RESUMEN
BACKGROUND: Considering the previous research that suggested that screen time (ST), sleep duration, physical activity (PA), obesity and cardiometabolic risk factors are related, it is essential to identify how these variables are associated over time, to provide knowledge for the development of intervention strategies to promote health in pediatric populations. Also, there is a lack of studies examining these associations longitudinally. The aims of the present study were: (1) to investigate the longitudinal relationships between ST, sleep duration, leisure PA, body mass index (BMI), and cardiometabolic risk score (cMetS) in children and adolescents; and (2) to verify scores and prevalence of cMetS risk zones at baseline and follow-up. METHODS: This observational longitudinal study included 331 children and adolescents (aged six to 17 years; girls = 57.7%) from schools in a southern city in Brazil. ST, sleep duration, and leisure PA were evaluated by a self-reported questionnaire. BMI was evaluated using the BMI z-scores (Z_BMI). The cMetS was determined by summing sex- and age-specific z-scores of total cholesterol/high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C) ratio, triglycerides, glucose, and systolic blood pressure and dividing it by four. A two-wave cross-lagged model was implemented. RESULTS: ST, sleep duration, and leisure PA were not associated with cMetS after 2-years. However, it was observed that higher ST at baseline was associated with shorter sleep duration at follow-up (B=-0.074; 95%IC=-0.130; -0.012), while higher Z_BMI from baseline associated with higher cMetS of follow-up (B = 0.154; 95%CI = 0.083;0.226). The reciprocal model of relationships indicated that the variance of ST, sleep time, leisure PA, Z_BMI, and cMetS explained approximately 9%, 14%, 10%, 67% and 22%, respectively, of the model. Individual change scores and prevalence indicated that cMetS had individual changes from 2014 to 2016. CONCLUSION: Sleep duration, ST and leisure PA were not associated with cMetS after 2 years. ST showed an inverse association with sleep duration, and Z_BMI was positively associated with cMetS after a 2-year follow-up. Finally, the prevalence of no clustering of risk factors increased after two years. These findings suggest the need to promote healthy lifestyle habits from childhood and considering individual factors that can influence cardiometabolic health in children and adolescents.
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Factores de Riesgo Cardiometabólico , Ejercicio Físico , Actividades Recreativas , Obesidad Infantil , Tiempo de Pantalla , Sueño , Humanos , Femenino , Masculino , Niño , Adolescente , Factores de Tiempo , Estudios Longitudinales , Medición de Riesgo , Obesidad Infantil/epidemiología , Obesidad Infantil/diagnóstico , Obesidad Infantil/fisiopatología , Brasil/epidemiología , Prevalencia , Factores de Edad , Índice de Masa Corporal , Conducta del Adolescente , Conducta Infantil , Enfermedades Cardiovasculares/epidemiología , Enfermedades Cardiovasculares/diagnóstico , Enfermedades Cardiovasculares/fisiopatología , Enfermedades Cardiovasculares/prevención & control , Conducta Sedentaria , Duración del SueñoRESUMEN
BACKGROUND: Cardiovascular diseases remain a leading global cause of mortality worldwide especially in older adults. Although it is known that regular exercise reduces cardiovascular diseases incidence, its effects on specific cardiovascular aging parameters considering the influence of sex and different exercise designs are still not fully understood. Therefore, this systematic review and meta-analysis aims to evaluate the effects of different physical exercise protocols on age-related cardiovascular outcomes in older adults. METHODS: This systematic review and meta-analysis will be reported in agreement with the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) statement. Articles will be eligible if they are randomized controlled trials with a primary objective of evaluating the chronic effects of exercise interventions on cardiovascular aging parameters. Search strategy will be performed from the inception to September 30th, 2023, in the following electronic databases: MEDLINE (Ovid), SCOPUS (Elsevier), Embase, Sport Discus (EBSCO), Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials (CENTRAL), and Web of Science Core Collection (Clarivate Analytics). Data will be extracted and managed through Research Electronic Data Capture (REDCap) software. The Tool for the assEssment of Study qualiTy and reporting in EXercise (TESTEX) will be used to assess the methodological quality of included studies. Additionally, the quality of the findings will be evaluated using the Grading of Recommendations Assessment, Development and Evaluation (GRADE) profiler. Meta-analysis based on the random-effects model will be performed (if deemed suitable, considering the methodological and clinical heterogeneity of the studies) to estimate the effects of exercise training on cardiovascular aging variables (i.e., cardiac output; arterial stiffness; stroke volume; endothelial function; and carotid intima-media thickness). Heterogeneity will be assessed with the I2 statistics, while the publication bias will be assessed based on Egger's test. DISCUSSION: To the best of our knowledge, this will be the first systematic review and meta-analysis to investigate the impact of sex and training protocols on the cardiovascular aging parameters. Moreover, the findings of this systematic review and meta-analysis will provide evidence for health professionals in the management of elderly patients in order to optimize the exercise prescription to face the cardiovascular alterations related to the aging process, considering the effects of different protocols according to sex. SYSTEMATIC REVIEW REGISTRATION: PROSPERO CRD42023441015 .
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Envejecimiento , Enfermedades Cardiovasculares , Ejercicio Físico , Femenino , Humanos , Masculino , Envejecimiento/fisiología , Enfermedades Cardiovasculares/fisiopatología , Enfermedades Cardiovasculares/prevención & control , Ejercicio Físico/fisiología , Metaanálisis como Asunto , Ensayos Clínicos Controlados Aleatorios como Asunto , Factores Sexuales , Revisiones Sistemáticas como AsuntoRESUMEN
The present cross-sectional study aimed to compare climacteric symptoms and arterial stiffness indices between perimenopausal and postmenopausal women. The study sample comprised 70 healthy female participants, including 27 perimenopausal (49.8 ± 3.8 years) and 43 postmenopausal (55.7 ± 4 years) individuals. Validated methods were used to assess physical activity level, quality of life, climacteric symptoms, and anthropometric data. Arterial stiffness parameters were measured using Mobil-O-Graph. Pulse wave velocity (PWV) had a higher mean in the postmenopausal group than in the perimenopause group [8.04 m/s (SD 0.79) vs 7.01 m/s (SD 0.78), p < .001). PWV was strongly correlated with peripheral (r = 0.619) and central (r = 0.632) Systolic Blood Pressure (SBP) in postmenopausal group and an even stronger correlation was observed in perimenopausal group (r = 0.779 pSBP and 0.782 cSBP). BMI was a risk predictor in the perimenopausal group contributing positively to increase Pulse Pressure Amplification (PPA) (0.458, p < .05). In postmenopausal women, heart rate (HR) was a stronger predictor for central SBP, cardiac output, and total vascular resistance, whereas perimenopausal women HR influenced central diastolic blood pressure and PPA. Vascular changes initiating during perimenopause may contribute to the development of cardiovascular pathologies in the postmenopausal period. Further research with larger, representative samples is warranted to corroborate these findings.
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Presión Sanguínea , Frecuencia Cardíaca , Perimenopausia , Posmenopausia , Análisis de la Onda del Pulso , Calidad de Vida , Rigidez Vascular , Humanos , Femenino , Persona de Mediana Edad , Rigidez Vascular/fisiología , Posmenopausia/fisiología , Perimenopausia/fisiología , Estudios Transversales , Presión Sanguínea/fisiología , Frecuencia Cardíaca/fisiología , Índice de Masa Corporal , Factores de Riesgo , Ejercicio Físico/fisiología , Enfermedades Cardiovasculares/fisiopatologíaAsunto(s)
Presión Sanguínea , Enfermedades Cardiovasculares , Factores de Riesgo de Enfermedad Cardiaca , Hipertensión , Humanos , Hipertensión/fisiopatología , Hipertensión/complicaciones , Enfermedades Cardiovasculares/etiología , Enfermedades Cardiovasculares/fisiopatología , Presión Sanguínea/fisiología , Factores de RiesgoRESUMEN
The safety of exercise practice by individuals with cardiovascular disease is due to a good clinical evaluation to identify patients with a higher risk of adverse events, thus the study of simple variables capable of predicting the rate of events during exercise is relevant and may provide better screening tools to be applied in the clinical practice. The study aimed to evaluate if clinical and physical parameters can predict the rate of adverse events during exercise-based cardiac rehabilitation. This was a cohort study that followed 73 patients during 24 sessions of exercise. Were registered 217 simple adverse events, at a rate of 2.5 events per hour of exercise. We found that higher adiposity, worse pulmonary function, lower functional capacity, and reduced heart rate variability were significant and acceptable predictors of adverse events during exercise, according to the ROC curve analysis. We state that these simple physical parameters may be useful for cardiac risk stratification in cardiac rehabilitation programs with low resources, contributing to its safety.
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Rehabilitación Cardiaca , Humanos , Rehabilitación Cardiaca/métodos , Masculino , Femenino , Anciano , Persona de Mediana Edad , Frecuencia Cardíaca , Ejercicio Físico/fisiología , Estudios de Cohortes , Terapia por Ejercicio/métodos , Enfermedades Cardiovasculares/fisiopatología , Curva ROCRESUMEN
Cardiovascular diseases can be an emerging complication in cystic fibrosis (CF), as the median life expectancy has improved considerably. The objective of this study was to compare vascular, hemodynamic parameters and arterial stiffness in adult CF patients with healthy participants pared by sex and age, and to assess the factors associated with arterial stiffness in the CF group. This is a cross-sectional observational study. The evaluation of cardiovascular parameters was performed non-invasively using Mobil-O-Graph. 36 individuals with CF and 35 controls were evaluated. The mean arterial pressure (96.71 ± 10.98 versus 88.61 ± 7.40 mmHg, p = 0.0005), cardiac output (4.86 ± 0.57 versus 4.48 ± 0.44 L/min, p = 0.002) and systolic volume (64.30 ± 11.91 versus 49.02 ± 9.31 ml, p < 0.0001) were significantly lower in the CF group. The heart rate was higher in the CF when compared to the control (77.18 ± 10.47 versus 93.56 ± 14.57 bpm, p < 0.0001). The augmentation index (AIx@75) was higher in the CF than control (29.94 ± 9.37 versus 16.52 ± 7.179%, p < 0.0001). In the multivariate model controlled by body mass index and Forced Expiratory Volume in the first second, central systolic blood pressure and reflection coefficient directly related to AIx@75. Negatively related to AIx@75 were age and systolic volume. The adjusted determination coefficient was 87.40%. Individuals with CF presented lower arterial blood pressures and changes in cardiac function with lower stroke volume and cardiac output. The AIx@75, an indirect index of arterial stiffness and direct index of left ventricular overload, is increased in this population. The subclinical findings suggest the need for earlier cardiovascular assessment in this population due to increased risks of cardiovascular disease.
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Fibrosis Quística , Hemodinámica , Rigidez Vascular , Humanos , Fibrosis Quística/fisiopatología , Masculino , Femenino , Adulto , Estudios Transversales , Adulto Joven , Presión Sanguínea , Enfermedades Cardiovasculares/fisiopatología , Enfermedades Cardiovasculares/etiología , Frecuencia Cardíaca , Gasto Cardíaco/fisiologíaRESUMEN
OBJECTIVES: We aimed at defining the direct and the mediated pathways for the association between leisure-time physical activity (LTPA) and carotid-to-femoral pulse wave velocity (cf-PWV), and also to identify whether these effects are influenced by sex and age. METHODS: Cross-sectional data from 13â718 adults (35-74âyears) were obtained at the baseline of the ELSA-Brasil study. The cf-PWV was obtained by measuring the pulse transit time and the distance traveled by the pulse between the carotid and the femoral, as well as clinical and anthropometric parameters were measured. The levels of LTPA were determined by applying the long form of the International Physical Activity Questionnaire (IPAQ). RESULTS: Classical cardiovascular risk factors were independently associated with cf-PWV. Path analysis showed that increased levels of LTPA were directly associated with lower cf-PWV in both men and women ( ß : -0.123â±â0.03 vs. 0.065â±â0.029, P for sexâ=â0.165), except for diabetes. Also, the mediated effect of LTPA on SBP and DBPs, heart rate, BMI, and fasting glucose, was associated with lower cf-PWV in men and women ( ß : -0.113â±â0.016 vs. -0.104â±â0.016, P for sexâ=â0.692), except for diabetes. When age was tested as a moderator, the direct effect did not change significantly according to participants' age, regardless of sex. However, the mediated effect increases in both men and women over 50âyears. CONCLUSION: Our findings support that LTPA in adults reduces cf-PWV by acting in different ways according to age. Physical activity in older individuals improves cardiometabolic risk factors and thus mitigates the stiffening of large arteries.
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Ejercicio Físico , Actividades Recreativas , Análisis de la Onda del Pulso , Rigidez Vascular , Humanos , Persona de Mediana Edad , Masculino , Femenino , Rigidez Vascular/fisiología , Ejercicio Físico/fisiología , Adulto , Estudios Transversales , Anciano , Brasil/epidemiología , Análisis de Mediación , Enfermedades Cardiovasculares/fisiopatología , Factores de RiesgoRESUMEN
Morphometry of striated muscle fibres is critical for monitoring muscle health and function. Here, we evaluated functional parameters of skeletal and cardiac striated muscle in two experimental models using the Morphometric Analysis of Muscle Fibre tool (MusMA). The collagen-induced arthritis model was used to evaluate the function of skeletal striated muscle and the non-alcoholic fatty liver disease model was used for cardiac striated muscle analysis. After euthanasia, we used haeamatoxylin and eosin stained sections of skeletal and cardiac muscle to perform muscle fibre segmentation and morphometric analysis. Morphometric analysis classified muscle fibres into six subpopulations: normal, regular hypertrophic, irregular hypertrophic, irregular, irregular atrophic and regular atrophic. The percentage of atrophic fibres was associated with lower walking speed (p = 0.009) and lower body weight (p = 0.026), respectively. Fibres categorized as normal were associated with maximum grip strength (p < 0.001) and higher march speed (p < 0.001). In the evaluation of cardiac striated muscle fibres, the percentage of normal cardiomyocytes negatively correlated with cardiovascular risk markers such as the presence of abdominal adipose tissue (p = .003), miR-33a expression (p = .001) and the expression of miR-126 (p = .042) Furthermore, the percentage of atrophic cardiomyocytes correlated significantly with the Castelli risk index II (p = .014). MusMA is a simple and objective tool that allows the screening of striated muscle fibre morphometry, which can complement the diagnosis of muscle diseases while providing functional and prognostic information in basic and clinical research.
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Fibras Musculares Esqueléticas , Animales , Masculino , Pronóstico , Fibras Musculares Esqueléticas/patología , Enfermedades Cardiovasculares/patología , Enfermedades Cardiovasculares/fisiopatología , Miocitos Cardíacos/patología , Factores de Riesgo de Enfermedad CardiacaRESUMEN
BACKGROUND: Endothelial dysfunction (ED) suspicion will allow to prevent accelerated atherosclerosis and premature death. OBJECTIVE: To establish the usefulness of thermography for endothelial function screening in adults with cardiovascular risk factors. MATERIAL AND METHODS: Cross-sectional, analytical diagnostic test. A brachial arterial diameter (BAD) increase < 11% at one-minute post-ischemia meant probable ED and was confirmed if BAD was ≥ 11% post-sublingual nitroglycerin. Thermographic photographs of the palmar region were obtained at one minute. Descriptive statistics, ROC curve, Mann-Whitney's U-test, chi-square test, or Fisher's exact test were used. RESULTS: Thirty-eight subjects with a median age of 50 years, and with 624 thermographic measurements were included. Nine had ED (flow-mediated vasodilation [FMV]: 2.5%). The best cutoff point for normal endothelial function in subjects with cardiovascular risk factors was ≥ 36 °C at one minute of ischemia, with 85% sensitivity, 70% specificity, positive and negative predictive values of 78 and 77%, area under the curve of 0.796, LR+ 2.82, LR- 0.22. CONCLUSION: An infrared thermography-measured temperature in the palmar region greater than or equal to 36 °C after one minute of ischemia is practical, non-invasive, and inexpensive for normal endothelial function screening in adults with cardiovascular risk factors.
ANTECEDENTES: La sospecha de disfunción endotelial (DE) permitirá prevenir la aterosclerosis acelerada y la muerte prematura. OBJETIVO: Establecer la utilidad de la termografía en el cribado de la función endotelial en adultos con factores de riesgo cardiovascular. MATERIAL Y MÉTODOS: Estudio transversal analítico de prueba diagnóstica. El incremento del diámetro de la arteria braquial < 11 % a un minuto posisquemia significó probable DE, confirmada si el diámetro fue ≥ 11 % posnitroglicerina sublingual. Se obtuvieron fotografías termográficas al minuto de la región palmar. Se aplicó estadística descriptiva, curva ROC, pruebas U de Mann-Whitney, chi cuadrada o exacta de Fisher. RESULTADOS: Se incluyeron 38 sujetos, mediana de edad de 50 años, con 624 mediciones termográficas; nueve presentaron DE (vasodilatación mediada por flujo de 2.5 %). El mejor punto de corte para la función endotelial normal en sujetos con factores de riesgo cardiovascular fue ≥ 36 °C al minuto de isquemia, con sensibilidad de 85%, especificidad de 70%, valores predictivos positivo y negativo de 78 y 77%, área bajo la curva de 0.796, razón de verisimilitud positiva de 2.82 y razón de verisimilitud negativa de 0.22. CONCLUSIÓN: La medición de la temperatura en la región palmar mediante termografía infrarroja ≥ 36 °C tras un minuto de isquemia es práctica, no invasiva y económica para el cribado de la función endotelial normal en adultos con factores de riesgo cardiovascular.
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Endotelio Vascular , Termografía , Humanos , Termografía/métodos , Persona de Mediana Edad , Masculino , Femenino , Estudios Transversales , Endotelio Vascular/fisiopatología , Adulto , Anciano , Factores de Riesgo de Enfermedad Cardiaca , Sensibilidad y Especificidad , Rayos Infrarrojos , Arteria Braquial/fisiología , Enfermedades Cardiovasculares/diagnóstico , Enfermedades Cardiovasculares/fisiopatología , Vasodilatación/fisiología , Valor Predictivo de las PruebasRESUMEN
Hiatal hernia (HH) is a common disease in the general population. It is often asymptomatic, but if it does present clinical manifestations, these are usually gastrointestinal. Gastroesophageal reflux is the main symptom that accompanies it. Depending on the severity of the hernia, it is classified into several subtypes from I-IV. Especially, IV type (giant HH) can lead to various cardiopulmonary symptoms with several degrees of severity. It is necessary to keep this possibility in mind among the various differential diagnoses that may occur in this clinical setting. The current paper aims to review the literature on classic and novel information on the HH - cardiovascular system relationship. Epidemiological data, physiological aspects of the heart compressed by HH, cardiovascular symptoms, electrocardiographic changes, echocardiographic alterations and clinical implications are discussed.
Normally, the stomach and the heart are not in direct contact because they are in different cavities, the thorax and the abdomen, respectively. When part of the stomach moves toward the chest through the diaphragm, we say there is a hiatal hernia (HH). Most of the time the HH symptoms are mild and clearly digestive. In severe cases, surgical repair of the HH is required. Even in these circumstances, digestive symptoms continue to be the most frequent. However, some patients present cardiovascular symptoms and few or no digestive symptoms. This easily creates diagnostic confusion, which leads to incorrect treatments and unnecessary expenses. In extreme cases, as seen in giant HH, the degree of cardiovascular involvement is very serious. There are documented cases that have suffered cardiac arrest, arrhythmias of different types and symptoms like classic acute myocardial infarction. It is required that clinical doctors and surgeons are aware that this complication exists. Only with this in mind can a timely diagnosis be achieved. Some emergency measures have been saving, gastric decompression with a tube being the most important. The main mechanism that explains the serious cardiovascular consequences of giant HH is cardiac compression. The dissemination of this knowledge can help save lives.
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Reflujo Gastroesofágico , Hernia Hiatal , Hernia Hiatal/complicaciones , Humanos , Reflujo Gastroesofágico/fisiopatología , Reflujo Gastroesofágico/diagnóstico , Reflujo Gastroesofágico/complicaciones , Electrocardiografía/métodos , Ecocardiografía/métodos , Enfermedades Cardiovasculares/epidemiología , Enfermedades Cardiovasculares/etiología , Enfermedades Cardiovasculares/fisiopatología , Índice de Severidad de la EnfermedadRESUMEN
BACKGROUND AND AIM: The Dysfunctional Adiposity Index (DAI) is a clinical surrogate for evaluating adipose tissue functionality and cardiometabolic health. However, its association with Pericardial Fat Volume (PFV) has not been tested. The aim of this study was to evaluate DAI- PFV association, stratified by type 2 diabetes (T2D) status, and identify DAI thresholds for detecting increased PFV among patients without premature CVD. METHODS AND RESULTS: Participants from the GEA-Mexican study underwent a computed tomography scan to measure PFV. Adjusted logistic regression analyses tested the association between DAI and PFV. AUROC curves evaluated DAI's ability to identify elevated PFV (≥57.57 cm³), and the Youden method determined DAI thresholds, along with diagnostic metrics. The study analyzed 997 participants (women: 55%; mean age: 54 ± 9 years; median PFV: 42 cm³ [IQR: 29-58]), with a 13% prevalence of T2D. DAI was positively associated with elevated PFV (OR: 1.33, 95% CI: 1.07-1.70), which was more pronounced among subjects with T2D (OR: 3.01, 95% CI: 1.41-6.40). DAI thresholds were established for all participants (>1.176), individuals without T2D (>1.003), and with T2D (>1.936), yielding sensitivities of 71%, 81%, and 57%, and specificities of 48%, 38%, and 75%, respectively. The adjusted logistic regression tied DAI thresholds to a 1.68-fold elevation in PFV for all, 2.06-fold for those without T2D, and 6.81-fold for those with T2D. CONCLUSION: DAI was positively associated with increased PFV, particularly among participants with T2D. Established DAI thresholds demonstrated good diagnostic values for detecting increased PFV. DAI could serve as an accessible marker to identify PF in clinical settings.
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Adiposidad , Diabetes Mellitus Tipo 2 , Pericardio , Valor Predictivo de las Pruebas , Humanos , Femenino , Masculino , Persona de Mediana Edad , Pericardio/diagnóstico por imagen , Pericardio/fisiopatología , México/epidemiología , Diabetes Mellitus Tipo 2/diagnóstico , Diabetes Mellitus Tipo 2/epidemiología , Diabetes Mellitus Tipo 2/fisiopatología , Adulto , Prevalencia , Estudios Transversales , Anciano , Medición de Riesgo , Enfermedades Cardiovasculares/diagnóstico , Enfermedades Cardiovasculares/epidemiología , Enfermedades Cardiovasculares/fisiopatología , Obesidad/epidemiología , Obesidad/diagnóstico , Obesidad/fisiopatología , PronósticoRESUMEN
Cardiovascular diseases are the leading cause of death worldwide. They are non-transmissible diseases that affect the cardiovascular system and have different etiologies such as smoking, lipid disorders, diabetes, stress, sedentary lifestyle and genetic factors. To date, lncRNAs have been associated with increased susceptibility to the development of cardiovascular diseases such as hypertension, acute myocardial infarction, stroke, angina and heart failure. In this way, lncRNAs are becoming a very promising point for the prevention and diagnosis of cardiovascular diseases. Therefore, this review highlights the most important and recent discoveries about the mechanisms of action of the lncRNAs ANRIL, H19 and TUG1 and their clinical relevance in these pathologies. This may contribute to early detection of cardiovascular diseases in order to prevent the pathological phenotype from becoming established.
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Enfermedades Cardiovasculares , ARN Largo no Codificante , Enfermedades Cardiovasculares/diagnóstico , Enfermedades Cardiovasculares/genética , Enfermedades Cardiovasculares/fisiopatología , ARN Largo no Codificante/genética , ARN Largo no Codificante/metabolismo , Humanos , Predisposición Genética a la EnfermedadRESUMEN
INTRODUÇÃO: O diabete melito (DM) corresponde a um grupo de doenças metabólicas caracterizado por hiperglicemia decorrente de deficiência na produção ou na ação de insulina, resistência à insulina ou ambos, sendo o DM tipo 2 (DM2), o mais frequente. Pessoas com diabete apresentam risco aumentado para o desenvolvimento de doenças cardiovasculares (DCV), oculares, renais e neurológicas, resultando em aumento do uso de recursos e perfil de morbimortalidade desfavorável. Em 2021, a International Diabetes Federation estimou que 15,7 milhões de brasileiros tivessem diagnóstico de DM2. O controle bem sucedido do DM2 envolve uma série de desafios, incluindo o uso concomitante de medicamentos que afetam o processo de homeostase da glicose e a resposta à terapia antidiabética, além de potencialmente aumentar o risco de eventos adversos relacionados ao uso desses medicamentos. O PCDT do DM2 preconiza que o tratamento medicamentoso se inicie com metformina. Caso o controle glicêmico não seja atingido com a dose máxima tolerada, deve-se intensificar o tratamento com a introdução de uma sulfonilureia. Para pacientes com idade maior ou igual a 65 anos, com DCV estabelecida e que não atingiram controle glicêmico com terapia dupla, o PCDT recomenda intensificar o tratamento com dapagliflozina. Entretanto, para pacientes com DM2 e fatores de risco cardiovasculares ou DCV estabelecida, não há outra opção de tratamento medicamentoso oral, de modo que o PCDT recomenda a introdução de insulina. TECNOLOGIA: Dapagliflozina (Forxiga®). PERGUNTA DE PESQUISA: Dapagliflozina é eficaz e segura no tratamento de pacientes com diabete melito tipo 2 que não apresentam controle adequado da glicemia apesar do uso de metformina + sulfonilureia quando comparado às opções orais atualmente disponíveis no SUS e placebo? EVIDÊNCIAS CIENTÍFICAS: Para a seleção da evidência clínica, foi conduzida uma revisão sistemática nas bases Medline via PubMed e Embase para identificar ensaios clínicos randomizados (ECR), estudos observacionais e revisões sistemáticas que avaliassem dapagliflozina para o tratamento de DM2 em indivíduos com DCV estabelecida ou fatores de risco cardiovasculares. Um total de sete estudos atenderam aos critérios de elegibilidade, sendo seis ECR que compararam dapagliflozina + cuidado padrão vs. placebo + cuidado padrão e uma coorte retrospectiva que comparou a intensificação com dapagliflozina vs. outros antidiabéticos. AVALIAÇÃO ECONÔMICA (AE): : O demandante apresentou uma análise de custo efetividade comparando a adição de dapagliflozina ao esquema atual otimizado de tratamento à não adição do medicamento por meio de modelo de microssimulação. O modelo teve horizonte temporal de 40 anos, com ciclos de seis meses. Foram considerados custos de aquisição de medicamento, de acompanhamento, de tratamento, complicações e eventos adversos. Como desfechos clínicos, foram consideradas alterações de hemoglobina glicada, pressão arterial, redução de peso e alteração da função renal, bem como a ocorrência de eventos cardiovasculares e eventos adversos. Neste modelo, a razão de custo-efetividade incremental (RCEI) foi de R$ 4.674,15/ ano de vida ajustado por qualidade (QALY) ganho a uma taxa de desconto de 3,5% e de R$ 17.818,38/QALY ganho a uma taxa de desconto de 5%. Na análise de sensibilidade, a dapagliflozina teve probabilidade de ser custo-efetiva em 93,3% e 78,10% das simulações com taxas de desconto de, respectivamente, 3,5% e 5%. Já na análise de sensibilidade determinística, os principais parâmetros que influenciaram no modelo foram idade (taxa de desconto de 3,5%), taxa de desconto e custo de eventos (taxa de desconto de 3,5% e 5%). ANÁLISE DE IMPACTO ORÇAMENTÁRIO (AIO): A população elegível da AIO apresentada pelo demandante foi estimada com base na demanda epidemiológica (em média 342.085 usuários/ano). Além dos custos de aquisição do tratamento, foram incluídos custos de complicações do DM2 e de eventos adversos relacionados ao tratamento. Considerando a taxa de difusão do caso base (40% a 90%), o impacto orçamentário incremental em cinco anos da incorporação de dapagliflozina (adicional ao tratamento padrão) foi de R$ 462.160.721,79. No cenário alternativo, e que se considerou uma taxa de difusão lenta, de 20% a 70%, o impacto incremental em cinco anos foi de cerca de 334,4 milhões de reais. CONSIDERAÇÕES FINAIS: A evidência disponível é proveniente de seis ECR e um estudo observacional e sugere que dapagliflozina combinada a tratamento padrão seja superior ao tratamento padrão isolado para melhoras em fatores de risco cardiovasculares, promovendo redução significativa de hemoglobina glicada (qualidade moderada), redução de peso corporal (qualidade moderada) e redução de pressão arterial sistólica (qualidade alta), além de resultar em redução de hospitalizações por insuficiência cardíaca ou morte cardiovascular (qualidade alta em ECR e moderada em estudo observacional). Não foram observadas diferenças entre os grupos no que diz respeito a redução de eventos cardiovasculares maiores ou mortalidade por todas as causas (qualidade moderada). Quanto aos desfechos de segurança, não foram observadas diferenças entre os grupos quanto à frequência de hipoglicemia (qualidade baixa), hipoglicemia grave (qualidade alta em ECR e moderada em estudo observacional) ou infecção do trato urinário (qualidade baixa). Entretanto, maior proporção de pacientes que utilizaram dapagliflozina apresentaram infecção genital (qualidade baixa) e descontinuaram tratamento por eventos adversos (qualidade moderada). Por sua vez, no grupo placebo a frequência de eventos adversos graves foi superior em relação ao grupo dapagliflozina (qualidade moderada). Na análise econômica, observou-se que dapagliflozina comparada ao placebo resultaria em RCEI de R$ 4.674,15/ QALY ganho, e o impacto orçamentário incremental em cinco anos seria de 334,4 milhões. RECOMENDAÇÃO PRELIMINAR DA CONITEC: Durante a deliberação foram discutidos aspectos referentes ao comparador utilizado, em que foi questionada possível resultados quando comparado comparação com insulina, embora não haja estudos avaliando essa comparação para a população de interesse; eficácia da dapagliflozina para além do controle glicêmico; e a escolha do desfecho de saúde utilizado na análise de custo-efetividade. Após votação, por maioria simples, o Plenário decidiu encaminhar a matéria para consulta pública com recomendação preliminar favorável a incorporação da dapagliflozina para o tratamento de DM2 em pacientes com necessidade de segunda intensificação de tratamento e alto risco para desenvolver DCV ou com DCV já estabelecida e idade entre 40-64 anos. CONSULTA PÚBLICA: A consulta pública de no 088 ficou disponível no período de 06/12/2022 a 26/12/2022. Foram recebidas 570 contribuições, sendo 361 pelo formulário para contribuições técnico-científicas. Foram feitos comentários a respeito da eficácia/ efetividade da dapagliflozina para a população para o qual o uso está sendo solicitados. De modo geral, comentou-se que os benefícios reportados nos estudos são observados também na prática clínica. Outro ponto bastante comentado foi a respeito da potencial economia de recursos com a redução de internações e do tratamento de complicações do DM2 decorrentes de um controle inadequado da doença. Diferentes contribuições também comentaram o alto custo do medicamento, tornando o tratamento inviável para pacientes de baixa renda. Diferentes sociedades médicas e associações de coletivos de pacientes se posicionaram a favor da ampliação de uso. Não foram enviadas evidências adicionais que pudessem ser incorporadas ao relatório, mas o demandante apresentou esclarecimentos aos questionamentos feitos durante a apreciação inicial. RECOMENDAÇÃO FINAL DA CONITEC: Diante do exposto, os membros presentes do Comitê de Medicamentos na 116a Reunião Ordinária, deliberaram, por unanimidade, recomendar a incorporação da dapagliflozina para o tratamento de DM2 em pacientes com necessidade de segunda intensificação de tratamento e alto risco cardiovascular ou com DCV já estabelecida e idade entre 40-64 anos, conforme Protocolo Clínico do Ministério da Saúde. Foi assinado o Registro de Deliberação nº 799/2022. DECISÃO: Incorporar, no âmbito do Sistema Único de Saúde - SUS, a dapagliflozina para o tratamento de diabete melito tipo 2 (DM2) em pacientes com necessidade de segunda intensificação de tratamento e alto risco para desenvolver doença cardiovascular (DCV) ou com DCV já estabelecida e idade entre 40-64 anos, publicada no Diário Oficial da União nº 09, seção 1, página 65, em 5 de abril de 2023.
Asunto(s)
Humanos , Adulto , Persona de Mediana Edad , Enfermedades Cardiovasculares/fisiopatología , Diabetes Mellitus Tipo 2/tratamiento farmacológico , Inhibidores del Cotransportador de Sodio-Glucosa 2/uso terapéutico , Sistema Único de Salud , Brasil , Análisis Costo-Beneficio/economíaRESUMEN
Abstract Background: Cardiovascular disease (CVD) is the leading cause of death worldwide, including among physicians. Professional peculiarities increase cardiovascular risk in this population, making it relevant to analyze mortality in the medical population (MPop) and non-medical population (NMPop). Objectives: To compare the CVD mortality coefficient (MC) in between MPop and NMPop in Brazil by analyzing the epidemiological profile and the main causes of deaths from CVD. Methods: Time-series study with data obtained from the Mortality Information System of the Federal Council of Medicine and the Brazilian Institute of Geography and Statistics, from 2014 to 2018. The variables age group, sex, race, occupation, and CVD that caused the death were assessed in MPop and NMPop. MC, relative risk and odds ratio between the populations were calculated. Tests for difference in proportions, with approximation to the normal distribution, and chi-squared tests were performed, assuming p<0.01 as statistically significant. Results: Both MPop and NMPop had a predominance of men (86.7% and 52.3%), senior citizens (85.9% and 79.7%) and white individuals (86.4% and 52.2%). The MCs of the MPop and NMPop was 92.2 and 255.1 deaths/100,000 individuals, respectively. The main cause of death was acute myocardial infarction (AMI) (32.5% and 24.6% in MPop and NMPop, respectively) followed by cerebrovascular accident (CVA) (5.1% and 10.5% in MPop and NMPop, respectively). Conclusion: In Brazil, mortality from CVD was more prevalent in white elderly males, and mainly caused by AMI and CVA. Being a doctor, man and over 60 years old represents a greater chance of death from CVD in comparison with non-physicians.
Asunto(s)
Humanos , Masculino , Femenino , Adulto , Persona de Mediana Edad , Anciano , Anciano de 80 o más Años , Adulto Joven , Médicos/estadística & datos numéricos , Enfermedades Cardiovasculares/mortalidad , Brasil , Enfermedades Cardiovasculares/fisiopatología , Estudios de Series Temporales , Factores de Riesgo de Enfermedad CardiacaRESUMEN
Contexto. Las enfermedades cardiovasculares son la principal causa de muerte a nivel mundial; el tabaquismo, sedentarismo y hábitos alimenticios son los principales factores de riesgo cardiovascular modificables. Objetivo. Identificar el nivel de riesgo cardiovascular que presentan los estudiantes universitarios y, establecer la asociación de los factores de riesgo cardiovascular modificables con la capacidad cardio-vascular determinada mediante la "caminata de seis minutos".Material y Métodos. Estudio observacional, transversal, de campo, no experimental y correlacional. La población fue de 421 sujetos y la muestra de 229 estudiantes universitarios (adultos jóvenes) de ambos géneros (30,6% masculino, 69,4% femenino), de 18 a 29 años. Los sujetos analizados se encuentran a 2.850m de altitud. El muestreo fue probabilístico estratificado proporcional. Las técnicas aplicadas fue-ron: la encuesta, diseñada a partir del cuestionario base: "Instrumento STEPS de la OMS", Cuestionario de Identificación de los Trastornos Debidos al Consumo de Alcohol y Cuestionario Internacional de Actividad Física; y la "caminata de seis minutos". Los instrumentos usados tienen validación internacional. Resultados. El 93% de los sujetos presentan uno o más factores de riesgo cardiovascular modificables; los predominantes fueron: consumo de alcohol (84,7%) y sedentarismo (81,7%). El 62% presentan riesgo cardiovascular moderado. El nivel de riesgo cardiovascular tiene una correlación débil con el consumo de oxígeno (VO2) (r=0.20); existe una relación estadísticamente significativa entre el nivel de actividad física y VO2 (p=0,02). Discusión. Los principales factores de riesgo cardiovascular modificables identificados fueron el consumo de alcohol y el sedentarismo; no existió asociación estadísticamente significativa entre los factores de riesgo cardiovascular modificables con la capacidad cardiovascular; pero la capacidad cardiovascular tiene relación estadísticamente significativa con el nivel de actividad física.
Context. Cardiovascular diseases are the major cause of death worldwide; smoking, sedentary lifestyle and eating habits are the main modicable cardiovascular risk factors.Objective. To identify the modifiable cardiovascular risk factors presented by university students and, establish the association between cardiovascular modificable risk factors and the cardiovascular capa-city determined by the "six minute walk". Material and Methods. Observational, cross-sectional, field, non-experimental and correlational study. The population was 421 subjects and the sample was 229 university students (young adults) of both genders (30.6% male, 69.4% female), from 18 to 29 years old. The subjects analyzed are located at an altitude of 2,850m. Sampling was proportional stratified probabilistic. The techniques applied were: the survey, designed based on the basic questionnaire: "WHO STEPS Instrument", Questionnaire for the Identification of Disorders Due to Alcohol Consumption and International Questionnaire on Physical Activity; and the "six minute walk". The instruments used have international validation.Results. 93% of the subjects present one or more modifiable cardiovascular risk factors; the predomi-nant ones were: alcohol consumption (84.7%) and sedentary lifestyle (81.7%). 62% present moderate cardiovascular risk. The level of cardiovascular risk has a weak correlation with oxygen consumption (VO2) (r=0.20); there is a statistically significant relationship between the level of physical activity and VO2 (p=0.02).Discussion. The main modifiable cardiovascular risk factors identified were alcohol consumption and a sedentary lifestyle; there was no statistically significant association between modifiable cardiovascular risk factors with cardiovascular capacity; but cardiovascular capacity has a statistically significant rela-tionship with the level of physical activity
Asunto(s)
Humanos , Masculino , Femenino , Adulto Joven , Enfermedades Cardiovasculares , Salud del Estudiante , Factores de Riesgo , Factores de Riesgo de Enfermedad Cardiaca , Enfermedades Cardiovasculares/fisiopatología , Enfermedades Cardiovasculares/prevención & control , Ecuador , Promoción de la SaludRESUMEN
La enfermedad por coronavirus es una infección respiratoria causada por el virus SARS-CoV 2, el cual genera una cascada de eventos sistémicos, afectando diferentes órganos y tejidos. El entendimiento de la fisiopatología del COVID-19 es indispensable no solo al momento de brindar tratamiento a los pacientes, sino que también para comprender las causas de las complicaciones que presentan un número importante de pacientes recuperados. El objetivo de este trabajo es presentar una revisión actualizada de los efectos de la infección en diferentes órganos y sistemas principales que sea de utilidad como material de referencia para profesionales y estudiantes de la salud. Para ello se realizó una búsqueda bibliográfica en los portales PubMED, Scielo, Google Scholar, Cochrane y Springer Link, así como en las bases de repositorios científicos pre-publicación bioRxiv ("bioarchives") y medRxiv ("med-archives") y sobre un total de cerca de 200 mil artículos, se seleccionaron 100 artículos para esta revisión en base a su relevancia o sugerencias de parte de profesionales especializados.
Coronavirus disease is a respiratory infection caused by the SARS-CoV-2 virus, which causes a cascade of systemic events, affecting various organs and tissues. Understanding the pathophysiology of COVID-19 is essential to treat patients and understand the causes of the complications in a significant number of recovered patients. This article presents a review of the effects of infection on various organs and systems that will be useful as reference material for healthcare professionals and medical students. To this end, a literature search was conducted in PubMED, Scielo, Google Scholar, Cochrane, and Springer Link portals, as well as in the pre-publication scientific repositories bioRxiv ("bioarchives") and medRxiv ("med-archives") databases. From about 200,000 papers, 100 articles were selected for this review based on their relevance or suggestions from experts in the field.
A doença coronavírus é uma infecção respiratória causada pelo vírus SARS-CoV-2, que gera uma cascata de eventos sistêmicos, afetando diferentes órgãos e tecidos. Compreender a fisiopatologia da COVID-19 é essencial não apenas no tratamento de pacientes, mas também para compreender as causas das complicações que um número significativo de pacientes recuperados apresenta. O objetivo deste trabalho é apresentar uma revisão atualizada dos efeitos da infecção em diferentes órgãos e principais sistemas que seja útil como material de referência para profissionais de saúde e estudantes. Para isso, foi realizada uma pesquisa bibliográfica nos portais PubMED, Scielo, Google Scholar, Cochrane e Springer Link, bem como nos repositórios científicos de pré-publicação bioRxiv ("bioarquivos") e medRxiv ("arquivos med"). Num total de cerca de 200 mil artigos, 100 artigos foram selecionados para esta revisão por sua relevância ou sugestões de profissionais especializados.
Asunto(s)
Humanos , COVID-19/fisiopatología , Alveolos Pulmonares/fisiopatología , Enfermedades Cardiovasculares/fisiopatología , Enfermedades del Sistema Nervioso Central/fisiopatología , Enfermedades del Sistema Digestivo/fisiopatología , Enfermedades del Sistema Endocrino/fisiopatología , SARS-CoV-2/metabolismo , COVID-19/epidemiología , Enfermedades de la Boca/fisiopatologíaRESUMEN
ABSTRACT: Paracetamol (PAR) is the most common over-the-counter drug recommended by physicians for treatment of pain and fever during gestation. This drug is not teratogenic, being considered safe for fetus; however, PAR crosses the blood-placental barrier. Considering that, the present study aimed to evaluate the vascular and metabolic safety of PAR exposure during intrauterine and neonatal development in adult male and female-exposed offspring. Wistar female rats were gavaged, with PAR (350 mg/kg/d), from gestational day 6-21 or from gestational day 6 until postnatal day 21. Control dams received water by gavage at the same periods. The male and female offspring were evaluated at adulthood (80 days of life). The thoracic aorta reactivity to acetylcholine, sodium nitroprusside, and phenylephrine was evaluated in male and female adult offspring. It was observed that aortic relaxation was similar between the PAR and control offspring. In addition, the contraction to phenylephrine was similar between the groups. Further, the insulin sensitivity, adipose tissue deposition and blood pressure were not different between PAR and control adult offspring. These results suggest that the protocol of PAR exposure used in the present study did not program vascular and metabolic alterations that would contribute to the development of cardiometabolic diseases in adult life, being safe for the exposed offspring.
Asunto(s)
Acetaminofén/toxicidad , Analgésicos no Narcóticos/toxicidad , Enfermedades Cardiovasculares/inducido químicamente , Lactancia , Enfermedades Metabólicas/inducido químicamente , Efectos Tardíos de la Exposición Prenatal , Adiposidad/efectos de los fármacos , Animales , Aorta Torácica/efectos de los fármacos , Aorta Torácica/fisiopatología , Enfermedades Cardiovasculares/fisiopatología , Femenino , Edad Gestacional , Hemodinámica/efectos de los fármacos , Resistencia a la Insulina , Masculino , Enfermedades Metabólicas/sangre , Enfermedades Metabólicas/fisiopatología , Embarazo , Ratas Wistar , Medición de RiesgoRESUMEN
AIMS: Nitric oxide synthases (NOSs) are key enzymes regulating vascular function. Previously, we reported that ß-adrenergic (ß-AR) overstimulation, a common feature of cardiovascular diseases, did not impair endothelium-dependent vasodilation, although it resulted in endothelial NOS (eNOS) uncoupling and reduced NO bioavailability. In addition to NO, neuronal NOS (nNOS) produces H2O2, which contributes to vasodilation. However, there is limited information regarding vascular ß-AR signaling and nNOS. In the present study, we assessed the possible role of nNOS-derived H2O2 and caveolins on endothelial vasodilation function following ß-AR overstimulation. MAIN METHODS: Male C57BL/6 wild-type and nNOS knockout mice (nNOS-/-) were treated with the ß-AR agonist isoproterenol (ISO, 15 mg·kg-1·day-1, s.c.) or vehicle (VHE) for seven days. Relaxation responses of aortic rings were evaluated using wire myograph and H2O2 by Amplex Red. KEY FINDINGS: Acetylcholine- or calcium ionophore A23187-induced endothelium-dependent relaxation was similar in aortic rings from VHE and ISO. However, this relaxation was significantly reduced in aortas from ISO compared to VHE when (1) caveolae were disrupted, (2) nNOS was pharmacologically inhibited or genetically suppressed and (3) H2O2 was scavenged. NOS-derived H2O2 production was higher in the aortas of ISO mice than in those of VHE mice. Aortas from ISO-treated mice showed increased expression of caveolin-1, nNOS and catalase, while caveolin-3 expression did not change. SIGNIFICANCE: The results suggest a role of caveolin-1 and the nNOS/H2O2 vasodilatory pathway in endothelium-dependent relaxation following ß-AR overstimulation and reinforce the protective role of nNOS in cardiovascular diseases associated with high adrenergic tone.