RESUMEN
The Flaviviridae are a family of positive-sense, single-stranded RNA enveloped viruses, and their members belong to a single genus, Flavivirus. Flaviviruses are found in mosquitoes and ticks; they are etiological agents of: dengue fever, Japanese encephalitis, West Nile virus infection, Zika virus infection, tick-borne encephalitis, and yellow fever, among others. Only a few flavivirus vaccines have been licensed for use in humans: yellow fever, dengue fever, Japanese encephalitis, tick-borne encephalitis, and Kyasanur forest disease. However, improvement is necessary in vaccination strategies and in understanding of the immunological mechanisms involved either in the infection or after vaccination. This is especially important in dengue, due to the immunological complexity of its four serotypes, cross-reactive responses, antibody-dependent enhancement, and immunological interference. In this context, mucosal vaccines represent a promising alternative against flaviviruses. Mucosal vaccination has several advantages, as inducing long-term protective immunity in both mucosal and parenteral tissues. It constitutes a friendly route of antigen administration because it is needle-free and allows for a variety of antigen delivery systems. This has promoted the development of several ways to stimulate immunity through the direct administration of antigens (e.g., inactivated virus, attenuated virus, subunits, and DNA), non-replicating vectors (e.g., nanoparticles, liposomes, bacterial ghosts, and defective-replication viral vectors), and replicating vectors (e.g., Salmonella enterica, Lactococcus lactis, Saccharomyces cerevisiae, and viral vectors). Because of these characteristics, mucosal vaccination has been explored for immunoprophylaxis against pathogens that enter the host through mucosae or parenteral areas. It is suitable against flaviviruses because this type of immunization can stimulate the parenteral responses required after bites from flavivirus-infected insects. This review focuses on the advantages of mucosal vaccine candidates against the most relevant flaviviruses in either humans or animals, providing supporting data on the feasibility of this administration route for future clinical trials.
Asunto(s)
Encefalitis Japonesa , Encefalitis Transmitida por Garrapatas , Flavivirus , Fiebre del Nilo Occidental , Fiebre Amarilla , Infección por el Virus Zika , Virus Zika , Animales , Mosquitos Vectores , VacunaciónRESUMEN
BACKGROUND: A severe outbreak of Japanese encephalitis (JE) and acute encephalitis syndrome (AES) with high case fatality was reported from Malkangiri district of Odisha state, India during September to November 2016 affecting 336 children with 103 deaths. OBJECTIVES: The purpose of this study was to investigate the outbreak in the light of entomological determinants. METHODS: Entomological investigation was carried out in 48 villages from four mostly affected Community Health Centres (CHCs) of Malkangiri district. Dusk collections of resting adults was done in villages from indoor and outdoor sites to record the density of mosquito species, including the known JE vectors, feeding behaviour, parity, dusk index and infection status with JE virus (JEV). FINDINGS: The per man hour density and dusk index of JE vector species varied from 2.5 to 24.0 and 0.81 to 7.62, respectively in study villages. A total of 1136 mosquitoes belonging to six vector species were subjected to PCR and one pool of Culex vishnui was found to be positive for JEV. CONCLUSION: The JE transmission in Malkangiri district was confirmed. Thorough screening of human blood samples of JE/AES suspected cases and JE vector mosquitoes for the presence of JEV during rainy season every year is recommended.
Asunto(s)
Culex/virología , Brotes de Enfermedades , Virus de la Encefalitis Japonesa (Especie)/aislamiento & purificación , Encefalitis Japonesa/mortalidad , Mosquitos Vectores/virología , Adolescente , Animales , Niño , Preescolar , Culex/clasificación , Virus de la Encefalitis Japonesa (Especie)/inmunología , Encefalitis Japonesa/transmisión , Femenino , Humanos , India/epidemiología , Lactante , Masculino , Mosquitos Vectores/clasificación , Embarazo , Estaciones del AñoRESUMEN
BACKGROUND A severe outbreak of Japanese encephalitis (JE) and acute encephalitis syndrome (AES) with high case fatality was reported from Malkangiri district of Odisha state, India during September to November 2016 affecting 336 children with 103 deaths. OBJECTIVES The purpose of this study was to investigate the outbreak in the light of entomological determinants. METHODS Entomological investigation was carried out in 48 villages from four mostly affected Community Health Centres (CHCs) of Malkangiri district. Dusk collections of resting adults was done in villages from indoor and outdoor sites to record the density of mosquito species, including the known JE vectors, feeding behaviour, parity, dusk index and infection status with JE virus (JEV). FINDINGS The per man hour density and dusk index of JE vector species varied from 2.5 to 24.0 and 0.81 to 7.62, respectively in study villages. A total of 1136 mosquitoes belonging to six vector species were subjected to PCR and one pool of Culex vishnui was found to be positive for JEV. CONCLUSION The JE transmission in Malkangiri district was confirmed. Thorough screening of human blood samples of JE/AES suspected cases and JE vector mosquitoes for the presence of JEV during rainy season every year is recommended.
Asunto(s)
Humanos , Encefalitis Japonesa , Virus de la Encefalitis Japonesa (Especie)/inmunología , Encefalitis Japonesa/transmisión , Mosquitos Vectores/clasificaciónRESUMEN
RESUMO Objetivo: analisar a percepção dos graduandos de enfermagem sobre o próprio envelhecimento. Método: pesquisa de abordagem qualitativa, realizada em agosto e setembro de 2011, com 18 graduandos de enfermagem de uma Universidade pública de Salvador (Bahia). Os depoimentos foram analisados por meio da Análise de Conteúdo. Resultados: apreendeu-se o núcleo temático: Percepção do graduando de enfermagem sobre o próprio envelhecimento e, a partir deste, emergiram duas subcategorias: A) O Não Pensar; B) O contexto influenciando no processo. Conclusão: os graduandos revelam que o envelhecimento está intrínseco ao desenvolvimento humano, e possui o vínculo familiar, a espiritualidade e atividade física como ferramentas fundamentais para um envelhecimento ativo. Entretanto, os mesmos relatam que, o modo de vida acelerado e estressante vivido na sociedade possibilita inserir hábitos considerados inadequados, como o consumo de “fast food” e álcool, que trazem influências negativas para o próprio processo de envelhecimento. .
RESUMEN Objetivo: analizar la percepción de los estudiantes de enfermería sobre su proprio envejecimiento. Método: estudio cualitativo, realizado en agosto y septiembre de 2011, con 18 estudiantes de enfermería de una universidad pública en Salvador/Bahia. Los datos fueron analizados através de análisis de contenido. Resultado: incautados el tema central: Percepción de alumnos de enfermería sobre su propio envejecimiento y de esto surgieron dos subcategorías: A) No creo; B) El contexto influye en el proceso. Conclusión: los estudiantes revelan que el envejecimiento es intrínseco al desarrollo humano, y tiene los vínculos familiares, la espiritualidad y la actividad física como herramienta clave para el envejecimiento activo. Sin embargo, el mismo informe que, debido a la forma de vida que se vive en la sociedad de ritmo rápido y estresante permite insertar hábitos considerados inadecuados, como el consumo de “comida rápida” y el alcohol y convertirse en influencias negativas para su propio proceso tuvo como objetivo analizar de los estudiantes de enfermería su propio envejecimiento. .
ABSTRACT Objective: to analyze the perceptions of nursing undergraduate students on their self-aging process. Method: qualitative study carried out between August and September, 2011 with 18 nursing undergraduate students of a public university in Salvador, Bahia. The interviews were analyzed by means of the Content Analysis method. Results: the following thematic concept was apprehended: Perceptions of nursing undergraduates on their self-aging, which generated two subcategories: A) The “don’t think about it” process; B) The context infl uencing the process. Conclusion: undergraduates reveal that the aging process is an intrinsic factor to human development. Family ties, spirituality and physical activity would be key mechanisms toward active aging. However, students also reported that their accelerated and stressed social lifestyles led to inadequate habits, such as the consumption of fast food and alcohol, which become negative infl uences in their aging process. .
Asunto(s)
Animales , Ratones , Encéfalo/inmunología , Virus de la Encefalitis Japonesa (Especie)/patogenicidad , Encefalitis Japonesa/complicaciones , Inflamación/etiología , Transducción de Señal , /fisiología , /fisiología , Western Blotting , Encéfalo/metabolismo , Encéfalo/virología , /inmunología , /metabolismo , /virología , /inmunología , /metabolismo , /virología , Células Cultivadas , Citocinas/genética , Citocinas/metabolismo , Ensayo de Inmunoadsorción Enzimática , Encefalitis Japonesa/virología , Inmunidad Innata , Inflamación/metabolismo , Inflamación/patología , Ratones Endogámicos BALB C , Ratones Noqueados , Macrófagos/inmunología , Macrófagos/metabolismo , Macrófagos/virología , Monocitos/inmunología , Monocitos/metabolismo , Monocitos/virología , Células Mieloides/inmunología , Células Mieloides/metabolismo , Células Mieloides/virología , Reacción en Cadena en Tiempo Real de la Polimerasa , Reacción en Cadena de la Polimerasa de Transcriptasa Inversa , ARN Mensajero/genéticaRESUMEN
AIM: Detection-and identification of Venezuelan equine encephalomyelitis (VEE) virus RNA in biological samples by reverse-transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) and RT-PCR in real time (rRT-PCR). MATERIALS AND METHODS: VEE, Sindbis, West Nile, Japanese and tick-borne encephalitis viruses were studied. Cell culture of chicken fibroblasts, outbred mice and rats, Javanese macaques were used in the experiments. Biological activity determination of the running culture of causative agents used in the experiments was carried out by negative colony method in monolayer cell culture under agar coating. and using intra-cerebral infection of mice. Reagent kits developed in the 48th Central Research Institute and Institute of Analytical Instrument Engineering were used during execution of experiments of VEE virus RNA detection by RT-PCR and rRT-PCR. RESULTS: VEE virus was detected in biological samples by various methods. Data from RT-PCR and rRT-PCR are in accordance with the results of virus detection in samples using sensitive animals. CONCLUSION: Use of molecular-diagnostics methods for detection in biological samples of a causative agent of a dangerous infectious disease is important for procuring biological safety of Russian Federation.
Asunto(s)
Virus de la Encefalitis Japonesa (Especie)/genética , Virus de la Encefalitis Equina Venezolana/genética , Virus de la Encefalitis Transmitidos por Garrapatas/genética , ARN Viral/genética , Reacción en Cadena de la Polimerasa de Transcriptasa Inversa/métodos , Virus Sindbis/genética , Virus del Nilo Occidental/genética , Infecciones por Alphavirus/diagnóstico , Infecciones por Alphavirus/virología , Animales , Animales no Consanguíneos , Pollos , Virus de la Encefalitis Japonesa (Especie)/aislamiento & purificación , Virus de la Encefalitis Equina Venezolana/aislamiento & purificación , Virus de la Encefalitis Transmitidos por Garrapatas/aislamiento & purificación , Encefalitis Japonesa/diagnóstico , Encefalitis Japonesa/virología , Encefalitis Transmitida por Garrapatas/diagnóstico , Encefalitis Transmitida por Garrapatas/virología , Encefalomielitis Equina Venezolana/diagnóstico , Encefalomielitis Equina Venezolana/virología , Fibroblastos/patología , Fibroblastos/virología , Humanos , Macaca mulatta , Ratones , ARN Viral/aislamiento & purificación , Ratas , Juego de Reactivos para Diagnóstico/normas , Virus Sindbis/aislamiento & purificación , Fiebre del Nilo Occidental/diagnóstico , Fiebre del Nilo Occidental/virología , Virus del Nilo Occidental/aislamiento & purificaciónRESUMEN
To determine the larvicidal activity of various extracts of Gymnema sylvestre against the Japanese Encephalitis vector, Culex tritaeniorynchus in Tamilnadu, India. To identify the active principle present in the promising fraction obtained in Chlorofom:Methanol extract of Fraction 2. The G. sylvestre leaf extracts were tested, employing WHO procedure against fourth instar larvae of C. tritaeniorhynchus and the larval mortalities were recorded at various concentrations (6.25, 12.5, 25.0, 50 and 100 µg/mL); the 24h LC50 values of the G. Sylvestre leaf extracts were determined following Probit analysis. It was noteworthy that treatment level 100 µg/mL exhibited highest mortality rates for the three different crude extracts and was significantly different from the mean mortalities recorded for the other concentrations. The LC50 values of 34.756 µg/mL (24.475-51.41), 31.351 µg/mL (20.634-47.043) and 28.577 µg/mL (25.159-32.308) were calculated for acetone, chloroform and methanol extract with the chi-square values of 10.301, 31.351 and 4.093 respectively. The present investigation proved that G. Sylvestre could be possibly utilized as an important component in the Vector Control Program.
O presente trabalho é para identificar a atividade larvicida de vários extratos da Gymnema sylvestre contra o vetor da encefalite japonesa, Culex tritaeniorhynchus em Tamilnadu, Índia. Com este propósito o princípio ativo presente na fração mais promissora foi obtida através de um extrato clorofórmio:metanol da fração 2. Os extratos das folhas do G. sylvestre foram testados empregando o procedimento da WHO contra estágios quaternários da larva do C. tritaeniorhynchus e as mortalidades larvais foram registradas após várias concentrações (6,25, 12,5, 25,0 e 100; 34,756 µg/mL (24,475-51,41), 31,351 µg/mL (20,634-47,043) e 28,577 µg/mL (25,159-32,308) g/mL); os valores de LC50 de 24 horas dos extratos das folhas de G. sylvestre foram determinados seguindo a análise Probit. Foi notado que o nível de tratamento de 100 µg/mL exibiu a mortalidade mais alta para os três diferentes extratos crus e foi significantemente diferente das mortalidades médias registradas para as outras concentrações. Os valores de LC50 de 34,756 µg/mL (24,475-51,41), 31,351 µg/mL (20,634-47,043) e 28,577 µg/mL (25,159-32,308) foram calculados para os extratos de acetona, clorofórmio e metanol com os valores de qui-quadrado de 10,301, 31,351 e 4,093 respectivamente. A presente investigação mostra que o G. sylvestre pode ser usado como componente importante no programa de controle do vetor.
Asunto(s)
Animales , Culex , Gymnema sylvestre/química , Insectos Vectores , Insecticidas , Extractos Vegetales , Saponinas , Culex/clasificación , Encefalitis Japonesa/transmisión , India , Insectos Vectores/clasificación , Hojas de la Planta/química , Saponinas/aislamiento & purificaciónRESUMEN
Japanese encephalitis virus (JEV) causes Japanese encephalitis, which is a leading form of viral encephalitis in Asia, with around 50,000 cases and 10,000 deaths per year in children below 15 years of age. The JEV has shown a tendency to extend to other geographic regions. Case fatality averages 30% and a high percentage of the survivors are left with permanent neuropsychiatric sequelae. Currently, there is no cure for JEV, and treatment is mainly supportive. Patients are not infectious, but should avoid further mosquito bites. A number of antiviral agents have been investigated; however, none of these have convincingly been shown to improve the outcome of JEV. In this review, the current knowledge of the epidemiology and the pathogenesis of this deadly disease have been summarized.
Asunto(s)
Animales , Humanos , Virus de la Encefalitis Japonesa (Especie)/inmunología , Encefalitis Japonesa/epidemiología , Vacunas contra la Encefalitis Japonesa , Encefalitis Japonesa/diagnóstico , Encefalitis Japonesa/terapia , Encefalitis Japonesa/transmisión , Insectos Vectores , India/epidemiología , Factores de RiesgoRESUMEN
Japanese encephalitis virus (JEV) causes Japanese encephalitis, which is a leading form of viral encephalitis in Asia, with around 50,000 cases and 10,000 deaths per year in children below 15 years of age. The JEV has shown a tendency to extend to other geographic regions. Case fatality averages 30% and a high percentage of the survivors are left with permanent neuropsychiatric sequelae. Currently, there is no cure for JEV, and treatment is mainly supportive. Patients are not infectious, but should avoid further mosquito bites. A number of antiviral agents have been investigated; however, none of these have convincingly been shown to improve the outcome of JEV. In this review, the current knowledge of the epidemiology and the pathogenesis of this deadly disease have been summarized.
Asunto(s)
Virus de la Encefalitis Japonesa (Especie)/inmunología , Encefalitis Japonesa/epidemiología , Vacunas contra la Encefalitis Japonesa , Animales , Encefalitis Japonesa/diagnóstico , Encefalitis Japonesa/terapia , Encefalitis Japonesa/transmisión , Humanos , India/epidemiología , Insectos Vectores , Factores de RiesgoRESUMEN
To determine the larvicidal activity of various extracts of Gymnema sylvestre against the Japanese Encephalitis vector, Culex tritaeniorynchus in Tamilnadu, India. To identify the active principle present in the promising fraction obtained in Chlorofom:Methanol extract of Fraction 2. The G. sylvestre leaf extracts were tested, employing WHO procedure against fourth instar larvae of C. tritaeniorhynchus and the larval mortalities were recorded at various concentrations (6.25, 12.5, 25.0, 50 and 100 µg/mL); the 24h LC50 values of the G. Sylvestre leaf extracts were determined following Probit analysis. It was noteworthy that treatment level 100 µg/mL exhibited highest mortality rates for the three different crude extracts and was significantly different from the mean mortalities recorded for the other concentrations. The LC50 values of 34.756 µg/mL (24.475-51.41), 31.351 µg/mL (20.634-47.043) and 28.577 µg/mL (25.159-32.308) were calculated for acetone, chloroform and methanol extract with the chi-square values of 10.301, 31.351 and 4.093 respectively. The present investigation proved that G. Sylvestre could be possibly utilized as an important component in the Vector Control Program.
Asunto(s)
Culex , Gymnema sylvestre/química , Insectos Vectores , Insecticidas , Extractos Vegetales , Saponinas , Animales , Culex/clasificación , Encefalitis Japonesa/transmisión , India , Insectos Vectores/clasificación , Hojas de la Planta/química , Saponinas/aislamiento & purificaciónRESUMEN
The requirement to replicate in both vertebrate and invertebrate hosts is thought to limit the introduction of genetic changes into the genome of arboviruses. Serial passage under laboratory conditions will overcome this limitation allowing for genetic changes to be introduced and affecting the virulence of the virus for animals. In the studies detailed here, the consequence of removing the restriction of alternate replication was demonstrated to be different depending on the virus. Passing Venezuelan equine encephalitis virus in tissue culture cells, eggs or mice resulted in up to 11 nucleotide or amino acid changes but no significant change in the virulence of the virus for mice. Passing Japanese encephalitis virus (JEV) under the identical conditions resulted in as many as 22 nucleotide or amino acid changes that often resulted in improved survival probabilities. For JEV, most genetic changes along with the attenuated phenotype were selected within 5 passes.
Asunto(s)
Virus de la Encefalitis Japonesa (Especie)/genética , Virus de la Encefalitis Japonesa (Especie)/fisiología , Virus de la Encefalitis Equina Venezolana/genética , Virus de la Encefalitis Equina Venezolana/fisiología , Animales , Línea Celular , Virus de la Encefalitis Japonesa (Especie)/patogenicidad , Virus de la Encefalitis Equina Venezolana/patogenicidad , Encefalitis Japonesa/virología , Encefalomielitis Equina Venezolana/virología , Ratones , Mutación , Fenotipo , Análisis de Secuencia de ARN , Pase Seriado , VirulenciaRESUMEN
En 1997 se informó la reemergencia del dengue en la Argentina en la Prov. de Salta y en 1998 ocurrió una epidemia en la misma provincia asociada al serotipo 2. Teniendo en cuenta que el riesgo de las formas más severas de dengue (dengue hemorrágico-síndrome de shock de dengue) se ve incrementado en las infecciones secundarias, se intentó caracterizar las respuestas serológicas. De los 374 casos que se pudieron confirmar por laboratorio, se lograron estudiar 154 por 80 por ciento de reducción de placas por el test de neutralizacion y por el test de inhibición de la hemoaglutinación. Se clasificaron 38 casos (25 por ciento) como respuestas serológicas primarias y 84 casos (54 por ciento) como respuestas secundarias, según los niveles de IgG y la reactividad cruzada entre los 4 virus DEN. Los restantes 32 casos (21 por ciento) resultaron no clasificables como primarios o secundarios. Considerando la reciente introducción del DEN en el país, se analizaron las posibles causas de los patrones de infección secundaria hallados tales como la previa exposición a otros flavivirus. La vacunación contra el virus de la Fiebre Amarilla (YF) no explica tan alto porcentaje de casos secundarios, ya que el análisis serológico de 66 casos secundarios con datos de vacunación contra YF reveló que el 68,2 por ciento no había sido vacunado. Un porcentaje de aproximadamente 84 por ciento de las respuestas secundarias podrían asociarse a exposiciones previas al virus de la encefalitis de San Luis o YF, o a reacciones serológicas cruzadas...(TRUNCADO)(AU)
Asunto(s)
Humanos , Dengue/clasificación , Dengue/diagnóstico , Dengue/complicaciones , Dengue/epidemiología , Dengue/fisiopatología , Argentina/epidemiología , Dengue Grave/diagnóstico , Infecciones por Flavivirus/clasificación , Infecciones por Flavivirus/diagnóstico , Virus del Dengue/aislamiento & purificación , Pruebas Serológicas , Fiebre Amarilla/inmunología , Vacunas Virales , Encefalitis Japonesa , Enfermedades Transmisibles , Ensayo de Inmunoadsorción Enzimática , Factores de RiesgoRESUMEN
En 1997 se informó la reemergencia del dengue en la Argentina en la Prov. de Salta y en 1998 ocurrió una epidemia en la misma provincia asociada al serotipo 2. Teniendo en cuenta que el riesgo de las formas más severas de dengue (dengue hemorrágico-síndrome de shock de dengue) se ve incrementado en las infecciones secundarias, se intentó caracterizar las respuestas serológicas. De los 374 casos que se pudieron confirmar por laboratorio, se lograron estudiar 154 por 80 por ciento de reducción de placas por el test de neutralizacion y por el test de inhibición de la hemoaglutinación. Se clasificaron 38 casos (25 por ciento) como respuestas serológicas primarias y 84 casos (54 por ciento) como respuestas secundarias, según los niveles de IgG y la reactividad cruzada entre los 4 virus DEN. Los restantes 32 casos (21 por ciento) resultaron no clasificables como primarios o secundarios. Considerando la reciente introducción del DEN en el país, se analizaron las posibles causas de los patrones de infección secundaria hallados tales como la previa exposición a otros flavivirus. La vacunación contra el virus de la Fiebre Amarilla (YF) no explica tan alto porcentaje de casos secundarios, ya que el análisis serológico de 66 casos secundarios con datos de vacunación contra YF reveló que el 68,2 por ciento no había sido vacunado. Un porcentaje de aproximadamente 84 por ciento de las respuestas secundarias podrían asociarse a exposiciones previas al virus de la encefalitis de San Luis o YF, o a reacciones serológicas cruzadas...(TRUNCADO)
Asunto(s)
Humanos , Argentina/epidemiología , Dengue Grave/diagnóstico , Dengue/clasificación , Dengue/complicaciones , Dengue/diagnóstico , Dengue/epidemiología , Dengue/fisiopatología , Enfermedades Transmisibles , Encefalitis Japonesa , Ensayo de Inmunoadsorción Enzimática , Factores de Riesgo , Fiebre Amarilla/inmunología , Infecciones por Flavivirus/clasificación , Infecciones por Flavivirus/diagnóstico , Pruebas Serológicas , Vacunas Virales , Virus del Dengue/aislamiento & purificaciónAsunto(s)
Humanos , Masculino , Femenino , Embarazo , Niño , Viaje , Vacunación , Fiebre Tifoidea , Vacunas Tifoides-Paratifoides , Vacunas Antirrábicas , VIH , Orthohantavirus , Encefalitis Japonesa , Meningitis , Cólera , Vacunas contra el CóleraAsunto(s)
Humanos , Vacunas , Herpesvirus Humano 2 , Herpesvirus Humano 1 , Encefalitis Japonesa , Encefalitis/inmunología , Encefalitis Transmitida por Garrapatas/inmunología , Enfermedad de Lyme/diagnóstico , Enfermedad de Lyme/prevención & control , Enfermedad de Lyme/terapia , Virus de la EncefalitisRESUMEN
Expert Committee on Biological Standardization. World Health Organization; 1-9 December 1987
Asunto(s)
Estándares de Referencia , Vacunas , Encefalitis Japonesa , Control de Calidad , Cooperación InternacionalRESUMEN
St. Louis encephalites virus has been isolated fron three ground-pool breeding species of mosquitoes collected in Trinidadian forests. Identity was established by comparison with a known strain of St. Louis virus and other related viruses. These represent the first strains of St Louis virus known to be isolated from mosquitoes outside of the continential United States (Summary)