RESUMEN
Alcoholic beverages flavour is complex and unique with different alcohol content, and the application of flavour perception could improve the objectivity of flavour evaluation. This study utilized electroencephalogram (EEG) to assess brain reactions to alcohol percentages (5 %-53 %) and Baijiu's complex flavours. The findings demonstrate the brain's proficiency in discerning between alcohol concentrations, evidenced by increasing physiological signal strength in tandem with alcohol content. When contrasted with alcohol solutions of equivalent concentrations, Baijiu prompts a more significant activation of brain signals, underscoring EEG's capability to detect subtleties due to flavour complexity. Additionally, the study reveals notable correlations, with δ and α wave intensities escalating in response to alcohol stimulation, coupled with substantial activation in the frontal, parietal, and right temporal regions. These insights verify the efficacy of EEG in charting the brain's engagement with alcoholic flavours, setting the stage for more detailed exploration into the neural encoding of these sensory experiences.
Asunto(s)
Bebidas Alcohólicas , Encéfalo , Electroencefalografía , Etanol , Humanos , Encéfalo/efectos de los fármacos , Encéfalo/fisiología , Encéfalo/metabolismo , Adulto , Bebidas Alcohólicas/análisis , Masculino , Adulto Joven , Femenino , Etanol/análisis , Gusto , Aromatizantes/química , Percepción del GustoRESUMEN
Investigations indicated that sn-2 palmitate have positive effects on brain development, although its mechanism remains largely unexamined. This research delved into how a diet abundant in sn-2 palmitate influenced the cognitive behavior of mice and elucidated the associated mechanisms using metabolomics and lipidomics. The study demonstrated that dietary sn-2 palmitate led to improved working memory and cognition in mice, as well as an increase in brain BDNF concentration when compared to those fed blend vegetable oil (BVO). This was because sn-2 palmitate feeding promoted the synthesis of very long-chain fatty acids (VLCPUFAs) for the lysophosphatidylcholine (LPC) and lysophosphatidylethanolamine (LPE) in the liver. This led to more efficient delivery of VLCPUFAs to the brain, as indicated by elevated concentration of LPC/LPE-VLCPUFAs in the liver and heightened expression of the major facilitator superfamily domain containing 2a (MFSD2A). In essence, this paper offered a potential mechanism by which sn-2 palmitate enhanced mouse neurodevelopment.
Asunto(s)
Encéfalo , Cognición , Hígado , Lisofosfatidilcolinas , Palmitatos , Animales , Lisofosfatidilcolinas/metabolismo , Ratones , Hígado/metabolismo , Encéfalo/metabolismo , Encéfalo/crecimiento & desarrollo , Encéfalo/efectos de los fármacos , Masculino , Palmitatos/metabolismo , Cognición/efectos de los fármacos , Ratones Endogámicos C57BL , Ácidos Grasos/metabolismo , Ácidos Grasos/química , HumanosRESUMEN
Expansion of CAG repeats in certain genes is a known cause of several neurodegenerative diseases, but exact mechanism behind this is not yet fully understood. It is believed that the double-stranded RNA regions formed by CAG repeats could be harmful to the cell. This study aimed to test the hypothesis that these RNA regions might potentially interfere with ADAR RNA editing enzymes, leading to the reduced A-to-I editing of RNA and activation of the interferon response. We studied induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) derived from the patients with Huntington's disease or ataxia type 17, as well as midbrain organoids developed from these cells. A targeted panel for next-generation sequencing was used to assess editing in the specific RNA regions. Differentiation of iPSCs into brain organoids led to increase in the ADAR2 gene expression and decrease in the expression of protein inhibitors of RNA editing. As a result, there was increase in the editing of specific ADAR2 substrates, which allowed identification of differential substrates of ADAR isoforms. However, comparison of the pathology and control groups did not show differences in the editing levels among the iPSCs. Additionally, brain organoids with 42-46 CAG repeats did not exhibit global changes. On the other hand, brain organoids with the highest number of CAG repeats in the huntingtin gene (76) showed significant decrease in the level of RNA editing of specific transcripts, potentially involving ADAR1. Notably, editing of the long non-coding RNA PWAR5 was nearly absent in this sample. It could be stated in conclusion that in most cultures with repeat expansion, the hypothesized effect on RNA editing was not confirmed.
Asunto(s)
Adenosina Desaminasa , Encéfalo , Diferenciación Celular , Enfermedad de Huntington , Células Madre Pluripotentes Inducidas , Organoides , Edición de ARN , Proteínas de Unión al ARN , Adenosina Desaminasa/metabolismo , Adenosina Desaminasa/genética , Humanos , Organoides/metabolismo , Células Madre Pluripotentes Inducidas/metabolismo , Células Madre Pluripotentes Inducidas/citología , Proteínas de Unión al ARN/metabolismo , Proteínas de Unión al ARN/genética , Encéfalo/metabolismo , Enfermedad de Huntington/genética , Enfermedad de Huntington/metabolismo , Enfermedad de Huntington/patología , Expansión de Repetición de TrinucleótidoRESUMEN
Drug treatment of glioblastoma, the most aggressive and widespread form of brain cancer, is complicated due to the difficulty of penetration of chemotherapeutic drugs through the blood-brain barrier (BBB). Moreover, with surgical removal of tumors, in 90 % of cases they reappear near the original focus. To solve this problem, we propose to use hydrogel based on cellulose nanocrystals grafted with poly(N-isopropylacrylamide) (CNC-g-PNIPAM) as a promising material for filling postoperative cavities in the brain with the release of antitumor drugs. The CNC-g-PNIPAM is formed by "grafting to" method for precise control of molecular weight and grafting density. This colloidal system is liquid under injection conditions (at r. t.) and turns into a gel at human body temperature (when filling the postoperative area). It was shown for the first time that due to the rod-shaped of CNC, the gel has a fibrillar structure and, thus, mechanical properties similar to those of brain tissue, including nonlinear mechanics (strain-stiffening and compression softening). The biocompatibility of the hydrogel with primary brain cells is demonstrated. In addition, the release of the antitumor drug paclitaxel from the hydrogel and its antitumor activity is shown. The resulting nanocolloid system provides an innovative alternative approach to filling postoperative cavities and can be used for postoperative treatment due to the programmable release of drugs, as well as for in vitro modeling of tumor interaction with the BBB affecting drug transport in the brain.
Asunto(s)
Resinas Acrílicas , Materiales Biocompatibles , Celulosa , Hidrogeles , Nanopartículas , Celulosa/química , Nanopartículas/química , Resinas Acrílicas/química , Humanos , Animales , Materiales Biocompatibles/química , Hidrogeles/química , Encéfalo/efectos de los fármacos , Encéfalo/metabolismo , Paclitaxel/química , Paclitaxel/farmacología , Paclitaxel/administración & dosificación , Temperatura , Neoplasias Encefálicas/tratamiento farmacológico , Glioblastoma/tratamiento farmacológico , Glioblastoma/patología , Liberación de Fármacos , Barrera Hematoencefálica/metabolismoRESUMEN
By establishing semaphorin 6D expression in the amygdala as a central coordinator of brain, metabolic, and immunologic function, the Neuron publication by Nakanishi et al.1 provides new insight to how primary brain deficiency impacts physiological systems beyond the brain.
Asunto(s)
Encéfalo , Humanos , Animales , Encéfalo/metabolismo , Trastornos Mentales/metabolismo , Amígdala del Cerebelo/metabolismo , Semaforinas/metabolismo , Inflamación/metabolismoRESUMEN
Oral Topiramate therapy is associated with systemic adverse effects including paresthesia,abdominal pain, and fluctuations in plasma levels. The purpose of this research was to develop an intranasal in situ gel based system comprising Topiramate polymeric nanoparticles and evaluate its potential both in vitro and in vivo. Poly (lactic-co-glycolic acid) (PLGA)nanoparticles prepared by nanoprecipitation method were added into the in situ gelling system of Poloxamer 407 and HPMC K4M. Selected formulation (TG5) was evaluated for physicochemical properties, nasal permeation and in vivo pharmacokinetics in rats. PLGAnanoparticles (O1) exhibited low particle size (~ 144.4 nm), good polydispersity index (0.202), negative zeta potential (-12.7 mV), and adequate entrapment efficiency (64.7%). Developed in situ gel showed ideal pH (6.5), good gelling time (35 s), gelling temperature(37â), suitable viscosity (1335 cP)and drug content of 96.2%. In vitro drug release conformedto Higuchi release kinetics, exhibiting a biphasic pattern of initial burst release and sustained release for 24 h. Oral administration of the drug to Sprague-Dawley rats (G3) showed higher plasma Cmax(504 ng/ml, p < 0.0001) when compared to nasal delivery of in situ gel (G4) or solution (G5). Additionally, AUC0-α of G3 (8786.82 ng/ml*h) was considerably higher than othergroups. Brain uptake data indicates a higher drug level with G4 (112.47 ng /ml) at 12 h when compared to G3. Histopathological examination of groups; G1 (intranasal saline), G2(intranasal placebo), G3, G4, and G5 did not show any lesions of pathological significance. Overall, the experimental results observed were promising and substantiated the potential of developed in situ gel for intranasal delivery.
Asunto(s)
Administración Intranasal , Encéfalo , Geles , Nanopartículas , Mucosa Nasal , Copolímero de Ácido Poliláctico-Ácido Poliglicólico , Ratas Sprague-Dawley , Topiramato , Animales , Topiramato/administración & dosificación , Topiramato/farmacocinética , Nanopartículas/química , Ratas , Administración Intranasal/métodos , Copolímero de Ácido Poliláctico-Ácido Poliglicólico/química , Encéfalo/metabolismo , Encéfalo/efectos de los fármacos , Mucosa Nasal/metabolismo , Mucosa Nasal/efectos de los fármacos , Masculino , Tamaño de la Partícula , Fructosa/administración & dosificación , Fructosa/farmacocinética , Fructosa/química , Portadores de Fármacos/química , Liberación de Fármacos , Sistemas de Liberación de Medicamentos/métodos , Ácido Láctico/química , Ácido Láctico/administración & dosificación , Ácido Poliglicólico/química , Administración OralRESUMEN
Alzheimer's disease (AD), characterized by cognitive impairment, brain plaques, and tangles, is a global health concern affecting millions. It involves the build-up of amyloid-ß (Aß) and tau proteins, the formation of neuritic plaques and neurofibrillary tangles, cholinergic system dysfunction, genetic variations, and mitochondrial dysfunction. Various signaling pathways and metabolic processes are implicated in AD, along with numerous biomarkers used for diagnosis, risk assessment, and research. Despite these, there is no cure or effective treatment for AD. It is critically important to address this immediately to develop novel drug delivery systems (NDDS) capable of targeting the brain and delivering therapeutic agents to modulate the pathological processes of AD. This review summarizes AD, its pathogenesis, related signaling pathways, biomarkers, conventional treatments, the need for NDDS, and their application in AD treatment. It also covers preclinical, clinical, and ongoing trials, patents, and marketed AD formulations.
Asunto(s)
Enfermedad de Alzheimer , Sistemas de Liberación de Medicamentos , Enfermedad de Alzheimer/tratamiento farmacológico , Enfermedad de Alzheimer/metabolismo , Humanos , Sistemas de Liberación de Medicamentos/métodos , Animales , Biomarcadores/metabolismo , Péptidos beta-Amiloides/metabolismo , Encéfalo/metabolismo , Encéfalo/efectos de los fármacos , Proteínas tau/metabolismoRESUMEN
Parkinsonism in rats induced by the pesticide rotenone is one of the most adequate models of Parkinson's disease (PD). Isatin (indole-2,3-dione) is an endogenous regulator found in mammals and humans and exhibiting a wide range of biological activities mediated by numerous isatin-binding proteins, including those associated with neurodegenerative pathology. A course of rotenone administration to rats caused behavioral impairments and changes in the profile and relative content of isatin-binding proteins in the brain. In this study, we have investigated the delayed neuroprotective effect of isatin (5 days after completion of the course of rotenone administration) on behavioral reactions and the relative content of isatin-binding proteins in the brain of rats with rotenone-induced experimental parkinsonism. Although during this period the rats retained locomotor dysfunction, the proteomic analysis data (profile of isatin-binding proteins in the brain and changes in their relative content) differed from the results obtained immediately after completion of the course of rotenone administration. Moreover, all isatin-binding proteins with altered relative content changed during this period are associated to varying degrees with neurodegeneration (many with Parkinson's and Alzheimer's diseases).
Asunto(s)
Encéfalo , Isatina , Fármacos Neuroprotectores , Rotenona , Animales , Isatina/farmacología , Rotenona/toxicidad , Fármacos Neuroprotectores/farmacología , Ratas , Masculino , Encéfalo/metabolismo , Encéfalo/efectos de los fármacos , Encéfalo/patología , Modelos Animales de Enfermedad , Ratas Wistar , Enfermedad de Parkinson Secundaria/inducido químicamente , Enfermedad de Parkinson Secundaria/metabolismo , Enfermedad de Parkinson Secundaria/tratamiento farmacológico , Enfermedad de Parkinson Secundaria/patología , Trastornos Parkinsonianos/inducido químicamente , Trastornos Parkinsonianos/metabolismo , Trastornos Parkinsonianos/tratamiento farmacológicoRESUMEN
Throughout our evolutionary history, physical activity has played a significant role in shaping our physiology. Advances in exercise science have further reinforced this concept by highlighting how exercise can change gene expression and molecular signaling to achieve various beneficial outcomes. Several studies have shown that exercise can alter neuronal functions to prevent neurodegenerative conditions like Parkinson's and Alzheimer's diseases. However, individual genotypes, phenotypes, and varying exercise protocols hinder the prescription of exercise as standard therapy. Moreover, exercise-induced molecular signaling targets can be double-edged swords, making it difficult to use exercise as the primary candidate for beneficial effects. For example, activating PGC-1 alpha and BDNF through exercise could produce several benefits in maintaining brain health, such as plasticity, neuronal survival, memory formation, cognition, and synaptic transmission. However, higher expression of BDNF might play a negative role in bipolar disorder. Therefore, further understanding of a specific mechanistic approach is required. This review focuses on how exercise-induced activation of these molecules could support brain health and discusses the potential underlying mechanisms of the effect of exercise-induced PGC-1 alpha and BDNF on brain health.
Asunto(s)
Factor Neurotrófico Derivado del Encéfalo , Encéfalo , Ejercicio Físico , Coactivador 1-alfa del Receptor Activado por Proliferadores de Peroxisomas gamma , Humanos , Factor Neurotrófico Derivado del Encéfalo/metabolismo , Factor Neurotrófico Derivado del Encéfalo/fisiología , Ejercicio Físico/fisiología , Coactivador 1-alfa del Receptor Activado por Proliferadores de Peroxisomas gamma/metabolismo , Encéfalo/metabolismo , Encéfalo/fisiología , Animales , Plasticidad Neuronal/fisiologíaRESUMEN
Gene therapy using a protein-based CRISPR system in the brain has practical limitations due to current delivery systems, especially in the presence of arterial occlusion. To overcome these obstacles and improve stability, we designed a system for intranasal administration of gene therapy for the treatment of ischemic stroke. Methods: Nanoparticles containing the protein-based CRISPR/dCas9 system targeting Sirt1 were delivered intranasally to the brain in a mouse model of ischemic stroke. The CRISPR/dCas9 system was encapsulated with calcium phosphate (CaP) nanoparticles to prevent them from being degraded. They were then conjugated with ß-hydroxybutyrates (bHb) to target monocarboxylic acid transporter 1 (MCT1) in nasal epithelial cells to facilitate their transfer into the brain. Results: Human nasal epithelial cells were shown to uptake and transfer nanoparticles to human brain endothelial cells with high efficiency in vitro. The intranasal administration of the dCas9/CaP/PEI-PEG-bHb nanoparticles in mice effectively upregulated the target gene, Sirt1, in the brain, decreased cerebral edema and increased survival after permanent middle cerebral artery occlusion. Additionally, we observed no significant in vivo toxicity associated with intranasal administration of the nanoparticles, highlighting the safety of this approach. Conclusion: This study demonstrates that the proposed protein-based CRISPR-dCas9 system targeting neuroprotective genes in general, and SIRT1 in particular, can be a potential novel therapy for acute ischemic stroke.
Asunto(s)
Administración Intranasal , Encéfalo , Modelos Animales de Enfermedad , Terapia Genética , Accidente Cerebrovascular Isquémico , Nanopartículas , Sirtuina 1 , Animales , Ratones , Humanos , Accidente Cerebrovascular Isquémico/terapia , Accidente Cerebrovascular Isquémico/genética , Nanopartículas/administración & dosificación , Terapia Genética/métodos , Sirtuina 1/genética , Sirtuina 1/metabolismo , Encéfalo/metabolismo , Masculino , Fosfatos de Calcio , Sistemas CRISPR-Cas , Ratones Endogámicos C57BL , Células Endoteliales/metabolismo , Isquemia Encefálica/terapia , Isquemia Encefálica/genética , Infarto de la Arteria Cerebral Media/terapia , Infarto de la Arteria Cerebral Media/genética , Células Epiteliales/metabolismoRESUMEN
Introduction: Coxsackievirus A6 (CV-A6) has emerged as the predominant epidemic strain responsible for hand, foot and mouth disease (HFMD). CV-A6 infection can result in severe clinical manifestations, including encephalitis, meningitis, and potentially life-threatening central nervous system disorders. Our previous research findings demonstrated that neonatal mice infected with CV-A6 exhibited limb weakness, paralysis, and ultimately succumbed to death. However, the underlying mechanism of CV-A6-induced nervous system injury remains elusive. Numerous reports have highlighted the pivotal role of miRNAs in various viral infections. Methods: Separately established infection and control groups of mice were used to create miRNA profiles of the brain tissues before and after CV-A6 transfection, followed by experimental verification, prediction, and analysis of the results. Results: At 2 days post-infection (dpi), 4 dpi, and 2dpi vs 4dpi, we identified 175, 198 and 78 significantly differentially expressed miRNAs respectively using qRT-PCR for validation purposes. Subsequently, we predicted target genes of these differentially expressed miRNAs and determined their potential targets through GO (Gene Ontology) enrichment analysis and KEGG (Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes) enrichment analysis. Finally, we verified the miRNA-mRNA pairing via double luciferase experiments while confirming functional enrichment of target genes through Western Blotting analyses. Discussion: The results from this study suggest that transcriptional regulation, neuronal necrosis, pro-inflammatory cytokine release, and antiviral immunity are all implicated in the pathogenesis of central nervous system injury in mice infected with CV-A6. Brain injury resulting from CV-A6 infection may involve multiple pathways, including glial cell activation, neuronal necrosis, synaptic destruction, degenerative diseases of the nervous system. It can even encompass destruction of the blood-brain barrier, leading to central nervous system injury. The dysregulated miRNAs and signaling pathways discovered in this study provide valuable insights for further investigations into the pathogenesis of CV-A6.
Asunto(s)
Modelos Animales de Enfermedad , MicroARNs , Animales , MicroARNs/genética , MicroARNs/metabolismo , Ratones , Encéfalo/virología , Encéfalo/patología , Encéfalo/metabolismo , Infecciones por Coxsackievirus/virología , Infecciones por Coxsackievirus/genética , Lesiones Encefálicas/virología , Lesiones Encefálicas/genética , Perfilación de la Expresión Génica , Enterovirus Humano A/genética , Enterovirus Humano A/patogenicidad , Enterovirus/genética , Enterovirus/patogenicidad , Enfermedad de Boca, Mano y Pie/virologíaRESUMEN
Alcohol consumption in pregnancy can affect genome regulation in the developing offspring but results have been contradictory. We employed a physiologically relevant murine model of short-term moderate prenatal alcohol exposure (PAE) resembling common patterns of alcohol consumption in pregnancy in humans. Early moderate PAE was sufficient to affect site-specific DNA methylation in newborn pups without altering behavioural outcomes in adult littermates. Whole-genome bisulfite sequencing of neonatal brain and liver revealed stochastic influence on DNA methylation that was mostly tissue-specific, with some perturbations likely originating as early as gastrulation. DNA methylation differences were enriched in non-coding genomic regions with regulatory potential indicative of broad effects of alcohol on genome regulation. Replication studies in human cohorts with fetal alcohol spectrum disorder suggested some effects were metastable at genes linked to disease-relevant traits including facial morphology, intelligence, educational attainment, autism, and schizophrenia. In our murine model, a maternal diet high in folate and choline protected against some of the damaging effects of early moderate PAE on DNA methylation. Our studies demonstrate that early moderate exposure is sufficient to affect fetal genome regulation even in the absence of overt phenotypic changes and highlight a role for preventative maternal dietary interventions.
Drinking excessive amounts of alcohol during pregnancy can cause foetal alcohol spectrum disorder and other conditions in children that affect their physical and mental development. Many countries advise women who are pregnant or trying to conceive to avoid drinking alcohol entirely. However, surveys of large groups of women in Western countries indicate that most women continue drinking low to moderate amounts of alcohol until they discover they are pregnant and then stop consuming alcohol for the rest of their pregnancy. It remains unclear how this common drinking pattern affects the foetus. The instructions needed to build and maintain a human body are stored within molecules of DNA. Some regions of DNA called genes contain the instructions to make proteins, which perform many tasks in the body. Other so-called 'non-coding' regions do not code for any proteins but instead have roles in regulating gene activity. One way cells control which genes are switched on or off is adding or removing tags known as methyl groups to certain locations on DNA. Previous studies indicate that alcohol may affect how children develop by changing the patterns of methyl tags on DNA. To investigate the effect of moderate drinking during the early stages of pregnancy, Bestry et al. exposed pregnant mice to alcohol and examined how this affected the patterns of methyl tags on DNA in their offspring. The experiments found moderate levels of alcohol were sufficient to alter the patterns of methyl tags in the brains and livers of the newborn mice. Most of the changes were observed in non-coding regions of DNA, suggesting alcohol may affect how large groups of genes are regulated. Fewer changes in the patterns of methyl tags were found in mice whose mothers had diets rich in two essential nutrients known as folate and choline. Further experiments found that some of the affected mouse genes were similar to genes linked to foetal alcohol spectrum disorder and other related conditions in humans. These findings highlight the potential risks of consuming even moderate levels of alcohol during pregnancy and suggest that a maternal diet rich in folate and choline may help mitigate some of the harmful effects on the developing foetus.
Asunto(s)
Metilación de ADN , Efectos Tardíos de la Exposición Prenatal , Animales , Metilación de ADN/efectos de los fármacos , Femenino , Embarazo , Efectos Tardíos de la Exposición Prenatal/genética , Ratones , Humanos , Dieta , Masculino , Etanol/efectos adversos , Etanol/toxicidad , Ratones Endogámicos C57BL , Modelos Animales de Enfermedad , Encéfalo/efectos de los fármacos , Encéfalo/embriología , Encéfalo/metabolismo , Trastornos del Espectro Alcohólico Fetal/genética , Hígado/efectos de los fármacos , Hígado/metabolismo , Hígado/embriologíaRESUMEN
Imaging-based spatial transcriptomics technologies such as Multiplexed error-robust fluorescence in situ hybridization (MERFISH) can capture cellular processes in unparalleled detail. However, rigorous and robust analytical tools are needed to unlock their full potential for discovering subcellular biological patterns. We present Intracellular Spatial Transcriptomic Analysis Toolkit (InSTAnT), a computational toolkit for extracting molecular relationships from spatial transcriptomics data at single molecule resolution. InSTAnT employs specialized statistical tests and algorithms to detect gene pairs and modules exhibiting intriguing patterns of co-localization, both within individual cells and across the cellular landscape. We showcase the toolkit on five different datasets representing two different cell lines, two brain structures, two species, and three different technologies. We perform rigorous statistical assessment of discovered co-localization patterns, find supporting evidence from databases and RNA interactions, and identify associated subcellular domains. We uncover several cell type and region-specific gene co-localizations within the brain. Intra-cellular spatial patterns discovered by InSTAnT mirror diverse molecular relationships, including RNA interactions and shared sub-cellular localization or function, providing a rich compendium of testable hypotheses regarding molecular functions.
Asunto(s)
Algoritmos , Encéfalo , Perfilación de la Expresión Génica , Hibridación Fluorescente in Situ , Transcriptoma , Perfilación de la Expresión Génica/métodos , Humanos , Hibridación Fluorescente in Situ/métodos , Animales , Encéfalo/metabolismo , Ratones , Biología Computacional/métodos , ARN/genética , ARN/metabolismo , Programas Informáticos , Línea CelularRESUMEN
Intellectual drug doping in athletics by using stimulants that affect central nervous system functions has been diversified. Stimulants are regulated by the World Anti-Doping Agency according to their levels of urinary concentration. Positron emission tomography could evaluate how stimulants affect central nervous system functions. We aimed to evaluate the effect of stimulants on brain function by examining the difference in brain dopamine transporter occupancy by PET after administration of dl-methylephedrine or pseudoephedrine at the clinical maximum daily dose. Four PET scans without and with drug administration (placebo, dl-methylephedrine 150 mg and pseudoephedrine 240 mg) were performed. The concentrations of dl-methylephedrine and pseudoephedrine in plasma and urine were measured. DAT occupancies in the striatum with placebo, dl-methylephedrine and pseudoephedrine were calculated by PET images. The urinary concentration of dl-methylephedrine (12.7 µg/mL) exceeded the prohibited concentration (10 µg/mL), but the DAT occupancy with dl-methylephedrine (6.1%) did not differ (p = 0.92) from that with placebo (6.2%). By contrast, although the urinary concentration of pseudoephedrine (144.8 µg/mL) was below the prohibited concentration (150 µg/mL), DAT occupancy with pseudoephedrine was 18.4%, which was higher than that with placebo (p = 0.009). At the maximum clinical dose, dl-methylephedrine was shown to have weaker effects on brain function than pseudoephedrine.
Asunto(s)
Encéfalo , Proteínas de Transporte de Dopamina a través de la Membrana Plasmática , Tomografía de Emisión de Positrones , Seudoefedrina , Humanos , Masculino , Tomografía de Emisión de Positrones/métodos , Seudoefedrina/farmacología , Seudoefedrina/administración & dosificación , Encéfalo/efectos de los fármacos , Encéfalo/metabolismo , Encéfalo/diagnóstico por imagen , Adulto , Proteínas de Transporte de Dopamina a través de la Membrana Plasmática/metabolismo , Adulto Joven , Estimulantes del Sistema Nervioso Central/farmacología , Estimulantes del Sistema Nervioso Central/orina , Estimulantes del Sistema Nervioso Central/administración & dosificación , Doping en los Deportes/prevención & control , Femenino , Efedrina/análogos & derivadosRESUMEN
TMEM106B is an endolysosomal transmembrane protein not only associated with multiple neurological disorders including frontotemporal dementia, Alzheimer's disease, and hypomyelinating leukodystrophy but also potentially involved in COVID-19. Additionally, recent studies have identified amyloid fibrils of C-terminal TMEM106B in both aged healthy and neurodegenerative brains. However, so far little is known about physiological functions of TMEM106B in the endolysosome and how TMEM106B is involved in a wide range of human conditions at molecular levels. Here, we performed lipidomic analysis of the brain of TMEM106B-deficient mice. We found that TMEM106B deficiency significantly decreases levels of two major classes of myelin lipids, galactosylceramide and its sulfated derivative sulfatide. Subsequent co-immunoprecipitation assay showed that TMEM106B physically interacts with galactosylceramidase. We also found that galactosylceramidase activity was significantly increased in TMEM106B-deficient brains. Thus, our results suggest that TMEM106B interacts with galactosylceramidase to regulate myelin lipid metabolism and have implications for TMEM106B-associated diseases.
Asunto(s)
Galactosilceramidasa , Metabolismo de los Lípidos , Lisosomas , Proteínas de la Membrana , Ratones Noqueados , Vaina de Mielina , Proteínas del Tejido Nervioso , Animales , Ratones , Proteínas de la Membrana/metabolismo , Proteínas de la Membrana/genética , Lisosomas/metabolismo , Humanos , Proteínas del Tejido Nervioso/metabolismo , Proteínas del Tejido Nervioso/genética , Vaina de Mielina/metabolismo , Galactosilceramidasa/metabolismo , Galactosilceramidasa/genética , Encéfalo/metabolismo , Ratones Endogámicos C57BL , Sulfoglicoesfingolípidos/metabolismo , Células HEK293RESUMEN
BACKGROUND: Gene expression and alternative splicing are strictly regulated processes that shape brain development and determine the cellular identity of differentiated neural cell populations. Despite the availability of multiple valuable datasets, many functional implications, especially those related to alternative splicing, remain poorly understood. Moreover, neuroscientists working primarily experimentally often lack the bioinformatics expertise required to process alternative splicing data and produce meaningful and interpretable results. Notably, re-analyzing publicly available datasets and integrating them with in-house data can provide substantial novel insights. However, such analyses necessitate developing harmonized data handling and processing pipelines which in turn require considerable computational resources and in-depth bioinformatics expertise. RESULTS: Here, we present Cortexa-a comprehensive web portal that incorporates RNA-sequencing datasets from the mouse cerebral cortex (longitudinal or cell-specific) and the hippocampus. Cortexa facilitates understandable visualization of the expression and alternative splicing patterns of individual genes. Our platform provides SplicePCA-a tool that allows users to integrate their alternative splicing dataset and compare it to cell-specific or developmental neocortical splicing patterns. All standardized gene expression and alternative splicing datasets can be downloaded for further in-depth downstream analysis without the need for extensive preprocessing. CONCLUSIONS: Cortexa provides a robust and readily available resource for unraveling the complexity of gene expression and alternative splicing regulatory processes in the mouse brain. The data portal is available at https://cortexa-rna.com/.
Asunto(s)
Empalme Alternativo , Encéfalo , Animales , Empalme Alternativo/genética , Ratones , Encéfalo/metabolismo , Biología Computacional/métodos , Programas Informáticos , Bases de Datos Genéticas , Análisis de Secuencia de ARN/métodos , Corteza Cerebral/metabolismo , Hipocampo/metabolismo , Perfilación de la Expresión Génica/métodosRESUMEN
The establishment of brain metabolic network is based on 18fluoro-deoxyglucose positron emission computed tomography ( 18F-FDG PET) analysis, which reflect the brain functional network connectivity in normal physiological state or disease state. It is now applied to basic and clinical brain functional network research. In this paper, we constructed a metabolic network for the cerebral cortex firstly according to 18F-FDG PET image data from patients with temporal lobe epilepsy (TLE).Then, a statistical analysis to the network properties of patients with left or right TLE and controls was performed. It is shown that the connectivity of the brain metabolic network is weakened in patients with TLE, the topology of the network is changed and the transmission efficiency of the network is reduced, which means the brain metabolic network connectivity is extensively impaired in patients with TLE. It is confirmed that the brain metabolic network analysis based on 18F-FDG PET can provide a new perspective for the diagnose and therapy of epilepsy by utilizing PET images.
Asunto(s)
Encéfalo , Epilepsia del Lóbulo Temporal , Fluorodesoxiglucosa F18 , Tomografía de Emisión de Positrones , Humanos , Epilepsia del Lóbulo Temporal/diagnóstico por imagen , Epilepsia del Lóbulo Temporal/metabolismo , Tomografía de Emisión de Positrones/métodos , Encéfalo/metabolismo , Encéfalo/diagnóstico por imagen , Redes y Vías Metabólicas , Corteza Cerebral/metabolismo , Corteza Cerebral/diagnóstico por imagenRESUMEN
The cellular prion protein (PrPC) plays many roles in the developing and adult brain. In addition, PrPC binds to several amyloids in oligomeric and prefibrillar forms and may act as a putative receptor of abnormal misfolded protein species. The role of PrPC in tau seeding and spreading is not known. In the present study, we have inoculated well-characterized sarkosyl-insoluble fractions of sporadic Alzheimer's disease (sAD) into the brain of adult wild-type mice (Prnp+/+), Prnp0/0 (ZH3 strain) mice, and mice over-expressing the secreted form of PrPC lacking their GPI anchor (Tg44 strain). Phospho-tau (ptau) seeding and spreading involving neurons and oligodendrocytes were observed three and six months after inoculation. 3Rtau and 4Rtau deposits from the host tau, as revealed by inoculating Mapt0/0 mice and by using specific anti-mouse and anti-human tau antibodies suggest modulation of exon 10 splicing of the host mouse Mapt gene elicited by exogenous sAD-tau. However, no tau seeding and spreading differences were observed among Prnp genotypes. Our results show that PrPC does not affect tau seeding and spreading in vivo.
Asunto(s)
Enfermedad de Alzheimer , Proteínas tau , Proteínas tau/metabolismo , Proteínas tau/genética , Animales , Enfermedad de Alzheimer/metabolismo , Enfermedad de Alzheimer/patología , Enfermedad de Alzheimer/genética , Ratones , Humanos , Encéfalo/metabolismo , Encéfalo/patología , Proteínas PrPC/metabolismo , Proteínas PrPC/genética , Ratones Transgénicos , Proteínas Priónicas/metabolismo , Proteínas Priónicas/genética , Sarcosina/análogos & derivados , Sarcosina/farmacología , Neuronas/metabolismo , Neuronas/patología , Modelos Animales de EnfermedadRESUMEN
Sodium serves as one of the primary cations in the central nervous system, playing a crucial role in maintaining normal brain function. In this study, we investigated alterations in sodium concentrations in the brain and/or cerebrospinal fluid across multiple models, including an aging model, a stroke model, a nitroglycerin (NTG)-induced rat migraine model, a familial hemiplegic migraine type 2 (FHM2) mouse model, and a transgenic mouse model of Alzheimer's disease (AD). Our results reveal that older rats exhibited higher sodium concentrations in cerebrospinal fluid (CSF), plasma, and various brain regions compared to their younger counterparts. Additionally, findings from the stroke model demonstrated a significant increase in sodium in the ischemic/reperfused region, accompanied by a decrease in potassium and an elevated sodium/potassium ratio. However, we did not detect significant changes in sodium in the NTG-induced rat migraine model or the FHM2 mouse model. Furthermore, AD transgenic mice showed no significant differences in sodium levels compared to wild-type mice in CSF, plasma, or the hippocampus. These results underscore the nuanced regulation of sodium homeostasis in various neurological conditions and aging, providing valuable insights into potential mechanisms underlying these alterations.
Asunto(s)
Envejecimiento , Enfermedad de Alzheimer , Modelos Animales de Enfermedad , Ratones Transgénicos , Trastornos Migrañosos , Sodio , Accidente Cerebrovascular , Animales , Enfermedad de Alzheimer/metabolismo , Sodio/líquido cefalorraquídeo , Sodio/sangre , Sodio/metabolismo , Ratas , Ratones , Masculino , Accidente Cerebrovascular/metabolismo , Trastornos Migrañosos/metabolismo , Trastornos Migrañosos/inducido químicamente , Trastornos Migrañosos/sangre , Humanos , Nitroglicerina/farmacología , Daño por Reperfusión/metabolismo , Encéfalo/metabolismo , Ratas Sprague-Dawley , Migraña con AuraRESUMEN
Alpha-synuclein (αSyn) forms pathologic aggregates in Parkinson's disease (PD) and is implicated in mechanisms underlying neurodegeneration. While pathologic αSyn has been extensively studied, there is currently no method to evaluate αSyn within the brains of living patients. Patients with PD are often treated with deep brain stimulation (DBS) surgery in which surgical instruments are in direct contact with neuronal tissue; herein, we describe a method by which tissue is collected from DBS surgical instruments in PD and essential tremor (ET) patients and demonstrate that αSyn is detected. 24 patients undergoing DBS surgery for PD (17 patients) or ET (7 patients) were enrolled; from patient samples, 81.2 ± 44.8 µg of protein (n = 15), on average, was collected from surgical instruments. Light microscopy revealed axons, capillaries, and blood cells as the primary components of purified tissue (n = 3). ELISA assay further confirmed the presence of neuronal and glial tissue in DBS samples (n = 4). Further analysis was conducted using western blot, demonstrating that multiple αSyn antibodies are reactive in PD (n = 5) and ET (n = 3) samples; truncated αSyn (1-125 αSyn) was significantly increased in PD (n = 5) compared to ET (n = 3), in which αSyn misfolding is not expected (0.64 ± 0.25 vs. 0.25 ± 0.12, P = 0.046), thus showing that multiple forms of αSyn can be detected from living PD patients with this method.