RESUMEN
The use of medicinal plants as a means of combating parasites is becoming increasingly popular due to general resistance to synthetic anthelmintics. Goats typically respond less well to anthelminthic treatments, which may increase their resistance to nematodes. For this purpose, the anthelmintic effect of Pelargonium quercetorum Agnew (P. quercetorum) extract was tested in an in vivo study against gastrointestinal parasites of goats. A total of 40 goats naturally infected with mixed gastrointestinal nematode species were divided into four groups: the first group was treated with albendazole (7.5 mg/kg), the second group received a single dose of closantel (7.5 mg/kg), the third group received plant extract (7.5 mg/kg), and the fourth group served as an untreated control. Fecal egg counts (FEC) were carried out on day 14, as well as day 0, which was prior to the first treatment dose. According to the results, maximum reduction in FEC percentage was observed in P. quercetorum treated group (63.41%). Furthermore, nematode parasites responded poorly to synthetic drugs, although there was a 4.72% and 45.54% decrease in FEC in the albendazole and closantel-treated groups, respectively. Although no significant difference was found between the treatment groups, the P. quercetorum treated group showed a significant reduction in fecal egg count after treatment. Based on findings, a P. quercetorum based anthelmintic could be a sustainable alternative to combat parasite infestation. Therefore, further studies are needed to determine the optimal dose rate and frequency of doses required for effective control of gastrointestinal parasites in goats.
Asunto(s)
Albendazol , Antihelmínticos , Heces , Enfermedades de las Cabras , Cabras , Nematodos , Infecciones por Nematodos , Recuento de Huevos de Parásitos , Pelargonium , Extractos Vegetales , Animales , Enfermedades de las Cabras/parasitología , Enfermedades de las Cabras/tratamiento farmacológico , Recuento de Huevos de Parásitos/veterinaria , Infecciones por Nematodos/veterinaria , Infecciones por Nematodos/tratamiento farmacológico , Infecciones por Nematodos/parasitología , Infecciones por Nematodos/prevención & control , Heces/parasitología , Antihelmínticos/uso terapéutico , Antihelmínticos/farmacología , Antihelmínticos/administración & dosificación , Pelargonium/química , Nematodos/efectos de los fármacos , Albendazol/uso terapéutico , Albendazol/farmacología , Albendazol/administración & dosificación , Extractos Vegetales/farmacología , Enfermedades Gastrointestinales/parasitología , Enfermedades Gastrointestinales/veterinaria , Enfermedades Gastrointestinales/tratamiento farmacológico , Salicilanilidas/farmacología , Salicilanilidas/administración & dosificación , Parasitosis Intestinales/veterinaria , Parasitosis Intestinales/tratamiento farmacológico , Parasitosis Intestinales/parasitologíaRESUMEN
We investigated herein the prevalence of Fasciola hepatica infection in sheep at Sejnane slaughterhouse, governorate of Bizerte, Northwest of Tunisia, using three different diagnostic techniques (liver dissection, bile examination, and coprology). Faeces, liver, gall bladder as well as blood samples were collected from 603 slaughtered sheep in two seasons: winter and summer. Faecal egg counts of F. hepatica were estimated using sedimentation technique. Livers were examined for the presence of flukes, and bile collected from gall bladder was examined by sedimentation technique for the presence of F. hepatica eggs. Faecal egg counts of gastrointestinal helminths were estimated using flotation followed by the McMaster technique. Blood samples were used to estimate blood cell count (RBC) (×106/mL), haemoglobin (Hb) (g/dL), and haematocrit (Ht) (%) levels. A total of 1714 F. hepatica flukes were collected from 68 infected livers, the number of flukes per sheep ranged between naught and 195. Bile examination (16.78% ± 1.83; 51/310) showed the higher infection prevalence, followed by liver dissection (11.28% ± 1.17; 68/603) and coprology (9.12% ± 1.08; 55/603) (p = 0.015). Infection prevalences were significantly higher in young sheep aged of less than 1 year (8.13% ± 1.22; 49/498), in cross-bred sheep (10.61% ± 1.39%; 64/478), and in summer (7.13% ± 1.82; 43/293) (p < 0.05). There was no significant difference in infection prevalence by gastrointestinal helminths in F. hepatica-infected and F. hepatica-non-infected animals (p > 0.05). The overall prevalence of F. hepatica-infected anaemic sheep was higher (22.73% ± 4.47; 20/88) than F. hepatica-non-infected anaemic sheep (p < 0.05). Fasciola hepatica infection is frequent in sheep from Sejnane representing hence an important constraint for the development of the sheep industry in this region. Therefore, it is necessary to establish and implement a specific control programme to reduce fasciolosis infection risks including animal owners' education.
Asunto(s)
Anemia , Fasciola hepatica , Fascioliasis , Enfermedades de las Ovejas , Animales , Fascioliasis/veterinaria , Fascioliasis/epidemiología , Fascioliasis/parasitología , Enfermedades de las Ovejas/epidemiología , Enfermedades de las Ovejas/parasitología , Ovinos , Prevalencia , Túnez/epidemiología , Fasciola hepatica/aislamiento & purificación , Anemia/veterinaria , Anemia/epidemiología , Anemia/parasitología , Anemia/etiología , Factores de Riesgo , Oveja Doméstica , Femenino , Masculino , Enfermedades Gastrointestinales/veterinaria , Enfermedades Gastrointestinales/epidemiología , Enfermedades Gastrointestinales/parasitología , Mataderos , Helmintiasis Animal/epidemiología , Helmintiasis Animal/parasitología , Parasitosis Intestinales/veterinaria , Parasitosis Intestinales/epidemiología , Parasitosis Intestinales/parasitologíaRESUMEN
Gastrointestinal nematode (GIN) infection poses the most significant obstacle to the sustainable development of small ruminant (sheep and goat) farming globally. Resistance of GINs to synthetic anthelmintic drugs has led to rising interest in exploring alternative methods for parasite control, such as the utilization of bioactive plants with anti-parasitic properties. In this investigation, black seed (Nigella sativa), a shrub high in secondary antioxidant compounds, and sericea lespedeza (Lespedeza cuneata), a perennial legume high in tannins with anti-parasitic properties were combined to determine if two bioactive plants containing different types of secondary compounds can provide a stronger anti-parasitic effect than sericea lespedeza alone. In a 49-day trial, naturally parasitized 6-7-month-old intact male Spanish goats (n = 15/treatment) were fed pelletized feeds encompassing sericea lespedeza leaf meal (SL), a combination of black seed meal (BS) and sericea lespedeza leaf meal (BS-SL - 75â¯% SL, 25â¯% BS), or alfalfa (Medicago sativa, control parasitized; CONP), with an additional group of dewormed kids given the alfalfa pellets (Control treated; CONT). Weekly measurements of animal weights and samples of blood and feces were collected to determine the packed cell volume (PCV), GIN fecal egg counts (FEC), and coccidia fecal oocyte counts (FOC), respectively. All animals were processed at the end of the trial (60 total), with adult Haemonchus contortus worms recovered from the abomasum of each goat for counting and sex determination. Carcass weights were recorded after processing. Goats given the SL and BS-SL treatments had lower FEC (P<0.05) than the parasitized alfalfa (CONP) goats. At the end of the study, the SL and BS-SL groups' FOC values were lower (P < 0.05) than the CONT and CONP groups. A rise in PCV values was seen over time for all groups; SL, BS-SL, and CONT animals exhibited higher PCV values (P < 0.05) in comparison to the CONP goats. The parasitized goats fed SL-only pellets showed greater feed intake and animal body weights (P < 0.05) compared to goats fed BS-SL or alfalfa pellets. However, the treatments had no effect on the weight of the goats' carcasses. Although the H. contortus adult worm counts in the CONT goats (alfalfa-dewormed) were lower (P < 0.05) than in the CONP goats (alfalfa-parasitized), they did not differ from the SL or BS-SL animals. This study indicates that sericea lespedeza leaf meal pellet diet, either by itself or in combination with black seed meal, showed promising results as an anthelmintic and may prove to be an effective alternative to exclusive use of conventional deworming drugs. The addition of black seed did not appear to enhance the effectiveness of sericea lespedeza in this study.
Asunto(s)
Alimentación Animal , Enfermedades de las Cabras , Cabras , Lespedeza , Infecciones por Nematodos , Animales , Enfermedades de las Cabras/parasitología , Masculino , Alimentación Animal/análisis , Infecciones por Nematodos/veterinaria , Infecciones por Nematodos/parasitología , Lespedeza/química , Coccidiosis/veterinaria , Coccidiosis/parasitología , Coccidiosis/prevención & control , Hojas de la Planta/química , Enfermedades Gastrointestinales/veterinaria , Enfermedades Gastrointestinales/parasitología , Dieta/veterinaria , Semillas/química , Nigella sativa/química , Nematodos/efectos de los fármacos , Nematodos/fisiología , Recuento de Huevos de Parásitos/veterinaria , Heces/parasitología , Coccidios/efectos de los fármacos , Coccidios/fisiología , Antihelmínticos/farmacología , Antihelmínticos/uso terapéutico , Antihelmínticos/administración & dosificaciónRESUMEN
BACKGROUND: Canine parvovirus type 2 (CPV-2) is the most common enteric virus that infects canids. CPV is the causative agent of a contagious disease defined mostly by clinical gastrointestinal signs in dogs. During the late 1970s, CPV-2 emerged as a new virus capable of infecting domestic dogs and growing across the world. The VP2 gene stands out as a key determinant in the pathogenicity, antigenicity, and host interactions of CPV-2. AIMS: The molecular characterization of the VP2 gene is crucial for understanding CPV evolution and epidemiology. MATERIALS & METHODS: Genes encoding the VP2 protein were sequenced and compared to reference strains worldwide. The maximum likelihood method was used to build a phylogenetic tree using CPV VP2 gene nucleotide sequences. RESULTS: Our phylogenetic analysis of the VP2 gene revealed that five strains were very similar and clustered together, and three strains were in the 2b clade, whereas the other two were in the 2a/2b clade. DISCUSSION: This paper reports the molecular characterization of two novel CPV-2a/2b subtypes in dogs with gastrointestinal symptoms. Genetic analysis was conducted on a CPV genomic region encompassing one of the open reading frames (ORFs) encoding the structural protein VP2. Sequence analysis indicates new and unreported sequence changes, mainly affecting the VP2 gene, which includes the mutations Ser297Ala and Leu87Met. This study represents the first evidence of a new CPV-2a/2b subtype in Türkiye. Due to VP2's crucial role in encoding the capsid protein of CPV-2 and its significant involvement in the host-virus interaction, it is critical to closely monitor its evolutionary changes and be cautious while searching for novel or pre-existing subtypes. CONCLUSION: This study highlights the significance of continuous molecular research for acquiring more insights on the circulation of novel CPV mutants.
Asunto(s)
Variación Genética , Parvovirus Canino , Parvovirus Canino/clasificación , Parvovirus Canino/genética , Animales , Perros , Filogenia , Proteínas de la Cápside/química , Proteínas de la Cápside/genética , Enfermedades Gastrointestinales/veterinaria , Enfermedades Gastrointestinales/virología , Infecciones por Parvoviridae/veterinaria , Infecciones por Parvoviridae/virología , Turquía , Especificidad de la Especie , GenotipoRESUMEN
The general aim of this study is to analyse the risk factors for gastrointestinal parasitosis in small ruminants in order to contribute to the emergence of targeted treatment methods, at herd and agro-climatic zone levels, for the integrated and sustainable management of parasitic diseases in Sahelian livestock systems. The methodology was based on a questionnaire survey conducted in 37 villages and coprological analysis using the McMaster method on faecal samples from 968 small ruminants, including 555 goats and 413 sheep. Multiple logistic regression was used to highlight the risk factors associated with each type of parasitosis encountered. The results showed that the most widespread farming system remained 100% traditional, with feeding based essentially on natural grazing. Coprological results showed the prevalence of nematodosis (70.2%), Cestodosis (4.1%) and Coccidiosis (79.9%), with an average prevalence of coinfection of 56.9%. These parasite loads were significantly higher during the rainy season and in the more arid northern Sahelian zone, with a marked reduction at the end of the season. Average parasitic egg excretions were 1089 EPG of nematodes and 6864 EPG of coccidia. Parasite loads were higher in the wetter southern strip and varied significantly by breed. Of the five breeds of small ruminants studied, the ara-ara sheep had the highest parasitic loads and prevalences for nematodosis (78.6%), coccidiosis (89,3%) and coinfection (70.9%), appears to be the most susceptible to parasitosis. As for risk factors for severe parasite pressure, animals at the end of the rainy season, older animals and those with poor body condition were at risk of nematodiasis or coinfection. On the other hand, animals at the beginning of the rainy season, farms located in less arid southern Sahelian zones and male subjects were the groups at significant risk of coccidiosis. In these extensive Sahelian farming conditions, the control of these parasitoses by selective treatment of animals could be developed, targeting in particular the risk groups highlighted in this study.
Asunto(s)
Enfermedades de las Cabras , Cabras , Enfermedades de las Ovejas , Animales , Factores de Riesgo , Prevalencia , Enfermedades de las Ovejas/epidemiología , Enfermedades de las Ovejas/parasitología , Ovinos , Enfermedades de las Cabras/parasitología , Enfermedades de las Cabras/epidemiología , Cabras/parasitología , Masculino , Femenino , Niger/epidemiología , Heces/parasitología , Coccidiosis/veterinaria , Coccidiosis/epidemiología , Coccidiosis/parasitología , Estaciones del Año , Parasitosis Intestinales/veterinaria , Parasitosis Intestinales/epidemiología , Parasitosis Intestinales/parasitología , Crianza de Animales Domésticos/métodos , Enfermedades Gastrointestinales/veterinaria , Enfermedades Gastrointestinales/parasitología , Enfermedades Gastrointestinales/epidemiología , Encuestas y Cuestionarios , Infecciones por Nematodos/veterinaria , Infecciones por Nematodos/epidemiología , Infecciones por Nematodos/parasitología , Recuento de Huevos de Parásitos/veterinariaRESUMEN
Infections with gastrointestinal nematodes (GINs) reduce the economic efficiency of sheep operations and compromise animal welfare. Understanding the host's response to GIN infection can help producers identify animals that are naturally resistant to infection. The objective of this study was to characterize the hepatic transcriptome of sheep that had been naturally exposed to GIN parasites. The hepatic transcriptome was studied using RNA-Sequencing technology in animals characterized as high (n = 5) or medium (n = 6) based on their innate immune acute-phase (AP) response phenotype compared with uninfected controls (n = 4), and with biased antibody-mediated (AbMR, n = 5) or cell-mediated (CMR, n = 5) adaptive immune responsiveness compared to uninfected controls (n = 3). Following the assessment of sheep selected for innate responses, 0, 136, and 167 genes were differentially expressed (DE) between high- and medium-responding animals, high-responding and uninfected control animals, and medium-responding and uninfected control animals, respectively (false discovery rate (FDR) < 0.05, and fold change |FC| > 2). When adaptive immune responses were assessed, 0, 53, and 57 genes were DE between antibody- and cell-biased animals, antibody-biased and uninfected control animals, and cell-biased and uninfected control animals, respectively (FDR < 0.05, |FC| > 2). Functional analyses identified enriched gene ontology (GO) terms and metabolic pathways related to the innate immune response and energy metabolism. Six functional candidate genes were identified for further functional and validation studies to better understand the underlying biological mechanisms of host responses to GINs. These, in turn, can potentially help improve decision making and management practices to increase the overall host immune response to GIN infection.
Asunto(s)
Inmunidad Innata , Hígado , Infecciones por Nematodos , Enfermedades de las Ovejas , Transcriptoma , Animales , Ovinos/parasitología , Hígado/parasitología , Hígado/metabolismo , Hígado/inmunología , Infecciones por Nematodos/veterinaria , Infecciones por Nematodos/genética , Infecciones por Nematodos/inmunología , Infecciones por Nematodos/parasitología , Enfermedades de las Ovejas/parasitología , Enfermedades de las Ovejas/genética , Enfermedades de las Ovejas/inmunología , Inmunidad Innata/genética , Nematodos/patogenicidad , Inmunidad Adaptativa/genética , Enfermedades Gastrointestinales/genética , Enfermedades Gastrointestinales/parasitología , Enfermedades Gastrointestinales/inmunología , Enfermedades Gastrointestinales/veterinariaRESUMEN
Phenylbutazone (PBZ) is a widely used nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug for horses. However, because of its gastrointestinal side effects, its administration requires careful attention in veterinary practice. Malondialdehyde (MDA) is a serum biomarker associated with increased damage to the equine gastrointestinal system. This study investigated the hematological effects and alterations in the gastrointestinal tract and assessed serum MDA concentrations following repeated oral PBZ administration at clinical doses. Fourteen horses were randomly divided into control and treatment groups. All horses in the treatment group were administered 4.4 milligrams per kilogram of body weight of PBZ syrup orally twice a day for 7 days, whereas the control group received syrup as a placebo. The development of gastrointestinal side effects was investigated using gastroscopy, abdominal ultrasound, and fecal pH; serum MDA concentrations were assessed using a commercially available enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay kit. Data were compared between PBZ-treated and control horses before and after the treatment period. The treatment group exhibited decreased albumin and total protein concentrations. Moreover, this group exhibited a higher thickness of the right dorsal colon wall (p = 0.03) and had higher scores for squamous gastric ulcers (p = 0.01). Fecal pH was lower in the treatment group than in the control group after PBZ administration (p < 0.01). Although MDA concentrations were higher in the treatment group after PBZ administration, they did not differ significantly from those of the control group. This study highlighted the changes in hematological and gastrointestinal lesions resulting from PBZ administration in horses at clinical doses, even without clinical signs. However, MDA may not be an optimal biomarker for the early detection of gastrointestinal damage due to PBZ treatment in horses.
Asunto(s)
Antiinflamatorios no Esteroideos , Enfermedades de los Caballos , Malondialdehído , Fenilbutazona , Animales , Caballos , Fenilbutazona/administración & dosificación , Fenilbutazona/efectos adversos , Malondialdehído/sangre , Enfermedades de los Caballos/inducido químicamente , Enfermedades de los Caballos/tratamiento farmacológico , Enfermedades de los Caballos/sangre , Administración Oral , Masculino , Antiinflamatorios no Esteroideos/administración & dosificación , Femenino , Enfermedades Gastrointestinales/veterinaria , Enfermedades Gastrointestinales/inducido químicamente , Enfermedades Gastrointestinales/sangre , Tracto Gastrointestinal/efectos de los fármacosRESUMEN
BACKGROUND: The health and productivity of dairy goats continue to be impacted by gastrointestinal nematodes (GIN) and lungworms (LW). Eprinomectin (EPN) is frequently selected for treatment because it is generally effective and does not require a milk withdrawal period. However, some factors, such as lactation, can have an impact on EPN pharmacokinetics and potentially its efficacy. To evaluate whether this can alter the efficacy of Eprecis® 2%, an eprinomectin injectable solution, a study was performed in lactating goats using the dose currently registered in cattle, sheep and goats (0.2 mg/kg). METHODS: This study was a blinded, randomized, controlled trial performed according to the VICH guidelines. Eighteen (18) worm-free lactating goats were included and experimentally challenged on day 28 with a mixed culture of infective gastrointestinal and lung nematode larvae (Haemonchus contortus, Trichostrongylus colubriformis, Teladorsagia circumcincta, Dictyocaulus filaria). At D-1, fecal samples were collected to confirm patent infection in all animals. On D0, the goats were randomly allocated into two groups of nine goats; group 1 was treated with Eprecis® 2% at 0.2 mg/kg BW by subcutaneous injection, while group 2 remained untreated. Fecal samples for egg counts were collected from all animals on days 3, 5, 7, 9, 11 and 14. On D14, all goats were killed, and the abomasum, small intestine and lungs were removed, processed and subsampled to record the number and species of worms. RESULTS: The treatment was well tolerated. After treatment, the arithmetic mean FEC decreased in the treated group and remained < 5 EPG until the end of the study, while the arithmetic mean FEC in the control group remained > 849.0 EPG. At D14, goats in the treated group had very limited or zero total worm counts, whereas all animals from the control group had a high worm burden. The measured efficacy was 100.0% against H. contortus and T. colubriformis, 99.9% against T. circumcincta and 98.0% against D. filaria. CONCLUSIONS: Eprinomectin (Eprecis®, 20 mg/ml), administered at the label dose (0.2 mg/kg), is highly effective against gastrointestinal nematodes and lungworms in lactating goats.
Asunto(s)
Heces , Enfermedades de las Cabras , Cabras , Ivermectina , Lactancia , Infecciones por Nematodos , Animales , Ivermectina/análogos & derivados , Ivermectina/administración & dosificación , Ivermectina/farmacocinética , Ivermectina/uso terapéutico , Enfermedades de las Cabras/tratamiento farmacológico , Enfermedades de las Cabras/parasitología , Femenino , Infecciones por Nematodos/veterinaria , Infecciones por Nematodos/tratamiento farmacológico , Infecciones por Nematodos/parasitología , Heces/parasitología , Lactancia/efectos de los fármacos , Recuento de Huevos de Parásitos/veterinaria , Inyecciones Subcutáneas/veterinaria , Antihelmínticos/administración & dosificación , Antihelmínticos/uso terapéutico , Antihelmínticos/farmacocinética , Nematodos/efectos de los fármacos , Enfermedades Gastrointestinales/veterinaria , Enfermedades Gastrointestinales/parasitología , Enfermedades Gastrointestinales/tratamiento farmacológico , Pulmón/parasitologíaRESUMEN
Canine kobuvirus (CaKoV) is a pathogen associated with canine gastrointestinal disease (GID). This study examined 327 rectal swabs (RS), including 113 from Vietnam (46 healthy, 67 with GID) and 214 from Thailand (107 healthy and 107 with GID). CaKoV was detected in both countries, with prevalences of 28.3% (33/113) in Vietnam and 7.9% (17/214) in Thailand. Additionally, CaKoV was found in both dogs with diarrhea and healthy dogs. CaKoV was mainly found in puppies under six months of age (30.8%). Co-detection with other canine viruses were also observed. The complete coding sequence (CDS) of nine Vietnamese and four Thai CaKoV strains were characterized. Phylogenetic analysis revealed a close genetic relationship between Vietnamese and Thai CaKoV strains, which were related to the Chinese strains. CDS analysis indicated a distinct lineage for two Vietnamese CaKoV strains. Selective pressure analysis on the viral capsid (VP1) region showed negative selection, with potential positive selection sites on B-cell epitopes. This study, the first of its kind in Vietnam, provides insights into CaKoV prevalence in dogs of different ages and healthy statuses, updates CaKoV occurrence in Thailand, and sheds light on its molecular characteristics and immune evasion strategies.
Asunto(s)
Enfermedades de los Perros , Kobuvirus , Filogenia , Infecciones por Picornaviridae , Animales , Perros , Tailandia/epidemiología , Vietnam/epidemiología , Kobuvirus/genética , Kobuvirus/inmunología , Enfermedades de los Perros/virología , Enfermedades de los Perros/epidemiología , Enfermedades de los Perros/inmunología , Infecciones por Picornaviridae/veterinaria , Infecciones por Picornaviridae/virología , Infecciones por Picornaviridae/epidemiología , Infecciones por Picornaviridae/inmunología , Evolución Molecular , Prevalencia , Enfermedades Gastrointestinales/virología , Enfermedades Gastrointestinales/veterinaria , Enfermedades Gastrointestinales/epidemiología , Enfermedades Gastrointestinales/inmunologíaRESUMEN
Biomarkers are specific molecular, histological, or physiological characteristics of normal or pathogenic biological processes and are promising in the diagnosis of gastrointestinal nematodes (GINs). Although some biomarkers have been validated for infection by Ostertagia sp. in cattle raised in temperate regions, there is a lack of information for tropical regions. The aim of this project was to assess potential biomarkers and validate the most promising. In the first study, 36 bovines (Nelore breed) naturally infected by GINs were distributed into two groups: infected (not treated with anthelmintic) and treated (treated with fenbendazole on days 0, 7, 14, 21, 28, 42, and 56). The variables of interest were live weight, fecal egg count, hemogram, serum biochemical markers, phosphorus, gastrin, and pepsinogen. In the second step, pepsinogen was assessed in cattle of the Nelore breed distributed among three groups: infected (not treated with anthelmintic), MOX (treated with moxidectin), and IVM + BZD (treated with ivermectin + albendazole). In the first study, no difference between groups was found for weight, albumin, hematocrit (corpuscular volume [CV]), erythrocytes, or hemoglobin. Negative correlations were found between pepsinogen and both CV and albumin, and albumin was negatively correlated with the percentage of Haemonchus sp. in the fecal culture. Among the biomarkers, only pepsinogen differentiated treated and infected (beginning with the 28th day of the study). In the second study, a reduction in pepsinogen was found after anthelmintic treatment. Therefore, pepsinogen is a promising biomarker of worms in cattle naturally infected by the genera Haemonchus and Cooperia in tropical areas.
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Biomarcadores , Enfermedades de los Bovinos , Heces , Infecciones por Nematodos , Clima Tropical , Animales , Bovinos , Enfermedades de los Bovinos/parasitología , Enfermedades de los Bovinos/tratamiento farmacológico , Biomarcadores/sangre , Infecciones por Nematodos/veterinaria , Infecciones por Nematodos/parasitología , Infecciones por Nematodos/tratamiento farmacológico , Heces/parasitología , Recuento de Huevos de Parásitos , Antihelmínticos/uso terapéutico , Nematodos/aislamiento & purificación , Nematodos/clasificación , Nematodos/efectos de los fármacos , Enfermedades Gastrointestinales/parasitología , Enfermedades Gastrointestinales/veterinaria , Parasitosis Intestinales/veterinaria , Parasitosis Intestinales/parasitología , Fenbendazol/uso terapéuticoRESUMEN
Understanding gastrointestinal parasite distribution is crucial for effective control programs in horses. This study reports the prevalence of helminth infections in horses and selected risk factors (i.e., breed, age, climate, season) by analyzing 19,276 fecal samples from the Laboratory of Veterinary Clinical Parasitology, in Curitiba, Southern Brazil. The analyses were carried out from 2008 to 2019, coming from 153 stud farms located in 60 municipalities of nine Brazilian states. The parasite prevalence was 73.3%, with 72.1% present in the adult population and 80.6% in young horses. Strongyles were present in 100% horse farms. Strongyles had a prevalence of 72.1% with a mean FEC of 453.53 (+/- 717.6). Parascaris spp. had a prevalence of 5.8% and a FEC of 17.11 (+/- 149.2). The tropical wet/monsoon climate (Am) showed the lowest FEC for strongyles and Parascaris spp. when compared to the other climates. In the logistic regression analysis, young horses exhibited 4.6 times higher odds ratio (OR) (3.9-5.5) of Parascaris spp. and 1.2 (1.1-1.4) times higher OR of strongyles egg shedding when compared to adults (P < 0.001). Summer presented a higher risk for Parascaris spp. and Strongyles eggs when compared to the other seasons (P < 0.001). Mangalarga Marchador, Criollo, and Crossbred breeds were identified with higher OR of Parascaris spp. egg shedding than Thoroughbred. The extensive prevalence of strongyles across ages, seasons, breeds, and climates alerts for the risk of clinical manifestations in equines raised on pastures designing optimal health management and parasite control strategies worldwide.
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Enfermedades Gastrointestinales , Helmintiasis Animal , Enfermedades de los Caballos , Factores de Edad , Brasil/epidemiología , Clima , Coinfección/epidemiología , Coinfección/parasitología , Coinfección/veterinaria , Heces/parasitología , Enfermedades Gastrointestinales/diagnóstico , Enfermedades Gastrointestinales/epidemiología , Enfermedades Gastrointestinales/parasitología , Enfermedades Gastrointestinales/veterinaria , Helmintiasis Animal/diagnóstico , Helmintiasis Animal/epidemiología , Enfermedades de los Caballos/diagnóstico , Enfermedades de los Caballos/epidemiología , Enfermedades de los Caballos/parasitología , Recuento de Huevos de Parásitos/veterinaria , Prevalencia , Estudios Retrospectivos , Factores de Riesgo , Estaciones del Año , AnimalesRESUMEN
Sustainable parasite control practices are necessary to combat the negative effects of gastrointestinal nematodes on animal health and production while reducing the selection pressure for anthelmintic resistance. Parasite diagnostic tests can inform treatment decisions, the timing and effectiveness of treatment and enable livestock breeding programmes. In recent years new diagnostic methods have been developed, some incorporating machine learning (ML), to facilitate the detection and enumeration of parasite eggs. It is important to understand the technical characteristics and performance of such new methods compared to long standing and commonly utilised methods before they are widely implemented. The aim of the present study was to trial three new diagnostic tools relying on image analysis (FECPAKG2, Micron and OvaCyte) and to compare them to traditional manual devices (McMaster and Mini-FLOTAC). Faecal samples were obtained from 41 lambs naturally infected with gastrointestinal nematodes. Samples were mixed and separated into 2 aliquots for examination by each of the 5 methods: McMaster, Mini-FLOTAC, FECPAKG2, Micron and OvaCyte. The techniques were performed according to their respective standard protocols and results were collected by trained staff (McMaster and Mini-FLOTAC) or by the device (FECPAKG2, Micron and OvaCyte). Regarding strongyle worm egg count, McMaster values varied from 0 to 9,000 eggs per gram (EPG). When comparing replicate aliquots, both the Mini-FLOTAC and Micron methods displayed similar repeatability to McMaster. However, we found FECPAKG2 and OvaCyte significantly less precise than McMaster. When comparing parasite egg enumeration, significant positive linear correlations were established between McMaster and all other methods. No difference was observed in EPG between McMaster and Mini-FLOTAC or FECPAKG2; however, Micron and OvaCyte returned significantly higher and lower EPG, respectively, compared to McMaster. The number of eggs ascribed to other parasite species was not sufficient for performing a robust statistical comparison between all methods. However, it was noted that FECPAKG2 generally did not detect Strongyloides papillosus eggs, despite these being detected by other methods. In addition, Moniezia spp and Trichuris spp eggs were detected by OvaCyte and Mini-FLOTAC, respectively, but not by other methods. The observed variation between traditional and new methods for parasite diagnostics highlights the need for continued training and enhancing of ML models used and the importance of developing clear guidelines for validation of newly developed methods.
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Heces , Infecciones por Nematodos , Enfermedades de las Ovejas , Animales , Ovinos , Enfermedades de las Ovejas/parasitología , Enfermedades de las Ovejas/diagnóstico , Infecciones por Nematodos/veterinaria , Infecciones por Nematodos/diagnóstico , Infecciones por Nematodos/parasitología , Heces/parasitología , Recuento de Huevos de Parásitos/veterinaria , Recuento de Huevos de Parásitos/métodos , Recuento de Huevos de Parásitos/instrumentación , Microscopía/veterinaria , Microscopía/métodos , Enfermedades Gastrointestinales/veterinaria , Enfermedades Gastrointestinales/parasitología , Enfermedades Gastrointestinales/diagnóstico , Nematodos/aislamiento & purificación , Procesamiento de Imagen Asistido por Computador , Parasitosis Intestinales/veterinaria , Parasitosis Intestinales/diagnóstico , Parasitosis Intestinales/parasitología , Sensibilidad y EspecificidadRESUMEN
OBJECTIVE: To investigate systemic absorption and gastrointestinal (GI) adverse effects of topical ketorolac 0.5% and diclofenac 0.1% ophthalmic solutions. ANIMALS: 11 healthy purpose-bred Beagles. METHODS: Dogs were randomly assigned to receive either ketorolac (n = 6) or diclofenac (5), 1 drop in both eyes 4 times daily for 28 days. Upper GI endoscopy was performed on days 0 and 29 with mucosal lesion scores (0 to 7) assigned to each region evaluated. Plasma samples were collected on days 14, 21, and 28 for measurement of diclofenac and ketorolac using high-performance liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry. RESULTS: GI erosions and/or ulcers developed in all ketorolac-treated dogs and 1 of 5 diclofenac-treated dogs. Post-treatment mucosal lesion score for the antrum was higher in the ketorolac group than in the diclofenac group (P = .006) but not significantly different for any other region. Post-treatment antral mucosal lesion scores were significantly related to plasma ketorolac concentrations (P < .001). Ketorolac and diclofenac were detected in the plasma at all time points (median ketorolac day 14, 191 ng/mL; day 21, 173.5 ng/mL; and day 28, 179.5 ng/mL; and median diclofenac day 14, 21.1 ng/mL; day 21, 20.6 ng/mL; day 28, 27.5 ng/mL). Vomiting and decreased appetite events were observed uncommonly and were not significantly different between treatment groups. CLINICAL RELEVANCE: GI ulceration and erosion developed after ophthalmic administration of ketorolac and diclofenac, with higher plasma concentrations and more severe GI lesions associated with ketorolac. Clients should be alerted to this potential risk with ophthalmic use and informed to watch for systemic clinical signs that would warrant veterinary reevaluation.
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Antiinflamatorios no Esteroideos , Diclofenaco , Ketorolaco , Soluciones Oftálmicas , Animales , Perros , Femenino , Masculino , Administración Tópica , Antiinflamatorios no Esteroideos/administración & dosificación , Antiinflamatorios no Esteroideos/efectos adversos , Diclofenaco/administración & dosificación , Diclofenaco/efectos adversos , Diclofenaco/toxicidad , Enfermedades de los Perros/inducido químicamente , Enfermedades de los Perros/tratamiento farmacológico , Enfermedades Gastrointestinales/veterinaria , Enfermedades Gastrointestinales/inducido químicamente , Ketorolaco/efectos adversos , Ketorolaco/administración & dosificaciónRESUMEN
In Benin, livestock breeders frequently use medicinal plants to treat gastrointestinal diseases in small ruminants. The aim of this review is to list the plants traditionally used in this context and to present the scientific findings on the efficacy of these plants. An extensive search was carried out using PubMed, Scopus, ScienceDirect, Biomed Central and Google Scholar databases to collect data, with combinations of relevant french and english keywords such as "ethnobotanical survey", "anthelmintic properties", "medicinal plants", "gastrointestinal parasites", "digestive strongyles", "Haemonchus", "Trichostrongylus", "small ruminants", "sheep", "goats" and "Benin". A total of 45 published articles met the eligibility criteria. This review listed 123 plants used by breeders to treat gastrointestinal ailments in small ruminants. The most commonly used parts are leaves and barks, and the most common forms are decoction, maceration and powder. Scientific studies have demonstrated the anthelmintic properties of 18 plants, including Zanthoxylum zanthoxyloides, Newbouldia laevis, Mitragyna inermis and Combretum glutinosum. The powders or leaf extracts of these plants showed in vivo significant reductions of over 50% in egg excretion, larval establishment, viability and fertility of gastrointestinal strongyles in small ruminants. Extracts of these plants also revealed in vitro inhibitory activity of over 50% on egg hatching, larval migration and motility of gastrointestinal strongyles. This manuscript highlights the traditional use of anthelmintic plants in small ruminants in Benin and provides scientific results supporting the efficacy of these plants.
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Antihelmínticos , Enfermedades Gastrointestinales , Enfermedades de las Cabras , Cabras , Plantas Medicinales , Enfermedades de las Ovejas , Animales , Benin , Antihelmínticos/farmacología , Antihelmínticos/uso terapéutico , Plantas Medicinales/química , Enfermedades de las Ovejas/tratamiento farmacológico , Enfermedades de las Ovejas/parasitología , Enfermedades Gastrointestinales/veterinaria , Enfermedades Gastrointestinales/tratamiento farmacológico , Enfermedades Gastrointestinales/parasitología , Ovinos , Enfermedades de las Cabras/tratamiento farmacológico , Enfermedades de las Cabras/parasitología , Fitoterapia/veterinaria , Rumiantes/parasitología , Medicinas Tradicionales AfricanasRESUMEN
Microplastics (MPs), recognized as an emerging environmental menace, have been extensively investigated in both marine and terrestrial fauna. This study is comprehensive to investigate how polystyrene (PS) affects ruminant animals. The experimental design comprised 24 individually housed lambs, divided into a CON group (diet without PS) and three PS-exposed (25 µm, 50 µm, 100 µm) groups, each with six lambs, the exposure of PS was 100â¯mg/day, and the duration of exposure was 60 days. The study yielded noteworthy results: (â °) PS leads to a decrease in average daily gain along with an increase in feed conversion rate. (â ±) PS decreases rumen ammonia nitrogen. The rumen microbiota diversity remains consistent. However, the relative abundance of Bacteroidetes and Actinobacteria increased in the PS-exposed groups, while the relative abundance of Coriobacteriales_incertae_Sedis and Prevotellaceae_YAB2003_group decreased. (â ²) PS leads to decrease in hemoglobin, thrombocytocrit, and albumin levels in lamb blood, thus triggering oxidative stress accumulation, along with swelling of the kidneys and liver. (â ³) PS inflicts severe damage to jejunum, consequently impacting digestion and absorption. (â ´) PS reduces meat quality and the nutritional value. In conclusion, PS-exposure inhibited lambs' digestive function, adversely affects blood and organs' health status, reducing average daily gain and negatively influencing meat quality. PS particles of 50-100 µm bring worse damage to lambs. This research aims to fill the knowledge void concerning MPs' influences on ruminant animals, with a specific focus on the meat quality of fattening lambs.
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Poliestirenos , Rumen , Animales , Ovinos , Poliestirenos/toxicidad , Enfermedades Gastrointestinales/inducido químicamente , Enfermedades Gastrointestinales/veterinaria , Inflamación/inducido químicamente , Carne , Microbioma Gastrointestinal/efectos de los fármacos , Aumento de Peso/efectos de los fármacos , Estrés Oxidativo/efectos de los fármacos , Microplásticos/toxicidadRESUMEN
BACKGROUND: It is unknown if serum concentrations of cobalamin, folate, canine pancreatic lipase immunoreactivity (cPLI), and canine trypsin-like immunoreactivity (cTLI) obtained postprandially are equivalent to measurements obtained after withholding food in dogs with suspected gastrointestinal disease. HYPOTHESIS/OBJECTIVES: Measurements of serum concentrations of cobalamin, folate, cPLI, and cTLI postprandially will be equivalent to measurements after 12 hours of withholding food in dogs with signs of chronic gastrointestinal disease. Changes observed will not alter clinical interpretation. ANIMALS: 51 client-owned dogs with signs of gastrointestinal disease. METHODS: Prospective single arm clinical trial. Serum concentrations of cobalamin, folate, cPLI and cTLI 2, 4, and 8 hours postprandially were compared by equivalence testing to values after withholding food for 12 hours (baseline). RESULTS: Mean serum cobalamin concentrations 2 hours (498.1 ± 213.1 ng/L; P = 0.024) and 4 hours (501.9 ± 207.4 ng/L; P = 0.008) postprandial were equivalent to baseline (517.3 ± 211.5 ng/L). Mean serum cTLI 2 hours (31.3 ± 14 µg/L; P < 0.001) and 4 hours (29.6 ± 13.1 µg/L; P = 0.027) postprandial were equivalent to baseline (31.1 ± 15 µg/L). Mean serum folate concentration 2 hours postprandial (15 ± 7.7 µg/L) was equivalent to baseline (13.7 ± 8.3 µg/L; P < 0.001). Equivalence could not be assessed for cPLI due to results below the lower limit of quantification. Feeding altered the clinical interpretation in 27% (cobalamin), 35% (folate), 20% (cTLI), and 12% (cPLI) of dogs. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL IMPORTANCE: The clinical interpretation for a substantial number of samples changed after feeding, therefore withholding food before sample collection is prudent.
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Enfermedades de los Perros , Ácido Fólico , Enfermedades Gastrointestinales , Lipasa , Vitamina B 12 , Animales , Perros , Enfermedades de los Perros/sangre , Enfermedades de los Perros/diagnóstico , Ácido Fólico/sangre , Vitamina B 12/sangre , Masculino , Lipasa/sangre , Femenino , Enfermedades Gastrointestinales/veterinaria , Enfermedades Gastrointestinales/sangre , Estudios Prospectivos , Enfermedad Crónica/veterinaria , Periodo Posprandial , Tripsina/sangre , Páncreas/enzimologíaRESUMEN
The nutritional health of dogs and cats is important to pet owners around the world. Nutrition is inextricably linked to the health of the gastrointestinal system and vice versa. Gastrointestinal signs, such as vomiting, diarrhea, anorexia, or weight loss, are one of the most common reasons that dog and cat owners make non-routine appointments with veterinarians. Those patients are evaluated systematically to identify and/or rule out the causes of the symptoms. Some causes of chronic diarrhea are within the gastrointestinal tract while others are secondary to pathogenic factors outside the digestive system. Some useful biomarkers of chronic intestinal disease (enteropathy) exist in serum and feces. After determination that the clinical signs are due to primary gastrointestinal disease and that there is no parasitism, specific diets are used for at least two weeks. There are several types of diets for pets with chronic enteropathies. There are limited ingredient diets and hydrolyzed protein diets with reduced levels of allergens. There are also highly digestible and fiber-enhanced diets. Some diets contain probiotics and/or prebiotics. If symptoms do not improve and the patient is stable, a diet from a different class may be tried. For chronic enteropathies, the prognosis is generally good for symptom resolution or at least improvement. However, if interventions with novel diets do not ameliorate the symptoms of chronic enteropathy, then antibiotic, anti-inflammatory, or immunosuppressant therapy or further, more invasive diagnostics such as taking an intestinal biopsy, may be indicated. Pancreatitis is a common gastrointestinal disease in dogs and cats and patients may present with mild to severe disease. Many patients with mild to moderate disease can be successfully treated with early supportive care, including feeding a low-fat diet. A novel pharmaceutical, fuzapladib (Panoquell-CA1) looks very promising for treating more severe forms of acute pancreatitis in dogs. Maintenance on a low-fat diet may prevent pancreatitis in at-risk dogs. Future advances in medicine will allow pet owners and veterinarians to use dietary management to maximize the health of their dogs and cats.
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Enfermedades de los Gatos , Enfermedades de los Perros , Enfermedades Gastrointestinales , Enfermedades Inflamatorias del Intestino , Pancreatitis , Gatos , Perros , Humanos , Animales , Enfermedades de los Gatos/diagnóstico , Enfermedades de los Gatos/terapia , Enfermedad Aguda , Enfermedades de los Perros/diagnóstico , Enfermedades de los Perros/terapia , Dieta , Enfermedades Gastrointestinales/diagnóstico , Enfermedades Gastrointestinales/terapia , Enfermedades Gastrointestinales/veterinaria , Diarrea/diagnóstico , Diarrea/terapia , Diarrea/veterinariaRESUMEN
BACKGROUND: Cats in Iran are definitive hosts for several zoonotic intestinal helminths, such as Toxocara cati, Dipylidium caninum, Toxascaris leonina, Physaloptera praeputialis and Diplopylidium nolleri. OBJECTIVE: This study aimed to determine the prevalence of intestinal helminth infection in free-roaming cats in southeast Iran, a region with a high free-roaming cat population. METHODS: From January 2018 to December 2021, 153 cadavers of free-roaming cats from Southeast Iran were necropsied for intestinal helminth infections. The carcasses were dissected, and the digestive systems were removed. The esophagus, stomach, small intestine, caecum and colon were tightly ligated. All adult helminths were collected, preserved and identified. RESULTS: The prevalence of gastrointestinal helminth infections was 80.39% (123/153). Of the cats from Kerman, 73% (73/100) were infected with at least one helminth, including D. caninum 70% (70/100), T. leonina 8% (8/100) and P. praeputialis 17% (17/100). Concurrent infection with two helminth species was found in 16% (16/100) and of three species infections was found in 3% (3/100) of the cats. Of the cats from Zabol, 94.33% (50/53) were infected with at least one of the helminths, including D. caninum 69.81% (37/53), T. leonina 11.32% (6/53), P. praeputialis 37.73% (20/53) and T. cati 5.66% (3/53). Concurrent infection with two helminth species was found in 28.3% (15/53), and three species were found in 1.88% (1/53) of the cats. Helminth infections were more prevalent in older cats. There was no association between sex and infection rate. CONCLUSION: Based on the very high prevalence of zoonotic intestinal helminth infections in free-roaming cats in southeast Iran, the potential public health risk emphasizes the need for intersectoral collaboration, particularly the provision of health and hygiene education to high-risk populations, such as pre-school and school-age children.
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Enfermedades de los Gatos , Enfermedades Gastrointestinales , Helmintiasis Animal , Helmintiasis , Helmintos , Parasitosis Intestinales , Animales , Gatos , Irán/epidemiología , Helmintiasis Animal/epidemiología , Helmintiasis Animal/parasitología , Parasitosis Intestinales/epidemiología , Parasitosis Intestinales/veterinaria , Parasitosis Intestinales/parasitología , Enfermedades Gastrointestinales/epidemiología , Enfermedades Gastrointestinales/veterinaria , Enfermedades Gastrointestinales/parasitología , Cadáver , Enfermedades de los Gatos/epidemiologíaRESUMEN
In the summer of 2023, ingestion of Astylus atromaculatus (pollen beetle) was linked to spontaneous fatal disease in grazing cattle and sheep in Argentina and Uruguay. While the disease was experimentally reproduced in sheep and guinea pigs in the 1970's, no experimental reproductions have been attempted in cattle, and controversy exists as to whether this insect is indeed noxious to cattle and at which dose. Here, we demonstrate that A. atromaculatus causes acute fatal disease in Hereford calves at single oral dosages of 2.5, 4.5, 10.0, and 15.0 g of insect/kg body weight. Death or severe disease necessitating euthanasia occurred at 38 to 48 hours postinoculation regardless of the dose, suggesting that the single fatal dosage is likely <2.5 g/kg body weight (this dose representing approximately 850 mL of intact beetles in a 100 kg calf). Clinically, the disease was characterized by acute anorexia, prolonged recumbency, reluctance to move, listlessness/apathy, depression, ruminal hypomotility and tympany, hypothermia, bruxism with frothing at the mouth, and mucoid diarrhea progressing to death. Hematologic and biochemical alterations included hemoconcentration, stress/acute inflammatory leukogram, negative energy balance, and ketosis. The pathological hallmark of this experimental disease is acute necrotizing omaso-reticulo-rumenitis, fibrinohemorrhagic enteritis, and exfoliative colitis with intralesional chitinous insect fragments. While A. atromaculatus might contain a gastrointestinal toxin or pathogen, extensive toxicological testing failed to identify a causative toxin. Other pathomechanisms such as direct physical damage caused by insect fragments on the alimentary tract seem plausible, although further studies are needed to elucidate the pathogenesis of A. atromaculatus-associated disease.
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Enfermedades de los Bovinos , Escarabajos , Enfermedades Gastrointestinales , Animales , Enfermedades Gastrointestinales/veterinaria , Enfermedades Gastrointestinales/patología , Enfermedades Gastrointestinales/parasitología , Bovinos , Enfermedades de los Bovinos/patología , Enfermedades de los Bovinos/parasitología , Administración Oral , Femenino , MasculinoRESUMEN
Epithelial damage due to gastrointestinal disorders frequently causes severe disease in horses. To study the underlying pathophysiological processes, we aimed to establish equine jejunum and colon enteroids (eqJE, eqCE) mimicking the in vivo epithelium. Therefore, enteroids were cultivated in four different media for differentiation and subsequently characterized histomorphologically, on mRNA and on protein level in comparison to the native epithelium of the same donor horses to identify ideal culture conditions for an in vitro model system. With increasing enterocyte differentiation, the enteroids showed a reduced growth rate as well as a predominantly spherical morphology and less budding compared to enteroids in proliferation medium. Combined or individual withdrawal of stem cell niche pathway components resulted in lower mRNA expression levels of stem cell markers and concomitant differentiation of enterocytes, goblet cells and enteroendocrine cells. For eqCE, withdrawal of Wnt alone was sufficient for the generation of differentiated enterocytes with a close resemblance to the in vivo epithelium. Combined removal of Wnt, R-spondin and Noggin and the addition of DAPT stimulated differentiation of eqJE at a similar level as the in vivo epithelium, particularly with regard to enterocytes. In summary, we successfully defined a medium composition that promotes the formation of eqJE and eqCE consisting of multiple cell types and resembling the in vivo epithelium. Our findings emphasize the importance of adapting culture conditions to the respective species and the intestinal segment. This in vitro model will be used to investigate the pathological mechanisms underlying equine gastrointestinal disorders in future studies.