RESUMEN
The objectives of this study were to characterize the endometritis induced in mares using color Doppler ultrasonography and traditional exams. Experiment 1. Mares (n=20) were submitted to intrauterine inoculation with Escherichia coli. Uterine evaluation was performed at M0 and M1. Experiment 2. Animals were divided into two groups: control group (n=10), and treated group (n=10) using phytotherapeutic solution. In both groups, the uterine evaluation was performed at time T1, T2, and T3. Experiment 3: Uterine evaluation was compared after antibiotic therapy, phytotherapy, and M0. For statistical analysis, the Tukey test, t Student, and Anova test were applied. Experiment 1. The mean values of vascularization at M1 were significantly higher than those obtained at M0 (P<0.05). Bacterial growth was observed in all samples collected. Experiment 2. The mean value of vascularization at time T1 in both groups was significantly higher (P<0.05) compared to M2 and M3. Experiment 3. After antibiotic therapy, the vascularization of the body and uterine horns was not equivalent to the vascularization presented at M0. We can conclude that it was not possible to correlate results obtained by color Doppler ultrasonography with the traditional findings for the diagnosis of endometritis.(AU)
Os objetivos deste estudo foram caracterizar a endometrite induzida em éguas utilizando-se a ultrassonografia com Doppler colorido e exames tradicionais. Experimento 1: as éguas (n=20) foram submetidas à inoculação intrauterina com Escherichia coli. A avaliação uterina foi realizada em M0 e M1. Experimento 2: os animais foram divididos em dois grupos: grupo controle (n=10) e grupo tratado (n=10), sendo usada solução fitoterápica. Nos dois grupos, a avaliação uterina ocorreu nos momentos T1, T2 e T3. Experimento 3: a avaliação uterina foi comparada após antibioticoterapia, fitoterapia e M0. Para análise estatística, foram aplicados os testes de Tukey, t de Student e ANOVA. Experimento 1: os valores médios de vascularização em M1 foram significativamente maiores que os obtidos no M0 (P<0,05). Houve crescimento bacteriano em todas as amostras coletadas. Experimento 2: o valor médio da vascularização no tempo T1 nos dois grupos foi significativamente maior (P<0,05) do que o obtido em M2 e M3. Experimento 3: após antibioticoterapia, a vascularização do corpo e dos cornos uterinos não era equivalente à vascularização apresentada em M0. Pode-se concluir que não foi possível correlacionar os resultados obtidos pela ultrassonografia com Doppler colorido com os achados tradicionais para o diagnóstico de endometrite.(AU)
Asunto(s)
Animales , Femenino , Endometritis/inducido químicamente , Endometritis/veterinaria , Endometritis/diagnóstico por imagen , Caballos , Perfusión/veterinaria , Ultrasonografía Doppler/veterinaria , Escherichia coliRESUMEN
The aim was to evaluate the use of ultrasonography color Doppler mode for diagnosis the subclinical endometritis (SE) in dairy cows. Lactating Holstein cows on a semi intensive system were evaluated (n= 152) and distributed into two groups (C1 and C2). The C1 (n = 60) was composed of primiparous and the C2 (n = 92) by pluriparous. All females (C1 and C2) were submitted gynaecological examination by transrectal palpation and evaluation with the Metricheck device (MD) and endometrial cytology (EC) to determine the percentage of neutrophils (PMNs). Ultrasonographic examinations were performed in the B mode for the presence of echogenic intrauterine fluid (IUF-e) and for color Doppler mode endometrial vascular perfusion evaluation (ENDOVP). Data were submitted to ANOVA with Pearson correlation and chi-square test at 5%. In the evaluation with MD, 16.7% of the cows in the C1 and 17.4% in the C2 were considered inapt. Regarding SE prevalence was 24.0% (C1) and 44.7% (C2). As far as the ultrasound evaluation of the IUF-e was present in 68.0% of the cows of the C1 and in 75.0% in the C2. In the ENDOVP, scores 1 (38.0%), 2 (36.5%), 3 (23.0%) and 4 (8.7%) were evidenced. There was a correlation between ENDOVP and PMN in C1 (r = 0.8336) and in C2 (r = 0.7196). Therefore, it is concluded that ENDOVP proved to be efficient for the diagnosis of SE, in view of its strong correlation with PMN.
O objetivo foi avaliar o uso da ultrassonografia no modo Doppler colorido para o diagnóstico da endometrite subclínica (ES) em vacas leiteiras. Vacas da raça Holandesa foram avaliadas (n = 152) em lactação e mantidas em sistema semi-intensivo. Elas foram distribuídas em dois grupos (C1 e C2). O C1 (n = 60) foi composto por primíparas e o C2 (n = 92) por pluríparas. Todas as vacas (C1 e C2) foram submetidas a exame ginecológico por palpação transretal e avaliação com o dispositivo Metricheck (DM). Depois, amostras foram coletadas para citologia endometrial (CE) para determinar a porcentagem de neutrófilos (PMNs). Os exames ultrassonográficos foram realizados no modo B para a presença de líquido intra-uterino ecogênico (IUF-e) e para avaliação da perfusão vascular endometrial no modo Doppler colorido (ENDOVP). Os dados foram submetidos à ANOVA com correlação de Pearson e teste do qui-quadrado a 5%. Na avaliação com DM, 16,7% das vacas no C1 e 17,4% no C2 foram consideradas inaptas. Em relação a prevalência de ES, foi de 24,0% (C1) e 44,7% (C2). Quanto à avaliação ultrassonográfica do IUF-e, esteve presente em 68,0% das vacas do C1 e em 75,0% no C2. Na avaliação da ENDOVP, foram evidenciados os escores 1 (38,0%), 2 (36,5%), 3 (23,0%) e 4 (8,7%). Houve correlação entre ENDOVP e PMN no C1 (r = 0,8336) e no C2 (r = 0,7196). Portanto, conclui-se que a ENDOVP se mostrou eficiente para o diagnóstico de ES, tendo em vista sua forte correlação com os PMN.
Asunto(s)
Femenino , Animales , Bovinos , Bovinos/embriología , Endometritis/diagnóstico por imagen , Endometritis/veterinaria , Ultrasonografía Doppler/veterinaria , MocoRESUMEN
The aim was to evaluate the use of ultrasonography color Doppler mode for diagnosis the subclinical endometritis (SE) in dairy cows. Lactating Holstein cows on a semi intensive system were evaluated (n= 152) and distributed into two groups (C1 and C2). The C1 (n = 60) was composed of primiparous and the C2 (n = 92) by pluriparous. All females (C1 and C2) were submitted gynaecological examination by transrectal palpation and evaluation with the Metricheck device (MD) and endometrial cytology (EC) to determine the percentage of neutrophils (PMNs). Ultrasonographic examinations were performed in the B mode for the presence of echogenic intrauterine fluid (IUF-e) and for color Doppler mode endometrial vascular perfusion evaluation (ENDOVP). Data were submitted to ANOVA with Pearson correlation and chi-square test at 5%. In the evaluation with MD, 16.7% of the cows in the C1 and 17.4% in the C2 were considered inapt. Regarding SE prevalence was 24.0% (C1) and 44.7% (C2). As far as the ultrasound evaluation of the IUF-e was present in 68.0% of the cows of the C1 and in 75.0% in the C2. In the ENDOVP, scores 1 (38.0%), 2 (36.5%), 3 (23.0%) and 4 (8.7%) were evidenced. There was a correlation between ENDOVP and PMN in C1 (r = 0.8336) and in C2 (r = 0.7196). Therefore, it is concluded that ENDOVP proved to be efficient for the diagnosis of SE, in view of its strong correlation with PMN.(AU)
O objetivo foi avaliar o uso da ultrassonografia no modo Doppler colorido para o diagnóstico da endometrite subclínica (ES) em vacas leiteiras. Vacas da raça Holandesa foram avaliadas (n = 152) em lactação e mantidas em sistema semi-intensivo. Elas foram distribuídas em dois grupos (C1 e C2). O C1 (n = 60) foi composto por primíparas e o C2 (n = 92) por pluríparas. Todas as vacas (C1 e C2) foram submetidas a exame ginecológico por palpação transretal e avaliação com o dispositivo Metricheck (DM). Depois, amostras foram coletadas para citologia endometrial (CE) para determinar a porcentagem de neutrófilos (PMNs). Os exames ultrassonográficos foram realizados no modo B para a presença de líquido intra-uterino ecogênico (IUF-e) e para avaliação da perfusão vascular endometrial no modo Doppler colorido (ENDOVP). Os dados foram submetidos à ANOVA com correlação de Pearson e teste do qui-quadrado a 5%. Na avaliação com DM, 16,7% das vacas no C1 e 17,4% no C2 foram consideradas inaptas. Em relação a prevalência de ES, foi de 24,0% (C1) e 44,7% (C2). Quanto à avaliação ultrassonográfica do IUF-e, esteve presente em 68,0% das vacas do C1 e em 75,0% no C2. Na avaliação da ENDOVP, foram evidenciados os escores 1 (38,0%), 2 (36,5%), 3 (23,0%) e 4 (8,7%). Houve correlação entre ENDOVP e PMN no C1 (r = 0,8336) e no C2 (r = 0,7196). Portanto, conclui-se que a ENDOVP se mostrou eficiente para o diagnóstico de ES, tendo em vista sua forte correlação com os PMN.(AU)
Asunto(s)
Animales , Femenino , Bovinos , Bovinos/embriología , Ultrasonografía Doppler/veterinaria , Endometritis/diagnóstico por imagen , Endometritis/veterinaria , MocoRESUMEN
A endometrite persistente pós-cobertura (EPPC) é a principal causa da redução de fertilidade em éguas. Tal desordem pode acarretar grande prejuízo econômico para os produtores, devido à possível queda na taxa de concepção dos animais, aumento do número de serviço por concepção e sobrevivência embrionária prejudicada. O objetivo deste trabalho foi verificar o estímulo do sêmen na resposta inflamatória uterina de éguas resistentes e susceptíveis à endometrite após inseminação artificial (IA). 8 éguas resistentes e 15 susceptíveis à EPPC foram selecionadas com base nos seus índices reprodutivos e exames ultrassonográficos e citológicos. A concentração de células polimorfonucleares (PMNs) na secreção uterina, citologia exfoliativa uterina e acúmulo de fluido uterino verificado no exame ultrassonográfico foram analisados nos dois grupos de animais (1) 24 horas antes da IA e (2) 24 horas após a IA com sêmen fresco. As células polimorfonucleares na secreção uterina foram quantificadas com o uso da câmara de Neubauer e a leitura das amostras de citologia foi realizada por microscopia óptica utilizando imersão, considerando a porcentagem de neutrófilos/100 células de forma aleatória. Os resultados demonstraram que houve uma resposta inflamatória mais intensa nas éguas susceptíveis quando comparadas às resistentes, pelo aumento do acúmulo de fluido uterino verificado no exame ultrassonográfico, aumento do número de células polimorfonucleares observadas na citologia exfoliativa endometrial e pelo aumento da concentração destas células no fluido uterino. Portanto, foi constatado que o sêmen estimula uma resposta inflamatória mais severa no ambiente uterino das éguas susceptíveis.
Post breeding endometritis (PBE) is the major cause of fertility reduction in mares. Such disorder can result in a great economic injury to producers due to the possible fall in the rate of conception, increase in the number of service per conception and impaired embryonic survival. The aim of this study was to verify semen's stimulus on inflammatory response in mares resistant and susceptible to PBE after artificial insemination (AI). 15 mares susceptible to PBE and 8 mares resistant to PBE were selected based on their reproductive index, ultrasonographic and cytological examination. The concentration of polymorphonuclear (PMNs) cells in the uterine secretion, exfoliative cytology of the uterus and uterine fluid accumulation observed by ultrasonography were analyzed in both group of animals (1) 24 hours before AI and (2) 24 hours after AI with fresh semen. PMNs in uterine secretion were quantified by the use of Neubauer chamber and the lecture of endometrial cytology samples were analyzed by optical microscopy using immersion, considering the percentage of neutrophils/100 cells in an alleatory form. The results showed that semen can stimulate a major inflammatory response inside the uterine environment in susceptible mares when compared to resistant mares, by increasing the amount of fluid inside the uterus verified by ultrasonographic exam, increase in PMN number observed in uterine cytology, and increase in concentration of PMN in uterine fluid. Therefore, it was found that semen stimulate a more severe inflammatory response inside the uterine environment of susceptible mares.
Endometritis después de la cobertura es la principal causa de disminución de la fertilidad en yeguas. Este trastorno puede causar una gran pérdida económica para los creadores debido a la posible disminución de la tasa de concepción de los animales, el aumento del número de servicios por concepción y supervivencia de los embriones afectada. El objetivo de este estudio fue evaluar el estímulo del semen en la respuesta inflamatoria uterina de yeguas resistentes y susceptibles a la endometritis depués de la inseminación artificial (IA). 8 yeguas resistentes y 15 susceptibles a endometritis fueron seleccionadas en base a sus índices reproductivos, exámenes de ultrasonido y citologicos. La concentración de las células polimorfonucleares (PMN) en la secreción uterina, citología exfoliativa y la acumulación de fluido uterino observado en el examen de ultrasonido uterino se analizaron en ambos grupos de animales (1) 24 horas antes de la IA, y (2) 24 horas después de la inseminación artificial (IA) con semen fresco. Las células polimorfonucleares en las secreciones uterinas se cuantificaron utilizando una cámara de Neubauer y la lectura de las muestras para citología se realizó por inmersión usando microscopía óptica, mientras que el porcentaje de células neutrófilos/100 al azar. Los resultados mostraron que había una respuesta inflamatoria más intensa en las yeguas susceptibles en comparación con las resistentes al aumentar la cantidad de fluido observado en ultrasonido uterino, incremento en el número de células polimorfonucleares observados en citología exfoliativa endometrial y aumento de la concentración de estas células en el fluido uterino. Por lo tanto, se encontró que el semen estimula una respuesta inflamatoria en el entorno uterino más grave en yeguas susceptibles.
Asunto(s)
Animales , Femenino , Inseminación Artificial/inmunología , Endometritis/veterinaria , Endometritis/diagnóstico por imagen , Caballos/fisiología , Inflamación/veterinaria , SemenRESUMEN
Reproductive diseases are a great barrier to dairy production, as they diminish fertility and cause economic loss. In this context, endometritis plays an important role. Different diagnostic techniques exist for endometritis that vary in sensitivity and specificity. This work aimed to evaluate and compare ultrasonographic and histopathological examinations, and combinations thereof, for the diagnosis of endometritis by determining their sensitivity, specificity, and kappa agreement coefficients using endometrial cytology as the gold standard. We developed an adaptive reading score to perform histological examination of the uterus. In this study, 76 Holstein-Friesian cows, 21 to 47 d postpartum, without vaginal catarrh were submitted to gynecological examinations, including ultrasonographic examination, an endometrial cytology examination, and a uterine biopsy. Our results indicate that ultrasonography is a practical and effective diagnostic method, and a combination of the determination of intrauterine fluid and cervical diameter was the most efficient ultrasonographic method, with 50% sensitivity and 88% specificity. Histopathological examination was a useful diagnostic method that provided rich detail on endometrial inflammation, and allowed evaluation of different components of the tissue such as the epithelium, lamina propria, endometrial glands, and blood vessels; this method had 44% sensitivity and 92% specificity for diagnosis of endometritis.
Asunto(s)
Enfermedades de los Bovinos/diagnóstico , Endometritis/veterinaria , Animales , Bovinos , Enfermedades de los Bovinos/diagnóstico por imagen , Enfermedades de los Bovinos/patología , Endometritis/diagnóstico , Endometritis/diagnóstico por imagen , Endometritis/patología , Endometrio/diagnóstico por imagen , Endometrio/patología , Femenino , Sensibilidad y Especificidad , Ultrasonografía , Útero/diagnóstico por imagen , Útero/patologíaRESUMEN
Cystic endometrial hyperplasia-pyometra (CEH-P) complex is a progesterone-dependent disease that requires medical treatment in bitches intended for breeding. To test the efficacy and safety of a combined protocol and to assess the effect of age, stage of cycle, previous steroid hormone administration and parity on treatment, 29 bitches diagnosed with CEH-P complex were treated daily with cabergoline 5 microg/kg PO and cloprostenol 1 microg/kg SC for 7-14 days, along with supportive antibiotic and hydration therapies. Before treatment, and on Days 3, 7 and 14, all bitches were evaluated clinically and uterine horn diameter measured during trans-abdominal ultrasonography. Twenty-four of 29 bitches were cured by either Day 7 or 14. Nine bitches had mild digestive side effects. Clinical signs related to pyometra began to improve markedly as early as Day 2 of treatment. Uterine diameters decreased (P < 0.05) by Day 3 of treatment, and continued to gradually decrease, reaching normal size by Day 14. Relapses occurred in 6 of 29 cases. Pregnancy was achieved in one of the two young bitches bred after treatment. No significant relationships were found between success rate and age, stage of the estrous cycle, previous hormone administration or parity. Although no variables affecting treatment results could be identified, this combination of compounds was found to be an efficient and safe for treatment of CEH-P.