feed additives, chemicals, and ionophores have routinely been employed to reduce Eimeria infections in broiler production. Therefore, the shift to antibiotic-free and organic farming necessitates novel coccidiosis preventive strategies. The present study evaluated the effects of potential feed additives, liver free and chitosan, against Eimeria tenella infection in White Leghorn broiler female chickens. One hundred sixty-five 1-day-old White Leghorn broiler female chicks were divided into 11 groups (15 female chicks per group), including the positive control group (G1), the negative control group (G2), a chitosan-treated group (G3), a chitosan-treated-infected group (G4), the liver free-treated group (G5), the liver free-treated-infected group (G6), the liver free-and-chitosan-treated group (G7), the liver free-and-chitosan-infected group (G8), the therapeutic liver free-and-chitosan-treated-infected group (G9), the sulfaquinoxaline-treated group (G10), and the sulfaquinoxaline-treated-infected group (G11). Chitosan was fed to the chicks in G3 and G4 as a preventative measure at a dose of 250 mg/kg. The G5 and G6 groups received 1.5 mg/kg of Liverfree. The G7 and G8 groups received chitosan and Liverfree. The G10 and G11 groups were administered 2 g/L of sulfaquinoxaline. From the moment the chicks arrived at Foshan University (one-day-old chicks) until the completion of the experiment, all medications were given to them as a preventative measure. G8 did; however, receive chitosan and liver free as therapeutic supplements at 7 dpi. The current study showed that the combination of liver free and chitosan can achieve better prophylactic and therapeutic effects than either alone. In E. tenella challenged chickens, G8 and G9 chickens showed reduced oocyst shedding and lesion score, improved growth performance (body weight, body weight gain, feed intake, feed conversion ratio, and mortality rate), and cecal histology. The current study demonstrates that combining liver free and chitosan has superior preventive and therapeutic benefits than either alone, and they could also be used as alternative anticoccidial agents.