RESUMEN
Residential segregation is the spatial manifestation of entrenched socioeconomic and racial inequities and is considered a fundamental cause of racial inequalities in health. Despite the well-documented racialized spatial inequalities that exist in urban areas throughout Brazil, few empirical investigations have examined the link between residential segregation and health and considered its implications for racial health inequalities in this setting. In the present study, we used data from the Brazilian Longitudinal Study of Adult Health (2008-2010) to examine the association between economic residential segregation and two major cardio-metabolic risk factors-hypertension and diabetes. We also examined whether associations were stronger for historically marginalized racial groups in Brazil. Residential segregation was calculated for study-defined neighborhoods using the Getis-Ord Local Gi* statistic and was based on household income data from the 2010 IBGE demographic census. Multivariable logistic regression models were used to examine associations. In our sample, Blacks and Browns were more likely to live in economically segregated neighborhoods. After taking into account income, education, and other demographic characteristics we found that individuals living in the most economically segregated neighborhoods were 26% more likely to have hypertension and 50% more likely to have diabetes than individuals living in more affluent areas. Although Blacks and Browns living in highly segregated neighborhoods had higher prevalence of hypertension and diabetes compared to Whites, we observed no statistically significant racial differences in the associations with residential segregation. Our findings suggest that residential segregation may be an important structural determinant of cardio-metabolic risk factors in Brazil. Moreover, the systematic and disproportionate exposure of Blacks and Browns to highly segregated neighborhoods may implicate these settings as potential drivers of racial inequalities in cardio-metabolic risk factors in urban settings in Brazil.
Asunto(s)
Enfermedades Cardiovasculares/etnología , Disparidades en el Estado de Salud , Enfermedades Metabólicas/etnología , Grupos Raciales/estadística & datos numéricos , Características de la Residencia/estadística & datos numéricos , Adulto , Brasil/epidemiología , Femenino , Humanos , Estudios Longitudinales , Masculino , Persona de Mediana Edad , Factores de RiesgoRESUMEN
BACKGROUND: Only fragmentary data are available on the burden of non-communicable diseases among immigrants in Europe, mostly limited to mortality by cause. Aim of the study is to investigate the prevalence of cardiovascular diseases across different immigrant groups in the Veneto Region (North-Eastern Italy). METHODS: The resident population aged 20-59 was classified according to country of citizenship. The Adjusted Clinical Groups System was adopted to identify selected cardiovascular conditions by linkage of Hospital Discharge Records, Emergency Room visits, Chronic disease registry for copayment exemptions, the Home care database, and drugs reimbursed by the Regional Health Service. Age standardized prevalence rates were compared across population groups, and rate ratios (RR) with 95% confidence intervals (CI) were computed taking the Italian population as reference. RESULTS: The prevalence of diabetes was higher across all immigrant groups compared to Italians. Specific risk patterns could be identified associated to different ethnicities: South Asian immigrants were at very high risk of diabetes, dyslipidemia, and ischemic heart disease (males RR 2.3, CI 1.9-2.8; females RR 2.0, CI 1.2-3.5). Immigrants from Africa were affected by high rates of hypertension, cerebrovascular diseases, and heart failure, with a more pronounced unfavorable profile among females (hypertension RR 3.0, CI 2.6-3.3; cerebrovascular diseases RR 1.7, CI 1.1-2.7). CONCLUSIONS: Wide differences in the prevalence of cardiovascular diseases could be detected across immigrant groups. These findings represent a first step towards systematic chronic disease surveillance by ethnicity, a fundamental tool for shaping culturally-tailored prevention strategies.
Asunto(s)
Enfermedades Cardiovasculares/diagnóstico , Enfermedades Cardiovasculares/etnología , Emigrantes e Inmigrantes , Etnicidad , Enfermedades Metabólicas/diagnóstico , Enfermedades Metabólicas/etnología , Adulto , África del Norte/etnología , Asia Sudoriental/etnología , América Central/etnología , Bases de Datos Factuales , Europa Oriental/etnología , Femenino , Humanos , Italia/etnología , Masculino , Persona de Mediana Edad , Factores de Riesgo , América del Sur/etnología , Adulto JovenRESUMEN
OBJECTIVE: Spirituality may contribute to the health advantage of foreign-born blacks compared to United States (US)-born blacks. The objective of this study was to test the hypothesis that spirituality attenuates the association of psychosocial stress to stress-associated metabolic risk factors among foreign-born Caribbean blacks living in a US jurisdiction. METHODS: Data on demographic factors, anthropometric measurements (height, weight and waist), fasting glucose and insulin, lifestyle behaviors (smoking and alcohol use), psychosocial stress and spirituality were collected from a population-based sample of 319 Afro-Caribbean immigrants, ages 20 and older, who were recruited between 1995 and 2000 in the Virgin Islands of the United States (USVI). Glucose and insulin measurements were used to estimate insulin resistance by the homeostasis model assessment (HOMA-IR) method. Participants were classified into three levels of spirituality, "low", "medium" and "high" based on the distribution of spirituality scores. Stepwise regression analyses were used to identify the significant predictors of waist circumference and HOMA-IR within each level of spirituality. RESULTS: The predictors of waist circumference and HOMA-IR varied across the levels of spirituality. Psychosocial stress was an independent predictor of waist and HOMA-IR only among participants with a low level of spirituality. CONCLUSION: Spirituality appears to attenuate the association of psychosocial stress to waist circumference and insulin resistance among Afro-Caribbean immigrants in the USVI.
Asunto(s)
Negro o Afroamericano/psicología , Emigrantes e Inmigrantes/psicología , Enfermedades Metabólicas/etnología , Espiritualidad , Estrés Psicológico/etnología , Adulto , Negro o Afroamericano/estadística & datos numéricos , Región del Caribe/etnología , Emigrantes e Inmigrantes/estadística & datos numéricos , Femenino , Humanos , Resistencia a la Insulina/etnología , Masculino , Persona de Mediana Edad , Factores de Riesgo , Islas Virgenes de los Estados Unidos , Circunferencia de la Cintura/etnologíaRESUMEN
É crescente a população carcerária no país. O agente penitenciário (ASP) é o profissional que presta serviço junto ao setor de segurança, tendo como funções o acompanhamento e vigilância dos presos nas dependências das unidades prisionais e realizando também escolta de presos. Os ASP têm uma vida atribulada e estressante e não possuem tempo e nem instalações para a prática de exercícios físicos. Assim o objetivo do estudo foi relacionar a prevalência da prática regular de exercícios físicos com a síndrome metabólica, com a ansiedade de traço e de estado, e com distúrbios psíquicos menores em ASP de Belo Horizonte, MG. Também foram caracterizados os hábitos de vida, frequência de exercício físico e parâmetros clínicos dos ASP. Participaram do estudo 101 ASP de três unidades Prisionais de Belo Horizonte. A média e desvio-padrão de idade da amostra masculina (n=76) foi de 33,1±5,7 anos e com 4,8±3,4 anos de trabalho. Verificou-se que a maioria da amostra faz o uso de bebidas alcoólicas (63%) e que 97,3% consideram seu trabalho muito perigoso. Ainda com relação ao sexo masculino, onde ocorreram as maiores alterações de componentes da SM, os agentes fumantes representam 26,3%. Foram encontrados valores menores (p<0,05): na glicemia de jejum de praticantes (101,0±14,9 mg?dl-1), comparados com não praticantes (111,9±21,5 mg?dl-1) e de pressão arterial sistólica (122,3±8,0 e 131,3±11,5 mmHg, respectivamente). O índice de massa corporal (IMC) de praticantes e não praticantes foi 26,4±3,8 e 29,6±6,1 kg?m-2 e a circunferência da cintura 91,2±8,7 e 100,1±13,9 cm, respectivamente, também foram menores (p<0,05). .
The prison population in Brazil has been growing. The prison agent (PA) is the professional who works in the security sector, having the tasks of conducting prisoners and vigilance inside the facilities, and escorting the prisoners to outside, as well. The agents have a busy and stressing life and they do not have time and facilities to physical exercise practice. Therefore, the objective was to relate the prevalence of physical exercise with metabolic syndrome, with trace and state anxiety, and with minor psychological disturbs in agents in Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil. Also habits of life, physical exercise and clinical parameters were characterized. One hundred and one agents took part in this study, as volunteers, from 3 different prison units. The male average (n=76) age and standard deviation of the sample was 33.1±5.7 years old and 4.8±3.4 years working as PA. It was evident that the majority uses alcoholic beverages (63%) and 97.3% classified their job as very dangerous. Considering males, where the greater alterations in MS factors were found, smokers represented 26.3% and altered glucose concentration was present in 27.6% of the sample. Smaller values were found (p<0.05) for: glucose in agents who practice (101.0±14.9 mg?dl-1) compared with non practitioners (111.9±21.5mg?dl-1) and arterial pressure (122.3±8.0 and 131.3±11,5 mmHg, respectively). Body mass index (BMI) in practitioners and non practitioners were 26.4±3.8 and 29.6±6.1 kg?m-2, and waist circumference 91.6±9.7 and 99.7±16.7 cm, respectively, were also smaller (p<0,05). It was concluded that there were greater alterations in the metabolic profile in males non practitioners of physical exercise in the three prisons institutions studied, because it was found systolic arterial pressure, BMI, waist circumference and blood glucose with statistically significant different values (p<0.05) compared with practitioners of physical activity.
Asunto(s)
Humanos , Masculino , Femenino , Adulto , Estilo de Vida Saludable/etnología , Enfermedades Metabólicas/etnología , Ejercicio Físico , Síntomas PsíquicosRESUMEN
BACKGROUND: The health status of chronic sick ethnic minority children in the Netherlands is unequal compared with indigenous Dutch children. In order to optimize the health care for these children a specific patient-oriented clinic in ethnic-cultural diversity: the Mosaic Outpatient Clinic (MOC) was integrated in the general Paediatric Outpatient Departments (POPD) of three hospitals in Amsterdam. METHODS: Feasibility of the MOC, factors influencing the health care process and encountered bottlenecks in health care were studied in ethnic minority children with asthma, diabetes type 1 or metabolic disease originating from Morocco, Turkey and Surinam. Feasibility was determined by the number of patients attended, support from the paediatric medical staff and willingness of the patients to participate. Influences on the health care process comprised parents' level of knowledge of disease, sense of disease severity, level of effort, linguistic skills, health literacy, adherence to treatment and encountered bottlenecks in the health care process. Moreover, the number of admissions and visits to the POPD in the years before, during and after the MOC were analysed. RESULTS: In 2006 a total of 189 ethnic minority children were seen. Integration of the MOC within the general POPD of the hospital is feasible. The ability of the parents to speak and understand Dutch was found to be 58%, functional health literacy was 88%; sufficient knowledge of disease and sense of disease severity were 59% and 67%, respectively. The main bottlenecks in the healthcare process: poor knowledge of disease, limited sense of disease severity and low health literacy in the parents proved to be the best predictors for decreased adherence. After attending the MOC there was a decrease in the number of admissions and visits to the POPD for asthma while the number of visits increased in patients with diabetes and the amount of no-shows decreased in patients with a metabolic disease. CONCLUSION: Integration of a MOC in the general POPD is feasible and appreciated by the parents, provides more insight in the problems ethnic minority children and their parents face and shows promising directions for optimizing adherence in these children.
Asunto(s)
Diversidad Cultural , Prestación Integrada de Atención de Salud/organización & administración , Grupos Minoritarios/estadística & datos numéricos , Servicio Ambulatorio en Hospital/organización & administración , Atención Dirigida al Paciente/organización & administración , Pediatría/organización & administración , Adolescente , Asma/etnología , Asma/terapia , Niño , Preescolar , Enfermedad Crónica , Diabetes Mellitus Tipo 1/etnología , Diabetes Mellitus Tipo 1/terapia , Estudios de Factibilidad , Investigación sobre Servicios de Salud , Humanos , Lactante , Enfermedades Metabólicas/etnología , Enfermedades Metabólicas/terapia , Marruecos/etnología , Países Bajos , Suriname/etnología , Turquía/etnologíaRESUMEN
AIM: It is hypothesized that a chronic defeat response to social or environmental stressors increases the likelihood of dysfunction of the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis with dysregulation of cortisol, accumulation of abdominal fat and development of glucose intolerance. Recent studies show that African-Caribbean women who have a high level of internalized racism (INR) are at increased risk for abdominal obesity and glucose intolerance. The aim of the current study was to determine if African-Caribbean women with high and low INR differ in their levels of perceived stress and defeat coping style, and in the relationship of these factors to cortisol secretion. METHODS: On the island of Dominica, information on perceived stress and coping style was collected from age- and body mass index-matched samples of nondiabetic women aged 25-60 with high (n = 27) and low (n = 26) INR. Cortisol levels for each participant were determined from saliva specimens collected at 8:30 am and 10:30 pm. RESULTS: A higher mean perceived stress score (PSS) and greater tendency to use "restraint," "denial" and "behavioral disengagement" (defeated) coping (BDC) styles were found among women with high INR compared to those with low INR. In the combined sample, PSS and BDC were significantly correlated with an indicator of dysregulation of cortisol. However, in group-specific analyses, adjusting for age and education, these correlations remained significant only among women with high INR. CONCLUSION: These findings support the view that high perceived stress and defeated coping style may be factors that link high INR to dysregulation of cortisol and, perhaps, also to greater risk of metabolic abnormalities.
Asunto(s)
Adaptación Psicológica , Actitud/etnología , Población Negra/psicología , Hidrocortisona/metabolismo , Prejuicio , Percepción Social , Estrés Psicológico/etnología , Estrés Psicológico/metabolismo , Adulto , Enfermedad Crónica/psicología , Dominica , Femenino , Humanos , Enfermedades Metabólicas/etnología , Enfermedades Metabólicas/etiología , Enfermedades Metabólicas/psicología , Persona de Mediana Edad , Factores de RiesgoRESUMEN
OBJECTIVE: Obesity, especially abdominal, has been associated with cardiovascular risk factors such as dyslipidemia, hypertension and diabetes mellitus (DM). The importance of these risk factors among Japanese-Brazilians was previously shown, although obesity is not a typical characteristic of Japanese migrants. In this study the prevalence of weight excess and central adiposity (CA) among Japanese-Brazilians and their association with metabolic disorders was evaluated. METHODS: A sample of 530 1st and 2nd generation Japanese-Brazilians (aged 40 - 79 years) went through anthropometric and blood pressure measurements, lipid profile and oral glucose tolerance tests. The prevalence rate (point and confidence interval) of overweight was calculated using a cut-off value of >26.4 kg/m2. CA diagnosis was based on waist-to-hip circumference ratio (WHR): greater-than-or-equal 0.85 and 0.95 in women and men, respectively. RESULTS: The prevalence of weight excess was 22.4% (CI 95% 20.6 - 28.1), and CA was 67.0% (95% CI 63.1 - 70.9). In addition to higher prevalence of DM, hypertension and dyslipidemia, stratifying by BMI and WHR, people with weight excess and CA revealed a poorer metabolic profile: blood pressure levels were significantly higher among those with weight excess with or without CA; CA individuals had higher glucose, triglycerides, total and LDL cholesterol, and lower HDL than those without weight excess or CA; fasting insulinemia was significantly higher among subjects with weight excess (with or without CA) than among those without weight excess or CA. CONCLUSION: Comparing subgroups with and without CA supports the hypothesis that abdominal fat accumulation represents a risk factor for insulin resistance-related diseases, even among Japanese descendants. The increased prevalence of metabolic syndrome among Japanese migrants could be attributed to visceral fat deposition, which has been implicated in the genesis of insulin resistance.