RESUMEN
Among the strategies for integrating crops, livestock, and forestry, silvopastoral systems must be highlighted due to their inherent microclimatic conditions, mainly in tropical countries such as Brazil, where cattle are frequently subjected to unfavorable thermal conditions. However, according to some studies, shading can potentially worsen herds´ parasitism due to better microclimatic condition for the parasites. This study aimed to assess fecal egg count in Nellore heifers reared in two silvopastoral arrangements (pasture with single or triple tree rows), in a crop-livestock system, and open pasture. In the silvopastoral treatment composed of triple rows, lesser parasite burden means were found, with a peak infection in February/March and another in October. Regarding the effect of seasons over the year, there was an environmental influence on the egg counts, with higher averages during the late rainy season and the beginning of the dry season. An immunological investigation of animals from each group showed that cattle kept on the silvopastoral arrangements with either single or triple rows have significantly higher lymphocyte proliferation when stimulated with specific antigens than those kept on open pastures. Based on our results, it can be concluded that both silvopastoral systems were not considered as a risk factor for nematode egg counts in Nellore heifers. Indeed, the shadiest system promoted milder parasitism and higher immunological lymphocyte responses in animals.
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Crianza de Animales Domésticos , Enfermedades de los Bovinos , Enfermedades Gastrointestinales , Infecciones por Nematodos , Animales , Brasil/epidemiología , Bovinos , Enfermedades de los Bovinos/inmunología , Enfermedades de los Bovinos/parasitología , Heces/parasitología , Femenino , Enfermedades Gastrointestinales/inmunología , Enfermedades Gastrointestinales/veterinaria , Ganado , Nematodos , Infecciones por Nematodos/inmunología , Infecciones por Nematodos/veterinaria , Recuento de Huevos de Parásitos/veterinaria , Estaciones del Año , Clima TropicalAsunto(s)
COVID-19 , Enfermedades Gastrointestinales , Tracto Gastrointestinal , COVID-19/complicaciones , COVID-19/fisiopatología , COVID-19/psicología , COVID-19/virología , Enfermedades Gastrointestinales/epidemiología , Enfermedades Gastrointestinales/inmunología , Enfermedades Gastrointestinales/psicología , Enfermedades Gastrointestinales/terapia , Tracto Gastrointestinal/inmunología , Tracto Gastrointestinal/microbiología , Tracto Gastrointestinal/fisiopatología , Humanos , Inflamación/sangre , Inflamación/etiología , Manejo de Atención al Paciente , Prevalencia , SARS-CoV-2/patogenicidad , Evaluación de Síntomas/métodosRESUMEN
We analysed the immune response involved in sheep naturally infected with gastrointestinal (GI) nematodes. Fifteen Pelibuey lambs were grazed in paddocks contaminated with GI nematodes for 13 weeks. To assess the infection, the number of eggs per gram (epg) and the percentage of packed cell volume (pcv) were evaluated. Blood and abomasal tissue samples were collected at week 8 post-infection to analyse the expression levels of IL-4, IL-5, IL-6, IL-8, IL-13, TGF-ß and FCεR1A genes. The nematode Haemonchus contortus was the main species identified. In addition, two groups of lambs were classified based on the x ± SE of epg and pcv values: G-1, with 151 ± 28 and 29 ± 0.33%, respectively, and G-2, with 475 ± 59.5 and 26 ± 0.38%, respectively. For G-1, upregulation of IL-4, IL-8, IL-13, TGF-ß and FCεR1A genes from 2.42- to 14.99-fold was observed in blood and abomasal tissue samples (p > .05), and IL-5, IL-8 and TGF-ß genes had significant gene expression levels in blood (p < .05). For G-2, moderate gene expression levels, ranging from 1.22- to 3.45-fold, were observed in abomasal tissue (p > .05), and the IL-5 gene presented significant gene expression in blood (p < .05). Strong positively correlated values (r) between pcv and IL-4, IL-8 and TGF-ß genes were observed in G-1. In contrast, significant negative correlations between epg and IL-4, IL-5 and FCεR1A genes indicate acute infection for G-2. Our results suggest that IL-4, IL-5, IL-13, TGF-ß and FCεR1A genes are important modulators of GI nematode infections of Pelibuey lambs.
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Enfermedades Gastrointestinales/veterinaria , Hemoncosis/veterinaria , Inmunidad , Infecciones por Nematodos/veterinaria , Enfermedades de las Ovejas/inmunología , Animales , Enfermedades Gastrointestinales/inmunología , Enfermedades Gastrointestinales/parasitología , Hemoncosis/inmunología , Hemoncosis/parasitología , Haemonchus , México , Infecciones por Nematodos/inmunología , Infecciones por Nematodos/parasitología , Ovinos , Enfermedades de las Ovejas/parasitología , Oveja Doméstica , Clima TropicalRESUMEN
BACKGROUND: Triple immunosuppressive therapy is associated with several gastrointestinal disorders. The aim of this study was to investigate the effects induced by the triple immunosuppressive therapy on the gastrointestinal tract of rats. METHODS: Male Wistar rats were randomly assigned into three experimental groups: Control: filtered water; TAC + MPS + PRED: treated with Tacrolimus plus Mycophenolate Sodium plus Prednisone; and CSA + AZA + PRED: treated with Cyclosporine plus Azathioprine plus Prednisone. The treatment was done for 14 days by gavage. Gastric emptying and contractility were evaluated by the Alternating Current Biosusceptometry (ACB) and Electrogastrography (EGG). Histological, biochemical and hematological analyses were also performed. RESULTS: Gastric emptying time was slower in the CSA + AZA + PRED group in comparison with control (p<0.01) and TAC + MPS + PRED groups (p<0.001). Animals treated with TAC + MPS + PRED showed accelerated gastric emptying (p<0.05) compared to control. The amplitude of gastric contractions in both immunosuppressed groups was higher than observed in the control. The frequency of gastric contractions for the CSA + AZA + PRED group was also increased (p<0.01). Results obtained by EGG were similar to those recorded with the ACB. The thickness of the circular layer from stomach muscle decreased in both immunosuppressed groups, while the longitudinal layer was reduced only in the CSA + AZA + PRED group. CONCLUSION: Triple immunosuppressive therapy alters gastric motility, compromises the muscular layers and the association between CSA, AZA, and PRED provokes the major alterations in the structure and gastric function. Specific gastrointestinal side effects resulting from different immunosuppressive therapies still need to be elucidated in order to provide more effective and personalized therapy for patients.
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Enfermedades Gastrointestinales/inducido químicamente , Enfermedades Gastrointestinales/inmunología , Tracto Gastrointestinal/efectos de los fármacos , Tracto Gastrointestinal/inmunología , Inmunosupresores/administración & dosificación , Inmunosupresores/efectos adversos , Animales , Azatioprina/administración & dosificación , Azatioprina/efectos adversos , Ciclosporina/administración & dosificación , Ciclosporina/efectos adversos , Quimioterapia Combinada , Vaciamiento Gástrico/efectos de los fármacos , Vaciamiento Gástrico/inmunología , Enfermedades Gastrointestinales/patología , Masculino , Ratas , Ratas Wistar , Tacrolimus/administración & dosificación , Tacrolimus/efectos adversosRESUMEN
Recent studies have investigated whether the human histo-blood group antigen (HBGAs) could affect the effectiveness of the oral rotavirus vaccines, suggesting secretor positive individuals develop a more robust response. We investigated the Rotavirus A (RVA) shedding in association with the host susceptibility profile in children from a birth community-cohort in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, from 2014 to 2018. A total of 132 children were followed-up between 0 to 11-month-old, stool samples were collected before/after the 1st/2nd RV1 vaccination doses and saliva samples were collected during the study. RVA shedding was screened by RT-qPCR and G/P genotypes determined by multiplex RT-PCR and/or Sanger nucleotide sequencing. The sequencing indicated an F167L amino acid change in the RV1 VP8* P[8] in 20.5% of shedding follow-ups and these mutant subpopulations were quantified by pyrosequencing. The HBGA/secretor status was determined and 80.3% of the children were secretors. Twenty-one FUT2 gene SNPs were identified and two new mutations were observed. The mutant F167L RV1 VP8* P[8] was detected significantly more in Le (a+b+) secretors (90.5%) compared to non-secretors and even to secretors Le (a-b+) (9.5%). The study highlights the probable association between RV1 shedding and HBGAs as a marker for evaluating vaccine strain host susceptibility.
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Enfermedades Gastrointestinales/prevención & control , Enfermedades Gastrointestinales/virología , Brasil , Femenino , Enfermedades Gastrointestinales/inmunología , Predisposición Genética a la Enfermedad/genética , Genotipo , Humanos , Masculino , Mutación/genética , Polimorfismo de Nucleótido Simple/genética , Rotavirus/inmunología , Rotavirus/patogenicidad , Infecciones por Rotavirus/inmunología , Infecciones por Rotavirus/prevención & control , Infecciones por Rotavirus/virología , Vacunas contra Rotavirus/inmunología , Vacunas contra Rotavirus/uso terapéutico , Vacunas Atenuadas/inmunología , Vacunas Atenuadas/uso terapéuticoRESUMEN
Los coronavirus son una extensa familia de virus; algunos pueden ser causa de diversas enfermedades humanas, que van desde el resfriado común hasta el síndrome respiratorio agudo severo. La enfermedad por coronavirus (COVID-19) es causada por el coronavirus zoonótico SARS-CoV-2, y comenzó en China en diciembre de 2019. En marzo de 2020, la Organización Mundial de la Salud (OMS) lo declaró una pandemia mundial. Esta enfermedad tiene un gran espectro de signos y síntomas, predominantemente se presenta con tos y fiebre, lo que resulta en una proporción de pacientes que desarrollan síndrome de dificultad respiratoria aguda (SDRA). Se ha planteado que la afectación pulmonar grave por el virus puede ser causada también por hiperinflamación y un cuadro similar a la linfohistiocitosis hemofagocítica (HLH), el cual es un síndrome clínico provocado por una respuesta inadecuada del sistema inmunológico a un desencadenante, sea infec-cioso, neoplásico, metabólico o reumatológico, que resulta en una reacción inflamatoria desproporcionada. Esta respuesta inmune altamente activada causa una liberación exagerada o tormenta de citocinas respon-sable del cuadro clínico. De allí la importancia de revisar el concepto actual y su desenlace en COVID-19. Recientemente se han publicado artículos en los que se sugiere que la presencia de síntomas gastrointesti-nales se ha asociado a COVID 19 con mayores indicadores de gravedad, lo que motiva al gastroenterólogo a explorar cómo el sistema digestivo podría impactar en esta hiperinflamación.(AU)
Coronaviruses are an extensive family of viruses, some of them can produce different kind of human diseases, ranging from the common cold to severe acute respiratory syndrome. Coronavirus disease (COVID-19) is caused by the SARS-CoV-2 zoonotic coronavirus and started in China in December 2019. In March 2020, the World Health Organization (WHO) declared it a global pandemic. This disease has a wide spectrum of signs and symptoms, predominantly presenting with cough and fever, resulting in a proportion of patients who develop acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS). It has been argued that severe lung involvement by the virus may also be caused by hyperinflammation and a condition similar to hemophagocytic lymphohistiocyto-sis (HLH), which is a clinical syndrome caused by an inadequate response of the immune system to a trigger, whether infectious, neoplastic, metabolic, or rheumatologic, leading to a disproportionate inflammatory reac-tion. This activated immune response producing an exaggerated release or storm of cytokines responsible for this disease. There are recently publications suggesting that the presence of gastrointestinal symptoms is associated with COVID 19 disease with higher indicators of severity, which motivates the gastroenterologist to explore how the digestive system could impact this hyperinflammation
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Humanos , Infecciones por Coronavirus/epidemiología , Citocininas , Tracto Gastrointestinal/fisiopatología , Enfermedades Gastrointestinales/inmunologíaRESUMEN
Understanding the immunological basis of resistance to gastrointestinal nematode infections in livestock is important in order to develop novel methods of parasite control such as vaccination or genetic selection for parasite resistance. The present study aimed to investigate differences in immune response between parasite resistant Santa Ines and susceptible Ile de France sheep breeds to natural Haemonchus contortus infection. Parasitological parameters, humoral immunity, local and circulating cellular immune responses were evaluated in 19 Santa Ines and 19 Ile de France lambs undergoing different anthelmintic treatments regimens: suppressive treatments (SUP) or targeted selective treatments (TST) over a 5-month grazing period. Santa Ines lambs had significantly lower Haemonchus faecal egg count and worm burden compared to Ile de France regardless of treatment regime. In addition, circulating blood eosinophils count and parasite-specific IgG levels were significantly higher and more rapidly induced in Santa Ines lambs. Abomasal immune responses were generally greater in the resistant breed, which had significantly higher levels of parasite-specific IgA in mucus, and elevated number of globule leukocytes and CD3+ T cells within the abomasal mucosal. Furthermore, numbers of POU2F3+ epithelial cells, a tuft-cell specific transcription factor, were also elevated in the Santa Ines breed, suggesting that this breed is better able to initiate T-helper type 2 immune responses within the abomasum. In conclusion, the differential immunological responses detailed here are relevant to understanding resistance to gastrointestinal nematodes in other host breeds, as well as to resistance breeding as a sustainable control approach for parasitic infections.
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Inmunidad Adaptativa , Susceptibilidad a Enfermedades/veterinaria , Enfermedades Gastrointestinales/veterinaria , Hemoncosis/veterinaria , Haemonchus/fisiología , Inmunidad Innata , Enfermedades de las Ovejas/inmunología , Animales , Brasil , Enfermedades Gastrointestinales/inmunología , Enfermedades Gastrointestinales/parasitología , Hemoncosis/inmunología , Hemoncosis/parasitología , Inmunidad Celular , Inmunidad Humoral , Ovinos , Enfermedades de las Ovejas/parasitología , Oveja DomésticaRESUMEN
This randomized, double-blind, parallel and placebo-controlled study aimed to evaluate the effect of Bacillus coagulans GBI-30, 6086® probiotic (GanedenBC30®) against upper respiratory tract infections (URTI) and gastrointestinal tract infections (GITI) in eighty healthy school-aged children (6-8â¯years old). The participants received daily a sachet containing either GanedenBC30 (1â¯×â¯109 colony-forming units) or placebo (maltodextrin) for three months. GanedenBC30 significantly decreased the incidence of URTI symptoms including nasal congestion, bloody nasal mucus, itchy nose, and hoarseness. The duration of the URTI-associated symptoms of hoarseness, headache, red eyes, and fatigue was also decreased. GanedenBC30 supplementation also significantly reduced the incidence rate of flatulence. These beneficial effects were associated with the modulation of serum TNFα, CD163, G-CSF, ICAM-1, IL-6, IL-8, MCP-2, RAGE, uPAR, and PF4. Therefore, probiotic B. coagulans GBI-30, 6086 modulated immune-related proteins in healthy children, decreasing several URTI and GITI symptoms, thus, this functional ingredient may contribute to a healthier lifestyle.
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Bacillus coagulans/inmunología , Enfermedades Gastrointestinales/epidemiología , Enfermedades Gastrointestinales/prevención & control , Probióticos/farmacología , Infecciones del Sistema Respiratorio/epidemiología , Infecciones del Sistema Respiratorio/prevención & control , Niño , Método Doble Ciego , Femenino , Enfermedades Gastrointestinales/inmunología , Tracto Gastrointestinal/efectos de los fármacos , Tracto Gastrointestinal/inmunología , Humanos , Incidencia , Masculino , México/epidemiología , Sistema Respiratorio/efectos de los fármacos , Sistema Respiratorio/inmunología , Infecciones del Sistema Respiratorio/inmunología , Índice de Severidad de la Enfermedad , TiempoRESUMEN
BACKGROUND: Serological antibody levels are a sensitive marker of pathogen exposure, and advances in multiplex assays have created enormous potential for large-scale, integrated infectious disease surveillance. Most methods to analyze antibody measurements reduce quantitative antibody levels to seropositive and seronegative groups, but this can be difficult for many pathogens and may provide lower resolution information than quantitative levels. Analysis methods have predominantly maintained a single disease focus, yet integrated surveillance platforms would benefit from methodologies that work across diverse pathogens included in multiplex assays. METHODS/PRINCIPAL FINDINGS: We developed an approach to measure changes in transmission from quantitative antibody levels that can be applied to diverse pathogens of global importance. We compared age-dependent immunoglobulin G curves in repeated cross-sectional surveys between populations with differences in transmission for multiple pathogens, including: lymphatic filariasis (Wuchereria bancrofti) measured before and after mass drug administration on Mauke, Cook Islands, malaria (Plasmodium falciparum) before and after a combined insecticide and mass drug administration intervention in the Garki project, Nigeria, and enteric protozoans (Cryptosporidium parvum, Giardia intestinalis, Entamoeba histolytica), bacteria (enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli, Salmonella spp.), and viruses (norovirus groups I and II) in children living in Haiti and the USA. Age-dependent antibody curves fit with ensemble machine learning followed a characteristic shape across pathogens that aligned with predictions from basic mechanisms of humoral immunity. Differences in pathogen transmission led to shifts in fitted antibody curves that were remarkably consistent across pathogens, assays, and populations. Mean antibody levels correlated strongly with traditional measures of transmission intensity, such as the entomological inoculation rate for P. falciparum (Spearman's rho = 0.75). In both high- and low transmission settings, mean antibody curves revealed changes in population mean antibody levels that were masked by seroprevalence measures because changes took place above or below the seropositivity cutoff. CONCLUSIONS/SIGNIFICANCE: Age-dependent antibody curves and summary means provided a robust and sensitive measure of changes in transmission, with greatest sensitivity among young children. The method generalizes to pathogens that can be measured in high-throughput, multiplex serological assays, and scales to surveillance activities that require high spatiotemporal resolution. Our results suggest quantitative antibody levels will be particularly useful to measure differences in exposure for pathogens that elicit a transient antibody response or for monitoring populations with very high- or very low transmission, when seroprevalence is less informative. The approach represents a new opportunity to conduct integrated serological surveillance for neglected tropical diseases, malaria, and other infectious diseases with well-defined antigen targets.
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Anticuerpos/sangre , Filariasis Linfática/epidemiología , Enfermedades Gastrointestinales/epidemiología , Malaria/epidemiología , Enfermedades Desatendidas/epidemiología , Pruebas Serológicas/métodos , Adolescente , Adulto , Factores de Edad , Anciano , Anciano de 80 o más Años , Animales , Niño , Preescolar , Estudios Transversales , Filariasis Linfática/inmunología , Femenino , Enfermedades Gastrointestinales/inmunología , Haití/epidemiología , Humanos , Lactante , Recién Nacido , Malaria/inmunología , Masculino , Persona de Mediana Edad , Enfermedades Desatendidas/inmunología , Nigeria/epidemiología , Polinesia/epidemiología , Estudios Seroepidemiológicos , Estados Unidos/epidemiología , Adulto JovenRESUMEN
STUDY OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the safety and tolerability of immunosuppressive drugs used in a planned randomized conversion from a calcineurin inhibitor, tacrolimus, to a mammalian target of rapamycin inhibitor, sirolimus, in de novo kidney transplant recipients. DESIGN: Prospective safety analysis of data from a prospective, randomized, open-label, controlled study. PATIENTS: A total of 119 adult kidney transplant recipients who received tacrolimus (TAC), mycophenolate sodium (MPS), and prednisone between February 2008 and May 2010; after 3 months of this regimen, 60 of these patients were randomized to conversion from TAC to sirolimus (SRL/MPS group), and 59 patients continued with the TAC regimen (TAC/MPS group). MEASUREMENTS AND MAIN RESULTS: Both groups were followed for 24 months after transplantation for immunosuppressive regimen-associated and time-dependent occurrences of adverse events (AEs) and serious adverse events (SAEs). Before conversion from TAC to SRL, the cumulative incidence of AEs was 98%; 25% were SAEs. Gastrointestinal AEs (66%) and infections (58%) were the most frequent AEs. The incidences of TAC and MPS dose reductions due to AEs were 1.7% and 12%, respectively. After conversion, no significant differences were noted in the SRL/MPS group versus the TAC/MPS group in the cumulative incidences of AEs (100% vs. 98%) and SAEs (27% vs. 30%). The most common AEs were gastrointestinal (70% vs. 54%, p=0.23) and infection (77% vs. 73%, p=0.79) in the SRL/MPS versus TAC/MPS groups. The incidence of aphthous ulcer (28% vs. 0%, p=< 0.01), sinusitis (10% vs. 0%, p=0.01), dermatitis (15% vs. 3%, p=0.03), and dyslipidemia (35% vs. 14%, p=0.02) were higher in the SRL/MPS group compared with the TAC/MPS group. Cox proportion regression analysis showed a higher relative risk for gastrointestinal (hazard ratio [HR] 1.9, 95% confidence interval [CI] 1.2-3.01, p<0.05) and skin and subcutaneous tissue (HR 2.5, 95% CI 1.1-4.1, p<0.05) AEs in the SRL/MPS group compared with the TAC/MPS group. AE-related dose reductions occurred in 18.3% of patients receiving SRL and 3.3% of patients receiving TAC. MPS dose reductions due to AEs occurred in 11.7% of patients receiving SRL and 13.6% of patients receiving TAC. CONCLUSION: SRL/MPS treatment was associated with a time-dependent higher incidence of gastrointestinal and skin and subcutaneous tissue AEs, which occurred mainly during the first 6 months after conversion from TAC/MPS. Although the treatments with SRL or TAC after 3 months of transplantation showed different safety profiles, both regimens demonstrated adequate tolerability, with low rates of early discontinuation related to AEs.
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Erupciones por Medicamentos/epidemiología , Enfermedades Gastrointestinales/inducido químicamente , Inmunosupresores/efectos adversos , Trasplante de Riñón/efectos adversos , Sirolimus/efectos adversos , Tejido Subcutáneo/efectos de los fármacos , Serina-Treonina Quinasas TOR/antagonistas & inhibidores , Adulto , Brasil/epidemiología , Inhibidores de la Calcineurina/efectos adversos , Inhibidores de la Calcineurina/uso terapéutico , Erupciones por Medicamentos/inmunología , Erupciones por Medicamentos/fisiopatología , Monitoreo de Drogas , Quimioterapia Combinada/efectos adversos , Femenino , Enfermedades Gastrointestinales/epidemiología , Enfermedades Gastrointestinales/inmunología , Enfermedades Gastrointestinales/fisiopatología , Humanos , Inmunosupresores/uso terapéutico , Incidencia , Fallo Renal Crónico/inmunología , Fallo Renal Crónico/metabolismo , Fallo Renal Crónico/cirugía , Masculino , Persona de Mediana Edad , Ácido Micofenólico/efectos adversos , Ácido Micofenólico/uso terapéutico , Prednisona/efectos adversos , Prednisona/uso terapéutico , Índice de Severidad de la Enfermedad , Sirolimus/uso terapéutico , Tejido Subcutáneo/inmunología , Serina-Treonina Quinasas TOR/metabolismo , Tacrolimus/efectos adversos , Tacrolimus/uso terapéuticoAsunto(s)
Humanos , Masculino , Femenino , Adulto , Arginasa/metabolismo , Artritis Reactiva/microbiología , Artritis Reactiva/virología , Leucocitos Mononucleares/microbiología , Leucocitos Mononucleares/virología , Óxido Nítrico Sintasa de Tipo III/metabolismo , Óxido Nítrico/metabolismo , Artritis Reactiva/complicaciones , Artritis Reactiva/inmunología , Infecciones Bacterianas/complicaciones , Infecciones Bacterianas/inmunología , Infecciones Bacterianas/microbiología , Estudios de Casos y Controles , Chlamydia trachomatis/clasificación , Chlamydia trachomatis/aislamiento & purificación , Enfermedades Urogenitales Femeninas/complicaciones , Enfermedades Urogenitales Femeninas/inmunología , Enfermedades Urogenitales Femeninas/microbiología , Enfermedades Urogenitales Femeninas/virología , Enfermedades Gastrointestinales/complicaciones , Enfermedades Gastrointestinales/inmunología , Enfermedades Gastrointestinales/microbiología , Enfermedades Gastrointestinales/virología , Hepacivirus/clasificación , Hepacivirus/aislamiento & purificación , Virus de la Hepatitis B/clasificación , Virus de la Hepatitis B/aislamiento & purificación , Hepatitis/complicaciones , Hepatitis/inmunología , Hepatitis/virología , Leucocitos Mononucleares/inmunología , Enfermedades Urogenitales Masculinas/complicaciones , Enfermedades Urogenitales Masculinas/inmunología , Enfermedades Urogenitales Masculinas/microbiología , Enfermedades Urogenitales Masculinas/virología , Enfermedades Nasofaríngeas/complicaciones , Enfermedades Nasofaríngeas/inmunología , Enfermedades Nasofaríngeas/microbiología , Enfermedades Nasofaríngeas/virología , Cultivo Primario de Células , Streptococcus pyogenes/clasificación , Streptococcus pyogenes/aislamiento & purificaciónRESUMEN
A growing amount of research indicates that abnormalities in the gastrointestinal (GI) system during development might be a common factor in multiple neurological disorders and might be responsible for some of the shared comorbidities seen among these diseases. For example, many patients with Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD) have symptoms associated with GI disorders. Maternal zinc status may be an important factor given the multifaceted effect of zinc on gut development and morphology in the offspring. Zinc status influences and is influenced by multiple factors and an interdependence of prenatal and early life stress, immune system abnormalities, impaired GI functions, and zinc deficiency can be hypothesized. In line with this, systemic inflammatory events and prenatal stress have been reported to increase the risk for ASD. Thus, here, we will review the current literature on the role of zinc in gut formation, a possible link between gut and brain development in ASD and other neurological disorders with shared comorbidities, and tie in possible effects on the immune system. Based on these data, we present a novel model outlining how alterations in the maternal zinc status might pathologically impact the offspring leading to impairments in brain functions later in life.
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Encéfalo/fisiopatología , Trastornos Generalizados del Desarrollo Infantil/fisiopatología , Tracto Gastrointestinal/fisiopatología , Enfermedades del Sistema Nervioso/fisiopatología , Zinc/efectos adversos , Animales , Encéfalo/inmunología , Trastornos Generalizados del Desarrollo Infantil/complicaciones , Trastornos Generalizados del Desarrollo Infantil/inmunología , Femenino , Enfermedades Gastrointestinales/complicaciones , Enfermedades Gastrointestinales/inmunología , Enfermedades Gastrointestinales/fisiopatología , Tracto Gastrointestinal/inmunología , Humanos , Masculino , Exposición Materna , Enfermedades del Sistema Nervioso/complicaciones , Enfermedades del Sistema Nervioso/inmunología , Zinc/metabolismoRESUMEN
The gastrointestinal tract houses a complex and diverse community of microbes. In recent years, an increased understanding of the importance of intestinal microbiota for human physiology has been gained. In the steady state, commensal microorganisms have a symbiotic relationship with the host and possess critical and distinct functions, including directly influencing immunity. This means that recognition of commensal antigens is necessary for the development of complete immune responses. Therefore, the immune system must face the challenge of maintaining mucosal homeostasis while dealing with undue passage of commensal or pathogenic microbes, as well as the host nutritional status or drug use. Disruption of this fine balance has been associated with the development of several intestinal inflammatory diseases. In this review, we discuss the mechanisms involved in the modulation of host-microbe interactions and how the breakdown of this homeostatic association can lead to intestinal inflammation and pathology.
Asunto(s)
Enfermedades Gastrointestinales/inmunología , Enfermedades Gastrointestinales/microbiología , Microbioma Gastrointestinal/inmunología , Homeostasis/inmunología , Animales , Bacterias/inmunología , Neoplasias Colorrectales/inmunología , Neoplasias Colorrectales/metabolismo , Neoplasias Colorrectales/microbiología , Disbiosis/inmunología , Enfermedades Gastrointestinales/metabolismo , Interacciones Huésped-Patógeno/inmunología , Humanos , Sistema Inmunológico , Enfermedades Inflamatorias del Intestino/inmunología , Enfermedades Inflamatorias del Intestino/metabolismo , Enfermedades Inflamatorias del Intestino/microbiología , Mucosa Intestinal/inmunología , Mucosa Intestinal/metabolismo , Mucosa Intestinal/microbiología , ProbióticosRESUMEN
Objetivou-se avaliar as características definidoras do diagnóstico Resposta Disfuncional do Desmame Ventilatório, como indicadores de acurácia das tentativas de desmame. Estudo observacional de 38 eventos de tentativa de desmame ventilatório em pacientes adultos internados em terapia intensiva. Para as características definidoras foram calculadas: sensibilidade, especificidade, valores preditivos positivos e negativos, acurácia ou sensibilidade, razão de verossimilhança e razão de chances diagnóstica. Também foram consideradas as medianas do número de características definidoras nos eventos de sucesso e insucesso. Foram consideradas acuradas: agitação, deterioração nos gases sanguíneos arteriais em relação aos parâmetros basais, uso moderado da musculatura acessória da respiração, aumento da frequência respiratória em relação aos parâmetros basais e frequência respiratória aumentada de forma significativa em relação aos parâmetros basais. Houve diferença estatística nas medianas do número de características definidoras observadas. Conclui-se que a característica definidora e o número delas influenciariam o sucesso da decisão sobre o desmame.
The study aimed to analyze the defining characteristics of the Dysfunctional Ventilatory Weaning Response as an indicator of the accuracy of ventilatory weaning. Observational study of 38 events of ventilatory weaning in adult patients admitted to intensive care. For the defining characteristics, it was calculated: sensitivity, specificity, positive and negative predictive values, accuracy or efficiency, likelihood ratio positive and negative, and diagnostic odds ratio. It was also considered the median number of defining characteristics in the event of success and failure. It was considered accurate: agitation, deterioration in arterial blood gases from baseline parameters, moderate use of accessory muscles of respiration, increased respiratory rate from baseline parameters and respiratory rate increases significantly with respect to baseline parameters. There was statistical difference in the median number of defining characteristics observed. It was concluded that the defining characteristic and the number of them would influence the success of the weaning decision.
El estudio tuvo como objetivo evaluar las características que definen el diagnóstico de Respuesta Disfuncional al Destete Ventilatorio como indicador de la exactitud del destete ventilatorio. Estudio observacional de 38 eventos de destete ventilatorio en pacientes adultos ingresados en cuidados intensivos. Para las características definitorias se calcularon: sensibilidad, especificidad, valores predictivos positivos y negativos, precisión o sensibilidad, cocientes de probabilidad y odds ratio diagnóstica. Fueran consideradas las medianas del número de características definitorias en casos de éxito o de fracaso. Se consideraron precisas: agitación, deterioro de los parámetros de gases en sangre arterial desde la línea de base, uso moderado de los músculos accesorios de la respiración, aumento de la frecuencia respiratoria a partir de parámetros de línea de base y frecuencia respiratoria aumentada significativamente en comparación con los parámetros de línea de base. Hubo diferencia estadísticamente significativa en la mediana del número de características definitorias observadas. Se concluye que la característica definitoria y el número de ellas influyen en el éxito de la decisión sobre el destete ventilatorio.
Asunto(s)
Animales , Masculino , Ratas , Salmonelosis Animal/inmunología , Nervio Vago/inmunología , Enfermedades Gastrointestinales/inmunología , Enfermedades Gastrointestinales/fisiopatología , Neuroinmunomodulación/fisiología , Ratas Sprague-Dawley , Salmonella typhimurium , Salmonelosis Animal/fisiopatología , Nervio Vago/fisiologíaRESUMEN
A vaccine containing integral membrane glycoproteins from the intestine of Haemonchus contortus was evaluated in three groups of grazing sheep each containing 13 ewes and their 16 lambs naturally infected with gastrointestinal nematodes. Two groups were vaccinated with either 5 or 50µg of the antigen per immunisation, while the third, the control group, received adjuvant alone. The sheep were immunised six times at 3week intervals, partly because the vaccine antigens are hidden and thus no immunological boost would be delivered by subsequent infection and partly because the level of Haemonchus spp. challenge was expected to be high. The vaccinated ewes, first immunised approximately 1month before lambing, showed a circulating antibody response but no signs of reduced anaemia or Haemonchus spp. egg counts, compared with control ewes. Several ewes with severe haemonchosis in all three groups had to be given precautionary treatment with anthelmintic drugs. In contrast, vaccinating their lambs with either 5 or 50µg of the antigen per immunisation resulted in 10 fold higher antibody titres. In the case of the lower antigen dose this was associated with significantly less anaemia, 72% reduction in the overall number of Haemonchus spp. eggs produced and significantly fewer worms compared with control lambs. It is hypothesised that the heavily pregnant or lactating ewes did not have sufficient physiological reserves to mount a protective response following vaccination in the tropical weather and high challenge conditions that prevailed. Nevertheless, the vaccine could afford useful protection for lambs against H. contortus.
Asunto(s)
Enfermedades Gastrointestinales/veterinaria , Hemoncosis/veterinaria , Haemonchus/inmunología , Enfermedades de las Ovejas/prevención & control , Enfermedades de las Ovejas/parasitología , Vacunas/administración & dosificación , Animales , Anticuerpos Antihelmínticos/sangre , Antígenos Helmínticos/administración & dosificación , Antígenos Helmínticos/inmunología , Brasil , Heces/parasitología , Femenino , Enfermedades Gastrointestinales/inmunología , Enfermedades Gastrointestinales/parasitología , Enfermedades Gastrointestinales/prevención & control , Hemoncosis/inmunología , Hemoncosis/parasitología , Hemoncosis/prevención & control , Hematócrito/veterinaria , Recuento de Huevos de Parásitos/veterinaria , Ovinos , Enfermedades de las Ovejas/inmunología , Estadísticas no Paramétricas , Clima Tropical , Vacunas/inmunologíaRESUMEN
BACKGROUND: Organ-specific autoimmune diseases may appear in patients with systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE). Gastrointestinal symptoms are well documented in SLE and may be similar to those related to autoimmune gastrointestinal diseases. OBJECTIVE: Our aim was to search for gastrointestinal organ-specific autoantibodies in 194 patients with systemic lupus and 103 healthy controls from Southern Brazil. Methods Anti-endomysium antibodies (IgA-EmA), anti-gastric parietal cells (GPC) antibodies, anti-smooth muscle antibodies (ASMA), anti-mitochondrial antibodies (AMA) and anti-LKM-1 (liver-kidney microsomal) were searched for using indirect immunofluorescence in the sera of patients and controls. RESULTS: The total positivity of antibodies in SLE patients was 14.4% (28/194) and differed significantly from healthy individuals (0.97%; p<0.001). IgA-EmA was more common in lupus patients than in controls (11/194; p=0.009), and one of these patients had dermatitis herpetiformis. Clinical association revealed that IgA-EmA was more common in SLE patients with discoid lesions. The frequency of anti-GPC (p=0.10), ASMA (p=0.16) and AMA (p=0.55) did not differ significantly between groups. No patient presented LKM-1 autoantibodies. One patient presenting anti-GPC was diagnosed with atrophic gastritis and pernicious anemia. CONCLUSION: Only IgA-EmA was significantly associated with lupus and with the presence of discoid lesions. Until now, no obvious association with celiac disease has been found.
Asunto(s)
Autoanticuerpos/sangre , Enfermedades Autoinmunes/inmunología , Enfermedades Gastrointestinales/inmunología , Lupus Eritematoso Sistémico/inmunología , Adolescente , Adulto , Anciano , Femenino , Técnica del Anticuerpo Fluorescente Indirecta , Humanos , Masculino , Persona de Mediana Edad , Músculo Liso/inmunología , Células Parietales Gástricas/inmunologíaRESUMEN
Malnutrition is a common cause of secondary immune deficiency and has been linked to an increased susceptibility to infection in humans. Malnutrition specifically affects T-cell-mediated immune responses. The aim of this study was to assess in lymphocytes from malnourished children the expression levels of IL-12, IL-18 and IL-21, molecules that induce the differentiation of T cells related to the immunological cellular response (Th1 response) and the production of cytokines related to the immunological cellular response (Th1 cytokines). We found that the expression levels of IL-12, IL-18 and IL-21 were significantly diminished in malnourished children compared to well-nourished children and were coincident with lower plasmatic levels of IL-2 and IFN-γ (Th1 cytokines). In this study, we show for the first time that the gene expression and intracellular production of cytokines responsible for Th1 cell differentiation (IL-12, IL-18 and IL-21) are diminished in malnourished children. As expected, this finding was related to lower plasmatic levels of IL-2 and IFN-γ. The decreased expression of Th1 cytokines observed in this study may contribute to the deterioration of the immunological Type 1 (cellular) response. We hypothesize that the decreased production of IL-12, IL-18 and IL-21 in malnourished children contributes to their inability to eradicate infections.
Asunto(s)
Diferenciación Celular/inmunología , Citocinas/genética , Expresión Génica , Desnutrición/inmunología , Células TH1/inmunología , Infecciones Bacterianas/complicaciones , Infecciones Bacterianas/inmunología , Femenino , Enfermedades Gastrointestinales/complicaciones , Enfermedades Gastrointestinales/inmunología , Enfermedades Gastrointestinales/microbiología , Humanos , Lactante , Interferón gamma/sangre , Interleucina-12/genética , Interleucina-12/inmunología , Interleucina-18/genética , Interleucina-18/inmunología , Interleucina-2/sangre , Interleucinas/genética , Interleucinas/inmunología , Masculino , Desnutrición/complicaciones , Infecciones del Sistema Respiratorio/complicaciones , Infecciones del Sistema Respiratorio/inmunologíaRESUMEN
Gastrointestinal nematode (GIN) infection is a major cause of production losses in cattle. This study was carried out to evaluate the natural resistance against nematode infection in Crioulo Lageano and crossbred Angus male calves. Crioulo Lageano is a local cattle breed in the state of Santa Catarina, in southern Brazil. Ten weaned calves of each breed were grazed together on pasture and naturally infected with nematodes between July 2009 and December 2010. Once every 28 days, we collected fecal and blood samples for parasitological and immunological tests, as well as recording body weights. After 19 samplings, all animals were slaughtered for quantification and identification of GINs. We found that the animals had been infected with the following nematode species, in decreasing order by the mean number of specimens: Trichostrongylus axei, Cooperia punctata, Ostertagia ostertagi, Haemonchus placei, Oesophagostomum radiatum, and Trichuris spp. There were no significant differences between the Crioulo Lageano and crossbred Angus groups in terms of worm burden or nematode fecal egg count, nor in terms of the mean levels of immunoglobulin (G and A) against C. punctata and H. placei antigens, except in IgA mean level in abomasal mucus against H. placei adult worms that was significantly higher in crossbred Angus cattle (p<0.05). At the end of the study, the crossbred Angus cattle were heavier than were the Crioulo Lageano cattle (mean live weight, 507.35 and 390.3 kg, respectively). Comparative parasitological and immunological evaluation revealed no difference between two breeds in terms of their natural resistance against GINs.
Asunto(s)
Enfermedades de los Bovinos/inmunología , Resistencia a la Enfermedad , Enfermedades Gastrointestinales/veterinaria , Nematodos/inmunología , Infecciones por Nematodos/veterinaria , Animales , Brasil , Bovinos , Enfermedades de los Bovinos/parasitología , Heces/parasitología , Enfermedades Gastrointestinales/inmunología , Enfermedades Gastrointestinales/parasitología , Tracto Gastrointestinal/parasitología , Inmunoglobulina A/sangre , Inmunoglobulina G/sangre , Larva , Masculino , Infecciones por Nematodos/inmunología , Infecciones por Nematodos/parasitología , Recuento de Huevos de Parásitos/veterinaria , Aumento de PesoRESUMEN
Mexican Ninoa and Queretaro (Qro) TcI strains of Trypanosoma cruzi have shown different degrees of virulence, and the two strains produce heterogeneous immune responses in the hearts of infected mice. This work shows that the same strains can invade the intestine by an intraperitoneal route and establish an infection, mainly in the colon. The three segments of the small intestine (duodenum, jejunum and ileum) were infected to a lesser degree than the colon. Despite the fact that parasites were predominantly found in the colon, an obvious inflammatory reaction was observed in the submucosal layer along the entire intestinal tract, with the virulent Qro strain causing significantly more areas of higher immune infiltration. A clear recruitment of CD4⺠and CD8⺠T lymphocytes to the mesenteric ganglia was observed during infection with the virulent strain. Macrophages were also differentially distributed in the gastrointestinal tract. These later cells infiltrated fewer amastigote nests in the mice infected with the Qro strain than in the mice infected with the Ninoa strain. When IFN-γ, TNF-α, and IL-4 levels were measured, an increase in these cytokines was observed compared with the uninfected mice. The role of these inflammatory reactions in the pathogenesis of Chagas enteropathy is also discussed in this paper.