RESUMEN
BACKGROUND: Mycotoxin monitoring in cereal grains has great importance in the food and feed industries. This study evaluated mycotoxin contamination in corns with different endosperm textures in 2 years of cultivation. Samples of dent, semi-dent, flint and semi-flint corns from field experiments were analyzed by high-performance liquid chromatography coupled with tandem mass spectrometry (HPLC-MS/MS). RESULTS: Occurrences of fumonisins B1 (FB1 ) and B2 (FB2 ) in 2020 were 45.72% (mean 270 µg kg-1 ) and 35.89% (94.97 µg kg-1 ), respectively, and 68.98% (446 µg kg-1 ) and 45.83% (152 µg kg-1 ) in 2021. Occurrence of aflatoxin B1 was 11.96% (0.16 µg kg-1 ) in 2020 and 11.11% (0.13 µg kg-1 ) in 2021. In 2020, deoxynivalenol (DON) and zearalenona (ZEA) presented occurrences of 1.28% and 1.70%, with means of 4.08 and 2.45 µg kg-1 , respectively. In 2021, results were 8.33% (31.00 µg kg-1 ) for DON and 8.79% (4.38 µg kg-1 ) for ZEA. Citrinin, diacetoxyscirpenol and fusarenon-X did not occur in 2020 but presented 1.66%, 0.83%, and 2.50% positive rates in 2021, respectively. In 2020, flint corn presented the lowest concentration of FB1 whereas dent corn presented the highest concentration of FB1 and FB2 (P < 0.05). In 2021, dent corn presented the highest means of FB1 , FB2 and diacetoxyscirpenol (P < 0.05). Dent and semi-dent presented the highest concentration of nivalenol (P < 0.05). CONCLUSION: The endosperm texture influenced mycotoxin contamination in corn grains, especially FB1 and FB2 , which had the highest concentration in dent corn in the 2 years of this study. © 2023 Society of Chemical Industry.
Asunto(s)
Callosidades , Citrinina , Fumonisinas , Micotoxinas , Micotoxinas/análisis , Zea mays/química , Endospermo/química , Espectrometría de Masas en Tándem/métodos , Contaminación de Alimentos/análisis , Fumonisinas/análisis , Citrinina/análisis , Grano Comestible/químicaRESUMEN
The aims were (i) to optimize the parboiling/decorticating process by assessing the effects of parboiling soaking temperature (60-80 â) and pearling time (4-6 min and 5.5-9.5 min for red and white sorghum) on endosperm yield and ash content, to obtain pregelatinized refined flours from parboiling sorghum (RF-PS) and (ii) to evaluate the final content of selected nutrients in RF-PS obtained in these optimal conditions. Endosperm yield decreased with the increase of pearling time, and a maximum around 70 â soaking temperature was observed. Ash content decreased with increasing soaking temperature and pearling time. The optimal conditions of soaking temperature-pearling time were 73.3 â-4.8 min for red sorghum and 67.9 â-8.6 min for white sorghum, considering maximum endosperm yield and ash content lower than 0.65 g/100 g. In RF-PS obtained under optimal conditions, protein, lipid, Cu, and free polyphenols were higher in red sorghum than white sorghum (10.16 ± 0.62 vs. 9.42 ± 0.61 g/100 g, 0.89 ± 0.16 vs. 0.62 ± 0.11 g/100 g, 2.08 ± 0.21 vs. 1.88 ± 0.20 mg/kg, 79.51 ± 14.51 vs. 63.82 ± 4.33 mg/100 g). Fe, Zn, Ca, and Na were higher in white sorghum than red sorghum (20.61 ± 2.92 vs. 17.56 ± 0.98 mg/kg, 11.94 ± 0.84 vs. 9.58 ± 1.65 mg/kg, 87.45 ± 12.91 vs. 75.31 ± 12.57 mg/kg, 129.62 ± 9.03 vs. 102.69 ± 28.34 mg/kg). No difference was observed in the contents of ash, Mg, and K. It was possible to improve endosperm yield using a parboiling process prior to decortication. In addition, this process contributes to increase the mineral content in RF-PS.
Asunto(s)
Endospermo/química , Sorghum/química , Oligoelementos/análisis , Grano Comestible/química , Harina/análisis , Manipulación de AlimentosRESUMEN
The aims were to optimise pearling process of red and white sorghum by assessing the effects of pearling time and grain moisture on endosperm yield and flour ash content and to assess nutrient and anti-nutrient losses produced by pearling different cultivars in optimised conditions. Both variables significantly affected both responses. Losses of ashes (58%), proteins (9.5%), lipids (54.5%), Na (37%), Mg (48.5%) and phenolic compounds (43%) were similar among red and white hybrids. However, losses of P (30% vs. 51%), phytic acid (47% vs. 66%), Fe (22% vs. 55%), Zn (32% vs. 62%), Ca (60% vs. 66%), K (46% vs. 61%) and Cu (51% vs. 71%) were lower for red than white sorghum due to different degree of extraction and distribution of components in the grain. Optimised pearling conditions were extrapolated to other hybrids, indicating these criteria could be applied at industrial level to obtain refined flours with proper quality and good endosperm yields.
Asunto(s)
Manipulación de Alimentos , Sorghum/química , Grano Comestible/química , Endospermo/química , Harina/análisis , Análisis de los Alimentos , Tecnología de Alimentos , Fenoles/análisis , Ácido Fítico/análisis , Sorghum/clasificación , Oligoelementos/análisisRESUMEN
More than two billion people are micronutrient deficient. Polished grains of popular rice varieties have concentration of approximately 2 µg g(-1) iron (Fe) and 16 µg g(-1) zinc (Zn). The HarvestPlus breeding programs for biofortified rice target 13 µg g(-1) Fe and 28 µg g(-1) Zn to reach approximately 30% of the estimated average requirement (EAR). Reports on engineering Fe content in rice have shown an increase up to 18 µg g(-1) in glasshouse settings; in contrast, under field conditions, 4 µg g(-1) was the highest reported concentration. Here, we report on selected transgenic events, field evaluated in two countries, showing 15 µg g(-1) Fe and 45.7 µg g(-1) Zn in polished grain. Rigorous selection was applied to 1,689 IR64 transgenic events for insert cleanliness and, trait and agronomic performances. Event NASFer-274 containing rice nicotianamine synthase (OsNAS2) and soybean ferritin (SferH-1) genes showed a single locus insertion without a yield penalty or altered grain quality. Endosperm Fe and Zn enrichment was visualized by X-ray fluorescence imaging. The Caco-2 cell assay indicated that Fe is bioavailable. No harmful heavy metals were detected in the grain. The trait remained stable in different genotype backgrounds.
Asunto(s)
Alimentos Fortificados , Hierro , Micronutrientes , Oryza/química , Zinc , Colombia , Grano Comestible/química , Endospermo/química , Expresión Génica , Genotipo , Metales Pesados/química , Oryza/genética , Filipinas , Plantas Modificadas Genéticamente , Carácter Cuantitativo Heredable , Semillas , TransgenesRESUMEN
Hordeum chilense is an excellent genetic resource for wheat breeding due to its potential to improve breadmaking quality and nutritional value and provide resistance to some biotic and abiotic stresses. Hexaploid wheat lines carrying chromosome 7H(ch) introgressions, namely, chromosome additions of the whole chromosome 7H(ch) or the 7H(ch)α or the 7H(ch)ß chromosome arms, and chromosome substitutions of the homeologous chromosomes 7A, 7B, or 7D by chromosome 7H(ch) were compared by 2D-PAGE analysis to study the effect of these alien introgressions on the wheat endosperm proteome. The addition of the 7H(ch)α chromosome arm did not alter the profile of most glutenins and gliadins, but showed higher quantities of puroindolines and lower xylanase inhibitors, which might improve also resistance to plant pathogens. On the other hand, (7A)7H(ch) or (7D)7H(ch) substitution lines showed enhanced avenin-like b proteins and triticin levels but reduced puroindolines, which could be desirable to improve dough properties and nutritional value and increase kernel hardness in wheat.
Asunto(s)
Cromosomas de las Plantas/genética , Hordeum/genética , Hibridación Genética , Triticum/genética , Cromosomas de las Plantas/metabolismo , Electroforesis en Gel Bidimensional , Endospermo/química , Endospermo/genética , Endospermo/metabolismo , Hordeum/química , Hordeum/metabolismo , Espectrometría de Masas , Proteínas de Plantas/química , Proteínas de Plantas/genética , Proteínas de Plantas/metabolismo , Proteómica , Triticum/química , Triticum/metabolismoRESUMEN
Mass spectrometry has become indispensable for peptide and protein quantification in proteomics studies. When proteomics technologies are applied to understand the biology of plants, two-dimensional gel electrophoresis is still the prevalent method for protein fractionation, identification, and quantitation. In the present work, we have used LC-MS to compare an isotopic (ICPL) and isobaric (iTRAQ) chemical labeling technique to quantify proteins in the endosperm of Ricinus communis seeds at three developmental stages (IV, VI, and X). Endosperm proteins of each stage were trypsin-digested in-solution, and the same amount of peptides was labeled with ICPL and iTRAQ tags in two orders (forward and reverse). Each sample was submitted to nanoLC coupled to an LTQ-Orbitrap high-resolution mass spectrometer. Comparing labeling performance, iTRAQ was able to label 99.8% of all identified unique peptides, while 94.1% were labeled by ICPL. After statistical analysis, it was possible to quantify 309 (ICPL) and 321 (iTRAQ) proteins, from which 95 are specific to ICPL, 107 to iTRAQ, and 214 common to both labeling strategies. We noted that the iTRAQ quantification could be influenced by the tag. Even though the efficiency of the iTRAQ and ICPL in protein quantification depends on several parameters, both labeling methods were able to successfully quantify proteins present in the endosperm of castor bean during seed development and, when combined, increase the number of quantified proteins.