RESUMEN
Resulta cada vez más evidente que la duración de la vida constituye una problemática tanto de índole individual como colectiva. Los riesgos epidémicos habrían sido controlados a comienzos del siglo XX por las medidas de higiene personal, el aislamiento de los transmisores de las infecciones y, especialmente, el descubrimiento de los antibióticos y el desarrollo de las vacunas. Pero la aparición de brotes epidémicos a fines del siglo XX en algunos países donde esas enfermedades parecían erradicadas, abona las tesis más pesimistas sobre el estado de la salud de la población mundial. En este contexto, las enfermedades respiratorias reaparecen en el siglo XXI y revelan un aumento sustancial de la participación de dichas enfermedades en el total de muertes. El artículo se propone como objetivo principal analizar la evolución de las muertes por enfermedades respiratorias entre siglos en la Ciudad de Buenos Aires, mostrando la modificación de su importancia en el total de muertes y por grupo etario desde fines del siglo XIX. Asimismo, se plantea comparar su volumen con las muertes registradas en el siglo XXI por las pandemias de gripe A (H1N1) y de COVID-19. (AU)
Asunto(s)
Enfermedades Respiratorias/complicaciones , Enfermedades Respiratorias/etnología , Enfermedades Respiratorias/mortalidad , Enfermedades Respiratorias/epidemiología , Estadísticas Vitales , Mortalidad , Historia del Siglo XIX , Historia del Siglo XX , Pandemias/estadística & datos numéricos , Grupos de EdadRESUMEN
Resumen: Cada vez es más frecuente la atención médica en la Unidad de Cuidados Intensivos (UCI) de niños o adolescentes inmigrantes como también de aquellos nacidos en nuestro país con padres en tal condición. Esto ha ocasionado, en la actualidad, que el equipo de salud se deba enfrentar con problemas diagnósticos derivados del escaso conocimiento de condiciones genéticas propias de esta población y/o el desarrollo de diversas patologías infrecuentes en nuestro país, algunas resultantes de su condi ción sanitaria. En esta revisión se abordan diversos aspectos de la patología hematológica, infecciosa, parasitaria, respiratoria y cardiovascular, todos tópicos relevantes de conocer durante su estadía en la UCI. Es un deber del equipo de salud actualizarse sobre patologías de baja prevalencia en nuestro país, algunas de ellas muy poco conocidas hasta hace una década, pero que, actualmente, están cada vez más presentes en las UCI del sistema de salud público chileno.
Abstract: It is increasingly common to provide medical care in the Intensive Care Unit (ICU) for immigrant children and adolescents as well as those born in Chile with parents in such condition. Currently, this has caused that the health team has to face diverse infrequent pathologies in our country and/ or diagnostic problems derive from the poor knowledge of genetic conditions of this population, some resulting from their health conditions. This review addresses several aspects of hematological, infectious, parasitic, respiratory, and cardiovascular pathologies, all relevant topics to know during their stay in the ICU. It is a duty of the health team to be updated on pathologies of low prevalence in our country, some of them very little known until a decade ago, but which are currently increasingly present in the ICUs of the Chilean public health system.
Asunto(s)
Humanos , Recién Nacido , Lactante , Preescolar , Niño , Adolescente , Enfermedades Respiratorias/diagnóstico , Enfermedades Respiratorias/etnología , Enfermedades Respiratorias/terapia , Enfermedades Cardiovasculares/diagnóstico , Enfermedades Cardiovasculares/etnología , Enfermedades Cardiovasculares/terapia , Cuidados Críticos/métodos , Emigrantes e Inmigrantes , Enfermedades Hematológicas/diagnóstico , Enfermedades Hematológicas/etnología , Enfermedades Hematológicas/terapia , Infecciones/diagnóstico , Infecciones/etnología , Infecciones/terapia , Unidades de Cuidados Intensivos , Chile/epidemiología , PrevalenciaRESUMEN
It is increasingly common to provide medical care in the Intensive Care Unit (ICU) for immigrant children and adolescents as well as those born in Chile with parents in such condition. Currently, this has caused that the health team has to face diverse infrequent pathologies in our country and/ or diagnostic problems derive from the poor knowledge of genetic conditions of this population, some resulting from their health conditions. This review addresses several aspects of hematological, infectious, parasitic, respiratory, and cardiovascular pathologies, all relevant topics to know during their stay in the ICU. It is a duty of the health team to be updated on pathologies of low prevalence in our country, some of them very little known until a decade ago, but which are currently increasingly present in the ICUs of the Chilean public health system.
Asunto(s)
Enfermedades Cardiovasculares , Cuidados Críticos/métodos , Emigrantes e Inmigrantes , Enfermedades Hematológicas , Infecciones , Unidades de Cuidados Intensivos , Enfermedades Respiratorias , Adolescente , Enfermedades Cardiovasculares/diagnóstico , Enfermedades Cardiovasculares/etnología , Enfermedades Cardiovasculares/terapia , Niño , Preescolar , Chile/epidemiología , Enfermedades Hematológicas/diagnóstico , Enfermedades Hematológicas/etnología , Enfermedades Hematológicas/terapia , Humanos , Lactante , Recién Nacido , Infecciones/diagnóstico , Infecciones/etnología , Infecciones/terapia , Prevalencia , Enfermedades Respiratorias/diagnóstico , Enfermedades Respiratorias/etnología , Enfermedades Respiratorias/terapiaRESUMEN
ABSTRACT Objective: Identify the association between exposure to fine particulate matter and hospitalizations due to respiratory diseases in children up to ten years of age in the city of Cuiabá, Mato Grosso, stratifying the analysis by sex and calculating excess costs. Methods: Ecological study of time series. The dependent variable was daily hospitalizations according to the 10th Revision of the International Classification of Diseases (ICD10): J04.0, J12.0 to J18.9, J20.0 to J21.9 and J45.0 to J45.0. The independent variables were the concentration of fine particulate, estimated by a mathematical model, temperature and relative air humidity, controlled by short and long-term trends. Generalized additive model of Poisson regression was used. Relative risks, proportional attributable risk (PAR) and excess hospitalizations and their respective costs by the population attributable fraction (PAF) were calculated. Results: 1,165 children were hospitalized, 640 males and 525 females. The mean concentration, estimated by the mathematical model, was 15.1±2.9 mcg/m3 for PM2.5. For boys, there was no significant association; for girls a relative risk of up to 1.04 of daily hospitalizations due to respiratory diseases was observed for exposure to PM 2.5 in lags 1, 2 and 6. Increase of 5 µg/m3 in these concentrations increased the percentage of the risk in 18%; with an excess 95 hospital admissions and with excess expenses in the order of US$ 35 thousand. Conclusions: Significant effect in daily hospitalizations due to respiratory diseases related to exposure to fine particulate matter was noted for girls, suggesting the need for stratification by sex in further studies.
RESUMO Objetivo: Identificar associação entre exposição ao material particulado fino e internações por doenças respiratórias em crianças de até dez anos de idade, no município de Cuiabá, MT, estratificando a análise por sexo e calculando excesso de custos. Métodos: Estudo ecológico de séries temporais, sendo a variável dependente o número diário de internações por doenças respiratórias, segundo a 10a Revisão da Classificação Internacional de Doenças (CID): J04.0, J12.0 a J18.9, J20.0 a J21.9 e J45.0 a J45.0. As variáveis independentes foram a concentração do particulado fino, estimada pelo modelo matemático, além de temperatura e umidade relativa do ar, controladas pelas tendências de curta e longa duração. Foram calculados riscos relativos, risco atribuível proporcional (RAP) e excessos de internações e seus respectivos custos pela fração atribuível populacional (FAP). Resultados: Foram internadas 1.165 crianças (640 meninos e 525 meninas). A concentração média estimada do particulado fino foi 15,1±2,9 mcg/m3 para particulado fino (PM2,5). Para meninos, não houve associação significativa. Para meninas, observou-se risco relativo (RR) de até 1,04 para o número diário de internações por doenças respiratórias em associação à exposição ao PM2,5 nos lags 1, 2 e 6. O aumento de 5 mcg/m3 nessas concentrações associou-se ao aumento do risco em 18% e o RAP atribuído à exposição foi de 20% das internações das meninas, com excesso de 95 internações e de gastos da ordem de R$ 105 mil. Conclusões: Houve associação da exposição ao particulado fino e número de internações por doenças respiratórias de meninas, sugerindo a necessidade de estratificação por sexos em estudos posteriores.
Asunto(s)
Humanos , Masculino , Femenino , Niño , Factores Sexuales , Hospitalización/estadística & datos numéricos , Enfermedades Respiratorias/etnología , Enfermedades Respiratorias/terapia , Enfermedades Respiratorias/epidemiología , Brasil/epidemiología , Salud Infantil/estadística & datos numéricos , Factores de Riesgo , Medición de Riesgo , Exposición por Inhalación/efectos adversos , Exposición por Inhalación/prevención & control , Exposición por Inhalación/estadística & datos numéricos , Contaminantes Atmosféricos/análisis , Contaminantes Atmosféricos/efectos adversos , Material Particulado/análisis , Material Particulado/efectos adversos , Fenómenos Ecológicos y Ambientales , Hospitalización/economíaRESUMEN
BACKGROUND: We used an expanded conceptualization of ethnic density at the neighborhood level, tailored to Hispanic majority communities in the USA, and a robust measure of children's acculturation at the individual level, to predict Hispanic children's respiratory health. METHODS: We conducted a cross-sectional survey of 1904 children in 2012 in El Paso, TX, USA. One thousand one hundred and seven Hispanic children nested within 72 census tracts were analyzed. Multilevel logistic regression models with cross-level interactions were used to predict bronchitis, asthma and wheezing during sleep. RESULTS: A neighborhood-level ethnic density factor was a non-significant risk factor while individual-level acculturation was a significant risk factor for the three outcomes. Pest troubles and not having been breastfed as an infant intensified the positive association between ethnic density and bronchitis. Increases in ethnic density intensified the odds of wheezing in sleep if the child was not low birth weight or was not economically deprived. CONCLUSIONS: Results suggest that increasing individual-level acculturation is detrimental for US Hispanic children's respiratory health in this Hispanic majority setting, while high ethnic density neighborhoods are mildly risky and pose more significant threats when other individual-level factors are present.
Asunto(s)
Aculturación , Diversidad Cultural , Americanos Mexicanos/estadística & datos numéricos , Enfermedades Respiratorias/etnología , Niño , Estudios Transversales , Etnicidad/estadística & datos numéricos , Femenino , Humanos , Masculino , Densidad de Población , Características de la Residencia/estadística & datos numéricos , Enfermedades Respiratorias/epidemiología , Factores de Riesgo , Texas/epidemiología , Población Urbana/estadística & datos numéricosRESUMEN
Situated in neo-democratic globalizing Northeast Brazil, this anthropological study probes the role of ecological context in framing, experiencing, and expressing human distress. Ethnographic interviews, narratives, and "contextualized semantic analysis" reveal the lived experience of childhood respiratory diseases among 22 urban mangrove dwellers. Informants speak an "eco-idiom of respiratory distress" based on a popular "eco-logic", reflecting the harsh reality of "living in dampness". "Higher-up" residents legitimize their feelings of superiority by stigmatizing "lowlanders" as taboo, diseased (with porcine cysticercosis, swine flu) "filthy pigs, stuck in the muck" (atolados na lama). Animalizing inhabitants' identities demotes them to nonpersons. Besides infections, children suffer social stigma, ostracism, and barriers for accessing care. Promoting a "favorable environment" requires reducing ecological risk, challenging class-based prejudice, and restoring human dignity.
Asunto(s)
Metáfora , Enfermedades Respiratorias/etnología , Semántica , Antropología Médica , Brasil , Niño , Preescolar , Femenino , Humanos , Masculino , Áreas de Pobreza , Prejuicio , Justicia Social , Estereotipo , Población UrbanaRESUMEN
Situated in neo-democratic globalizing Northeast Brazil, this anthropological study probes the role of ecological context in framing, experiencing, and expressing human distress. Ethnographic interviews, narratives, and "contextualized semantic analysis" reveal the lived experience of childhood respiratory diseases among 22 urban mangrove dwellers. Informants speak an "eco-idiom of respiratory distress" based on a popular "eco-logic", reflecting the harsh reality of "living in dampness". "Higher-up" residents legitimize their feelings of superiority by stigmatizing "lowlanders" as taboo, diseased (with porcine cysticercosis, swine flu) "filthy pigs, stuck in the muck" (atolados na lama). Animalizing inhabitants' identities demotes them to nonpersons. Besides infections, children suffer social stigma, ostracism, and barriers for accessing care. Promoting a "favorable environment" requires reducing ecological risk, challenging class-based prejudice, and restoring human dignity.
Situado no neodemocrático globalizado Nordeste do Brasil, este estudo antropológico analisa o papel do contexto ecológico no enquadramento de experimentar e expressar a miséria humana. Entrevistas etnográficas, narrativas e "análise semântica contextualizada" revelam a experiência vivida por 22 residentes de manguezais urbanos com doenças respiratórias infantis. Informantes falam em uma "eco-linguagem de desconforto respiratório", baseada em uma "eco-lógica" popular, refletindo a dura realidade de "viver na umidade, no mangue". Residentes de áreas elevadas legitimam seus sentimentos de superioridade, estigmatizando residentes da "Baixada" como tabu, doentes (cisticercose suína, gripe suína etc.) como "porcos imundos, atolados na lama". Animalizando as identidades de seus habitantes, depreciando-os a não-pessoas. Além de infecções, as crianças sofrem barreiras sociais, ostracismo, estigma e falta de acesso aos cuidados. Promover um "ambiente favorável" requer a redução do risco ecológico, contestando preconceito classista e restaurando a dignidade humana.
Situado en el neo-democrático globalizado Nordeste brasileño, este estudio antropológico analiza el papel del contexto ecológico en el encuadramiento para experimentar y expresar la miseria humana. Entrevistas etnográficas, narrativas y un "análisis semántico contextualizado" revelan la experiencia vivida a causa de enfermedades respiratorias infantiles en 22 residentes de manglares urbanos. Los informantes hablan en un "eco-lenguaje de incomodidad respiratoria", basado en una "eco-lógica" popular, reflejando la dura realidad de "vivir en la humedad, en el manglar." Residentes de áreas elevadas legitiman sus sentimientos de superioridad, estigmatizando los residentes en la "Baixada" como un tabú, como enfermos (cisticercosis porcina, gripe porcina, etc.), como "cerdos inmundos, atrapados en el fango". Animalizando las identidades de sus habitantes, despreciándolos a la categoría de no-personas. Además de infecciones, los niños sufren barreras sociales derivadas del ostracismo, estigma y falta de acceso a los cuidados médicos. Promover un "ambiente favorable" requiere la reducción del riesgo ecológico, enfrentando los prejuicios clasistas y restaurando la dignidad humana.
Asunto(s)
Niño , Preescolar , Femenino , Humanos , Masculino , Metáfora , Enfermedades Respiratorias/etnología , Semántica , Antropología Médica , Brasil , Áreas de Pobreza , Prejuicio , Justicia Social , Estereotipo , Población UrbanaRESUMEN
OBJETIVO: Verificar a relação entre a doença respiratória das crianças declarada pelos pais e os seguintes aspectos: instituição de ensino da criança, grau de instrução dos pais, renda per capita, classe de consumo e grupo étnico da família. MÉTODOS: Estudo descritivo com enfoque retrospectivo, por meio da análise de dados coletados de pais de uma amostra de 959 escolares entre cinco e nove anos, que residiam no distrito estudado, em São Paulo, em 2004. O levantamento das informações foi realizado por meio de instrumento de coleta de dados. As doenças respiratórias pesquisadas no conjunto foram: rinite, rinossinusite, otite, laringite, faringoamigdalite, pneumonia e asma. A associação entre doença respiratória declarada e aspectos socioeconômicos foi avaliada pelo teste do qui-quadrado. RESULTADOS: Os pais de crianças que frequentavam escolas privadas declararam significativamente mais doenças respiratórias em seus filhos, em comparação aos pais de crianças que estudavam em escolas públicas. Os pais com grau de instrução superior ou ensino médio completo declararam significativamente mais doença respiratória em seus filhos. Não houve associação entre a doença respiratória com renda per capita, classe de consumo e etnia. CONCLUSÕES: A percepção mais apurada sobre a saúde dos filhos geralmente associa-se à maior escolaridade dos pais, o que também determina melhores condições de vida. Provavelmente, por isso, os pais cujos filhos frequentavam escolas privadas e com melhor nível de escolaridade referiram mais doenças respiratórias nas crianças. Infere-se, portanto, que conquistas na percepção de saúde e, consequentemente, nas condições de saúde associam-se à melhora do nível educacional.
OBJECTIVE: To determine the association between children's respiratory diseases reported by parents and the following criteria: attendance at private or public school, parents' educational level; family per capita income; household socioeconomic class, and family ethnicity. METHODS: This retrospective descriptive study analyzed data collected from questionnaires responded by the parents of 959 schoolchildren between five to nine years old, living in the district selected for the study, in São Paulo, Brazil, over 2004. Respiratory diseases reported by parents were rhinitis, rhinosinusitis, ear infections, laryngitis, pharyngitis, pneumonia, asthma and asthma-like diseases. A chi-square test was used to evaluate the association between respiratory diseases reported by parents and family socioeconomic factors. RESULTS: Parents of children in private schools reported significantly more respiratory diseases in their children than those whose children attended public schools. More respiratory diseases were reported for children whose parents finished high school or college. There were no significant differences between respiratory diseases and per capita income, socioeconomic class or ethnicity. CONCLUSIONS: A more accurate perception about the health of children is generally associated with parents' higher education, which is also expected to ensure better living conditions. This may explain why parents with a higher level of education and whose children attended private schools reported more respiratory diseases in their children. Our findings suggest that improvement of educational level is associated with more accurate health perceptions and, consequently, better health conditions.
Asunto(s)
Humanos , Masculino , Femenino , Enfermedades Respiratorias/economía , Enfermedades Respiratorias/etiología , Enfermedades Respiratorias/etnología , Servicios de Salud Escolar , Factores Culturales , Factores SocioeconómicosRESUMEN
To assess associations between acculturation, depression, and self-reported stress score with reported diagnosis of respiratory disease (RD) in Puerto Rican adults, participants (N = 1,168) were identified from areas of high Hispanic density in the Boston, MA metropolitan area. Eligible participants were interviewed in the home by bilingual interviewers in either Spanish or English. Scales included topics ranging from general background to depressive symptomatology. Respiratory disease was self-reported and checked against prescribed medication. More than one-third (37.8%) of subjects reported doctor-diagnosed RD. A final binary logistical regression model (N = 850), which was adjusted for potential confounders (sex, age, education, poverty) showed that RD was significantly associated with psychological acculturation (OR = 1.97, P = 0.005), depressive symptomatology (OR = 1.52, P = 0.03) high perceived stress score (OR = 1.97, P = 0.009), and current smoking (OR = 1.61, P = 0.03). Significant inverse associations included a high level of language acculturation (OR = 0.65, P = 0.03), light (OR = 0.67, P = 0.01) and moderate to heavy physical activity versus sedentary physical activity (OR = 0.40, P = 0.03). We found self reported physician diagnosed RD was associated with high perceived stress and depression, as well as higher levels of psychological acculturation. Longitudinal research is needed to determine if there is a causal pathway for these associations.
Asunto(s)
Aculturación , Depresión/etnología , Hispánicos o Latinos , Enfermedades Respiratorias/etnología , Estrés Psicológico/etnología , Factores de Edad , Anciano , Depresión/complicaciones , Ejercicio Físico , Femenino , Conductas Relacionadas con la Salud/etnología , Estado de Salud , Humanos , Masculino , Massachusetts/epidemiología , Persona de Mediana Edad , Puerto Rico/etnología , Enfermedades Respiratorias/complicaciones , Factores Sexuales , Fumar/etnología , Factores Socioeconómicos , Estrés Psicológico/complicacionesRESUMEN
Indoor air pollution has been identified as a major risk factor for acute and chronic respiratory diseases throughout the world. In the sovereign Navajo Nation, an American Indian reservation located in the Four Corners area of the USA, people burn coal in their homes for heat. To explore whether/how indoor coal combustion might contribute to poor respiratory health of residents, this study examined respiratory health data, identified household risk factors such as fuel and stove type and use, analyzed samples of locally used coal, and measured and characterized fine particulate airborne matter inside selected homes. In twenty-five percent of homes surveyed coal was burned in stoves not designed for that fuel, and indoor air quality was frequently found to be of a level to raise concerns. The average winter 24-hour PM2.5 concentration in 20 homes was 36.0 µg/m³. This is the first time that PM2.5 has been quantified and characterized inside Navajo reservation residents' homes.
Asunto(s)
Contaminación del Aire Interior/efectos adversos , Carbón Mineral/efectos adversos , Indígenas Norteamericanos , Exposición por Inhalación/efectos adversos , Material Particulado/efectos adversos , Enfermedades Respiratorias/etiología , Contaminación del Aire Interior/análisis , Ceniza del Carbón/efectos adversos , Ceniza del Carbón/análisis , Calefacción/métodos , Vivienda , Humanos , Exposición por Inhalación/análisis , New Mexico/epidemiología , Material Particulado/análisis , Admisión del Paciente/estadística & datos numéricos , Enfermedades Respiratorias/etnología , Factores de RiesgoRESUMEN
OBJECTIVES: This report summarizes the results of a cross-sectional study in Cameron Park in 2000-2001 to identify disease prevalence and health concerns among colonia residents and to identify environmental exposures to potentially adverse environmental conditions. RESULTS: Asthma and allergies were among the most prevalent respiratory diseases reported in both adults and children of Cameron Park. Other diseases affecting the community in higher numbers included diabetes and heart disease/high blood pressure. Among children, the most prevalent health conditions were asthma, followed by lung diseases, allergies, and to a lesser degree, skin rashes. CONCLUSIONS: These data can be useful in developing education and intervention programs to address the public health and medical issues impacting residents in the Cameron Park Colonia of Texas.
Asunto(s)
Ambiente , Disparidades en el Estado de Salud , Americanos Mexicanos/estadística & datos numéricos , Salud Pública/estadística & datos numéricos , Características de la Residencia/estadística & datos numéricos , Enfermedades Cardiovasculares/etnología , Estudios Transversales , Diabetes Mellitus/etnología , Humanos , Enfermedades Respiratorias/etnología , Factores de Riesgo , Factores Socioeconómicos , Texas/epidemiologíaRESUMEN
OBJECTIVE: To determine the effect of race and ethnicity on the use of oral beta-agonists, inhaled beta-agonists, and inhaled corticosteroids to treat respiratory symptoms in former premature infants after controlling for medical conditions, socioeconomic status, and site of outpatient care. STUDY DESIGN: Using a population cohort of infants born at a gestational age < or = 34 weeks at 5 Northern California Kaiser Permanente hospitals between 1998 and 2001 (n = 1436), we constructed multivariable models to determine predictive factors for the receipt of respiratory medications during the first year after discharge. RESULTS: After controlling for confounding factors, black infants were more likely to receive oral beta-agonists compared with white infants (OR 4.30, 95% CI 2.33-7.94), and Hispanic infants were less likely to receive inhaled beta-agonists (OR 0.62, 95% CI 0.39-0.99) or inhaled corticosteroids (OR 0.28, 95% CI 0.12-0.67). These findings were not explained by more outpatient visits for respiratory symptoms in black or Hispanic infants, because the observed racial differences persisted when children of similar respiratory symptoms were examined. CONCLUSIONS: Even in a high-risk population of insured infants, substantial racial differences persist in the use of respiratory medications that could not be explained by differences in respiratory symptoms.
Asunto(s)
Corticoesteroides/uso terapéutico , Agonistas Adrenérgicos beta/uso terapéutico , Antagonistas Adrenérgicos beta/uso terapéutico , Etnicidad , Disparidades en Atención de Salud , Grupos Raciales , Enfermedades Respiratorias/tratamiento farmacológico , Administración por Inhalación , Administración Oral , Displasia Broncopulmonar/tratamiento farmacológico , Displasia Broncopulmonar/etnología , California , Revisión de la Utilización de Medicamentos , Femenino , Humanos , Recién Nacido , Recien Nacido Prematuro , Unidades de Cuidado Intensivo Neonatal , Modelos Logísticos , Masculino , Alta del Paciente , Enfermedades Respiratorias/etnologíaRESUMEN
Os objetivos do estudo foram caracterizar a ocorrência de agravos respiratórios em creches e explorar associações com o cuidado oferecido. Foi realizado em duas creches universitárias e duas creches municipais, situadas na mesma região da cidade de São Paulo. Os dados das crianças de até 5 anos que freqüentaram as creches em 2003 foram coletados nos documentos disponíveis nesses locais. Nos dois tipos de creches houve grande variação de episódios de doença, como tem sido encontrado em outros estudos. A incidência de agravos de vias aéreas superiores e inferiores, respectivamente, foi de 1,01 e 0,36 episódios/criança-ano nas creches municipais, e, nas creches universitárias, 1,07 e 0,24 episódio/criança-ano. A ocorrência de pneumonia foi maior entre as crianças de todas as idades que começaram a freqüentar a creche em 2003. Os agravos respiratórios mantêm-se como importante causa de morbidade em creches, tornando necessário sistematizar atividades para sua prevenção e controle nesses locais.(AU)
Many studies have confirmed that children cared for in day-care centers have a higher risk of infections, especially those of the respiratory tract. This investigation had the purpose of characterizing the occurrence of respiratory illnesses in day-care centers and to explore possible associations with the offered care. The inquiry was carried out in two municipal and two university day-care centers, situated in the same region of the city of São Paulo. The data relating to the children under six years old that attended the day-care centers in 2003 were collected in personal records and other documents available at these places, and compared across the different day-care centers. In the two kinds of day-care centers there was great variation of illness episodes, confirming what has been found in other studies. The rate of respiratory illnesses episodes, respectively upper and lower airways infections, was 2.79 and 0.42 per child/year in the municipal day-care centers, and 1.69 and 0.91 per child/year in the university day-care centers. Pneumonia occurrence was higher for children of all ages that started to attend the day-care center in 2003. In conclusion, respiratory diseases continue to be an important cause of sickness in day-care centers. Since these institutions do not have activities focusing on the prevention and control of such illnesses, it is important to conduct more studies that analyze how the offered care can influence children's health in these places.(AU)
Asunto(s)
Enfermedades Respiratorias/psicología , Enfermedades Respiratorias/etnología , Cuidado del Niño/psicologíaRESUMEN
A tuberculose continua sendo um grave problema de saúde pública. Os sintomáticos respiratórios (SRs) têm papel importante como indicadores de programação das ações de controle. No presente trabalho, foi efetuado um estudo transversal, com o objetivo de conhecer o percentual de SR na população maior de 14 anos, que demanda os serviços de saúde em Fortaleza (durante o período de .....). Os resultados mostram que, do total de 1200 consultantes, 23,58% são SRs com qualquer tempo de duração dos sintomas e 6,50% com o tempo de três semanas ou mais. O percentual de SRs variou de 4,5% a 9,5% nas diferentes regiões de Fortaleza, bem como variou de 5,1% a 20,5% em diferentes grupos etários. Dos dentre os SRs detectados com sintomas de três semanas ou mais, 70,5% procuraram o centro de saúde por outras razões que não os sintomas respiratórios
Asunto(s)
Enfermedades Respiratorias/epidemiología , Enfermedades Respiratorias/etnología , Tuberculosis/epidemiologíaRESUMEN
The National Study of Health and Growth (NSHG) of primary school children has examined the relationships between height and each of six separate respiratory conditions, one of which was asthma, in children aged 5-11 years, allowing for a number of genetic and environmental confounding factors, in particular for parental height. The relationships were investigated in a 'representative' sample of 4974 Caucasian English children in 1984 and in an 'ethnic/inner city' sample of 3419 Afro-Caribbean/Indian and Pakistani/Caucasian English children in 1985. None of the respiratory conditions was found to be related to height except for 'wheeze most days', whether or not it was accompanied by an asthma attack in the last 12 months. The Caucasian children in the 'representative' sample who had 'wheeze most days', were 0.17 height standard deviation score (95% confidence interval 0.03 to 0.31) less (approximately 1 cm) than those with no wheeze. Comparisons with previous results for NSHG 'representative' Caucasian English children in 1973 showed good agreement except for children with three or more asthma attacks who were found to be shorter in 1973, but not in 1984, which may reflect improved treatment, or milder asthma being reported in 1984. It was concluded that, in the 1980s, the respiratory conditions were not related to height. The exception was 'wheeze most days'. It is suggested that this is an indicator of sickness, most likely asthma, which is being experienced with sufficient severity to affect growth slightly.
Asunto(s)
Asma/fisiopatología , Estatura , Enfermedades Respiratorias/fisiopatología , Análisis de Varianza , Asma/epidemiología , Asma/etnología , Población Negra , Bronquitis/epidemiología , Bronquitis/etnología , Bronquitis/fisiopatología , Niño , Preescolar , Inglaterra/epidemiología , Femenino , Humanos , India/etnología , Masculino , Pakistán/etnología , Prevalencia , Análisis de Regresión , Enfermedades Respiratorias/epidemiología , Enfermedades Respiratorias/etnología , Población Urbana , Indias Occidentales/etnología , Población BlancaRESUMEN
The National Study of Health and Growth (NSHG) of primary school children has examined the relationships between height and each of six separate respiratory conditions, one of which was asthma, in children aged 5-11 years, allowing for a number of genetic and enviromental confounding factors, in particular for parental height. The relationships were investigated in a 'representative' sample of 4974 Caucasian English children in 1984 and in an 'ethnic/inner city' sample of 3419 Afro-Caribbean/Indian and Pakistani/Caucasian English children in 1985. None of the respiratory conditions was found to be related to height except for wheeze most days', whether or not it was accompanied by an asthma attack in the last 12 months. The Caucasian children in the 'representative' sample who had 'wheeze most days', were 0.17 height standard deviation score (95 percent confidence interval 0.03 to 0.31) less (approximately 1cm) than those with no wheeze. Comparisons with previous results for NSHG 'representative' Caucasian English children in 1973 showed good agreement except for children with three or more asthma attacks who were found to be shorter in 1973, but not in 1984, which may reflect improved treatment, or milder asthma being reported in 1984. It was concluded that, in the 1980s, the respiratory conditions were not related to height. The exception was 'wheeze most days'. It is suggested that this is an indicator of sickness, most likely asthma, which is being experienced with sufficient severity to affect growth slightly (AU)
Asunto(s)
Humanos , Masculino , Femenino , Asma/fisiopatología , Estatura , Enfermedades Respiratorias/fisiopatología , Análisis de Varianza , Asma/epidemiología , Asma/etnología , Bronquitis/epidemiología , Bronquitis/etnología , Bronquitis/fisiopatología , Niño , Preescolar , Inglaterra/epidemiología , India/etnología , Pakistán/etnología , Prevalencia , Análisis de Regresión , Enfermedades Respiratorias/epidemiología , Enfermedades Respiratorias/etnología , Población Urbana , Indias Occidentales/etnologíaRESUMEN
Una investigacion etnografica realizada con grupos focales aymaras en el Altiplano Norte boliviano, Provincia Camacho, sobre creencias y costumbres relacionadas con enfermedades relevantes a la mortalidad evitable: Diarrea en niños y adultos, Neumonia, Tuberculosis, Sepsis puerperal. Comparacion de terminos aymaras con terminos tecnicos castellanos en cuanto a la etiologia, semiologia prevencion y tratamiento de entidades nosologicas percibidas por la poblacion. Recomendaciones concretas de traduccion del castellano al aymara requeridas en la educacion para la salud que concientizan sobre connotaciones especificamente ligadas al contexto cultural
Asunto(s)
Humanos , Masculino , Femenino , Salud Rural/tendencias , Atención Primaria de Salud/tendencias , Bolivia/etnología , Características Culturales , Diarrea/etnología , Educación en Salud/tendencias , Conducta Materna/etnología , Medicina Tradicional , Participación de la Comunidad/tendencias , Religión , Enfermedades Respiratorias/etnología , Tuberculosis/etnologíaRESUMEN
We have conducted a cross-sectional study of Hispanic residents of a community in New Mexico. A total of 2,111 subjects were recruited from 733 households; the overall participation rates were 68.1% for males and 78.9% for females. For all subjects, a standardized respiratory symptoms questionnaire was completed, spirometric testing was performed, and saliva and end-tidal breath samples were obtained. As in other populations, chronic respiratory symptoms were uncommon in children, and asthma was more prevalent in boys than in girls. In adults, physician-diagnosed chronic bronchitis and emphysema were less prevalent in this population than in a previously studied sample of non-Hispanic whites in New Mexico. Spirometric testing was confirmatory; less than 1% of the Hispanic males and females had chronic air-flow obstruction. The prevalence of cigarette usage in the Hispanics was comparable to data from non-Hispanic whites in New Mexico and from nationwide surveys. However, daily cigarette consumption by the Hispanics in this sample tended to be low, as found in previous studies in New Mexico and elsewhere.