RESUMEN

The purpose of this study was to characterize the activity of essential oils from Nepeta Cataria (EON) at concentrations of 125 µ L  L-1, 150 µ L  L-1, 175 µ L  L-1, and 200 µ L  L-1 on the behavior of loss of the posture reflex and recovery of the posture reflex and electrocardiographic activity and recording of the opercular beat of Colossoma macropomum during immersion bathing for a period of 5 min, in order to obtain a window for safe use during anesthesia. The fish (23.38 ± 3.5 g) were assigned to the following experiments: experiment 1 (latency to loss and recovery of the posture reflex): (a) 125 µ L  L-1, (b) 150 µ L  L-1, (c) 175 µ L  L-1, and (d) 200 µ L  L-1 (n = 9) per group. Experiment 2 (electrocardiographic and heartbeat recordings): (a) control group; (b) vehicle control group (2 ml of alcohol per liter of water), (c) 125 µ L  L-1, (d) 150 µ L  L-1, (e) 175 µ L  L-1, and (f) 200 µ L  L-1 (n = 9), per group. All the concentrations used showed efficacy in inducing loss of the posture reflex and reversibility with recovery of the posture reflex, but the electrocardiographic recordings indicated morphographic changes such as bradycardia during induction and p wave apiculation during recovery at the highest concentrations tested. In this way, we suggest a safe use window for short-term anesthesia with EON in the concentration range of 125 to 150 µ L  L-1 for juvenile Colossoma macropomum.

Asunto(s)

RESUMEN

OBJECTIVES: Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy (HCM) is the most common heart disease in cats. Electrocardiographic (ECG) analysis can help with the diagnosis of HCM and also in the investigation of the secondary consequences of the disease. This study investigated ECG markers of QT interval variability (total instability [TI], short-term instability [STI], long-term instability [LTI], QT variance [QTv]), mean QT interval (QTa) and QT interval corrected for heart rate (QTac), as well as the duration (QRSd) and dispersion (QRSv) of the QRS interval in healthy cats and in those with HCM. METHODS: Data were collected from 63 domestic cats: 40 in the control group and 23 in the HCM group. Fifty consecutive QT intervals were recorded for all cats and then QTa, QTac, QTv, TI, LTI and STI were calculated. QRSd and QRSv were also obtained for all animals. A Mann-Whitney U-test was used for group comparison. Receiver operating characteristic curves were plotted to evaluate the sensitivity and specificity of all markers for HCM. Logistic regression analysis was performed to assess the risks of cats having HCM, based on the studied indexes. RESULTS: QTa (P <0.01), QTac (P <0.01), QRSd (P <0.01) and STI (P = 0.02) were higher in the HCM group. QTa >158.8 ms, QTac >27.4 ms and QRSd >0.045 s had an accuracy of 77.4%, 68.2% and 80.9%, respectively, in detecting HCM. Logistic regression showed that cats with QTa >158 ms, QTac >27.4 ms and QRSd >0.045 s had a 1.58-, 1,23- and 6.5-fold higher risk, respectively, of developing HCM. CONCLUSIONS AND RELEVANCE: Cats with HCM had higher ventricular instability as assessed by STI and showed a prolongation of the QT and QRS intervals via the QTa, QTac and QRSd markers. These markers show potential as ancillary screening tools for identifying the presence of HCM.

Asunto(s)

RESUMEN

Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy (HCM) is the most common heart disease in feline species. ECG allows assessing parameters that can help in the diagnosis and risk stratification of conditions that occur secondary to this disease. This study aimed to evaluate electrocardiographic markers Tpte and Tpte/QT in leads I, II, III, aVR, aVL and aVF in control and HCM cats. Data were obtained from 63 domestic cats allocated in a Control (n = 40) and an HCM (n = 23) group. Tpte and Tpte/QT of all individuals were measured in all limb leads (I, II, III, aVR, aVL, aVF). We constructed ROC curves to evaluate the sensitivity and specificity of markers to identify HCM-affected cats. Logistic regression analysis was performed to assess the risks of cats having HCM based on Tpte indexes. Tpte in leads II (p < 0.01), aVR (p < 0.01), aVL (p < 0.01), and aVF (p < 0.01) had significantly higher results in the HCM group. Tpte/QT showed no statistical difference between groups in any of the derivations evaluated. A Tpte > 27.5ms in lead aVF showed an accuracy of 83.3% to identify individuals with HCM in our study. Univariable logistic regression reveals that cats with Tpte in aVR and aVF > 27.5ms and in aVL > 26.5ms had 1.28, 12 and 1.16 respectively, more chances of having HCM. The prolongation of Tpte may be a noninvasive electrocardiographic complementary tool to help differentiate patients with and without hypertrophic cardiomyopathy.

Asunto(s)

RESUMEN

Rescue and recovery dogs intercalate the activity intensity developed, which also triggers significant metabolic changes in cardiac physiology. Thus, we evaluated the changes that search simulation causes in glucose, lactate, and cardiac troponin I level (cTnI) and the electrocardiographic and heart rate during the activity and recovery phase to predict the physiological adaptation to the exercise. Five healthy adult dogs from the Rescue and Recovery Service of Military Firefighters Corps were submitted to 60 minutes search operation simulation in the woods. They covered a forest area of approximately 50,000 m2. The dogs were loose and accompanied by their driver, and they could perform any physical activity. Were evaluated serum biochemical analysis of glucose, lactate, cardiac troponin I, electrocardiographic, and heart rate (rest, exercise phase, and recovery time). No changes in glucose levels, heart rate, and cardiac rhythm were detected. In comparison to baseline values, there is an increase: in lactate at the end of the exercise phase [EXER] (60'EXER), and in the recovery phase [RCT] at 30'RCT and 60'RCT, and cTnI at 60'RCT, 120'RCT, and 4hRCT. P wave duration was significantly higher at 60'EXER, 15'RCT, and 30'RCT, with no alterations in wave amplitude. QRS interval duration significantly increased at 30'RCT, and the ST segment presented a significant difference at 60'EXER, 15'RCT, and 60'RCT compared to the rest moment. The moderate alterations in lactate and cTnI and few alterations in the electrocardiographic and heart rate maintenance suggest the adaptation of rescue and recovery dogs to the type, intensity, and duration of search operation simulation performed.(AU)

Cães de busca e resgate intercalam a intensidade da atividade desenvolvida que desencadeia alterações metabólicas significativas, bem como na fisiologia cardíaca. Assim, foram avaliadas as alterações que a simulação de busca produz nos níveis de glicose, lactato, troponina I cardíaca (cTnI), bem como na frequência cardíaca e atividade eletrocardiográfica durante a fase de atividade e recuperação, a fim de predizer a adaptação fisiológica ao exercício. Cinco cães adultos saudáveis do Serviço de Resgate e Salvamento do Corpo de Bombeiros Militares foram submetidos à simulação de operação de busca de 60 minutos na mata e cobriram uma área florestal de aproximadamente 50.000 m2. Os cães estavam soltos, acompanhados pelo condutor e estavam livres para realizar qualquer tipo de atividade física. Foram avaliados os níveis séricos de glicose, lactato e troponina I cardíaca, atividade eletrocardiográfica e frequência cardíaca em repouso, na fase de exercício e no tempo de recuperação. Não foram detectadas alterações nos níveis de glicose, frequência cardíaca e ritmo cardíaco. Em comparação com os valores basais houve aumento de lactato ao final da fase de exercício [EXER] (60'EXER) e na fase de recuperação [RCT] aos 30'RCT e 60'RCT; e cTnI aos 60'RCT, 120'RCT e 4hRCT. Duração da onda P foi significativamente maior em 60'EXER, 15'RCT e 30'RCT, sem alterações na amplitude da onda. Duração do intervalo QRS teve aumento significativo em 30'RCT e o segmento ST apresentou diferença significativa em 60'EXER, 15'RCT e 60'RCT quando comparado ao basal. As alterações moderadas nos níveis de lactato e cTnI, bem como a pouca alteração na atividade eletrocardiográfica e manutenção da frequência cardíaca sugerem boa adaptação dos cães de busca e resgate ao tipo, intensidade e duração da operação de busca simulada realizada.(AU)

Asunto(s)

RESUMEN

Background: The brachycephalic dog breeds have been increasing in Brazil, and these animals are predisposed to present the brachycephalic dog syndrome, consisting of anatomical defects that lead to physiological changes and clinical signs such as wheezing, dyspnea, and hypoxia. Electrocardiography (ECG) is a simple test that can detect disturbances in the electrical activity of the heart, including changes present in hypoxia. The brachycephalic dog syndrome can lead to pulmonary hypertension due to hypoxia. Based on this, the present work aimed to evaluate the ECG of brachycephalic dogs in search of significant changes in heart rhythm, ECG waves, and cardiac axis. Materials, Methods & Results: Twenty-nine dogs were evaluated in this study, 19 brachycephalic and 10 mesaticephalic, after approval by an ethics committee the animals were selected. Electrocardiographic examinations were performed in 2 stages, at rest and immediately after a 3-min trot. The exam was performed with a computerized electrocardiograph, with a standard time of 5 min. The standard positioning for performing the examination was the right lateral decubitus position. To improve the electrical conductivity, 70% alcohol was used between the animal's skin and the electrodes. In statistical analysis, paired t test was performed for comparison of the same group before and after exercise and unpaired t test between groups at the same moments, considering P < 0.05 as significant. Nineteen brachycephalic animals were evaluated, 10 Pugs and 9 French Bulldogs, 9 males and 10 females. The mean age was 3.4 ± 1.8 years; and the mean weight was 12.5 kg ± 2.7 kg. In the control group, consisting of ten mesaticephalic animals, all were non-breed, three males and seven females; the mean age and weight in this group were 4.4 ± 1.5 years and 7.5 kg ± 0.5 kg, respectively. There was a significant increase in heart rate (bpm) after exercise in brachycephalic dogs (baseline: 119.3 ± 4.3; after exercise: 135.1 ± 4.9; P = 0.0005). The same occurred for P wave amplitude (mV) (baseline: 0.20 ± 0.01; after exercise: 0.22 ± 0.01; P = 0.0001). These differences were not found in the control group. There were no alterations in the duration of the P wave, PR interval, QRS complex, and QT interval, and all were within normal values for the species in both groups. The R-wave amplitude remained unaltered and within normal values in both the control and brachycephalic groups. Discussion: The elevation in heart rate may be associated with the chemoreflex secondary to the increased demand for oxygenation during exercise and the hypoxia generated by it. The increase in P amplitude suggests right atrial overload. The P wave corresponds to the atrial depolarization and its amplitude corresponds to the electrical activity in the right atrium. Thus, it is possible to relate the increase in P amplitude and heart rate to the hypoxia caused by exercise in brachycephalic, since this hypoxia results in chemoreceptor activation that increases chronotropism and heart rate. Also, there may be increased pressure in the pulmonary trunk, this increased pressure occurs due to vasoconstriction generated as a reflex to hypoxia in the pulmonary alveoli, leading to a possible picture of acute pulmonary hypertension that, in a cascade effect, leads to hypertrophy and dilation of the right ventricle, increased strength of contractility and ejection affecting the tricuspid valve causing a reflux and consequent overload of the right atrium.

Asunto(s)

RESUMEN

Background: In human medicine, arrhythmogenic left ventricular cardiomyopathy was described as a primary disease of the heart characterized by fibroadipose replacement of the myocardium.. Case Description: We report the case of a dog, with history of syncope and irregular cardiac rhythm. Electrocardiogram, echocardiography, and a 24-hour Holter monitoring showed, respectively, the presence of premature ventricular complexes with right bundle branch block morphology, an increase of the left ventricle end-diastolic diameter with preserved fractional shortening and ejection fraction, and a sinus arrhythmia as baseline rhythm with supraventricular tachycardia episodes and ventricular complexes with left bundle branch block morphology. After the death of the canine, a postmortem examination showed cardiomegaly. Fibroadipose replacement of the septum and both ventricles, with left ventricle myocardial fibrosis, suggestive of previous necrosis, was observed. Conclusion: These findings are suggestive of left-dominant arrhythmogenic cardiomyopathy which, to the best of our knowledge, has not been described in veterinary medicine.

Asunto(s)

RESUMEN

Cardiac rhythm disorders are diagnosed through electrocardiography, which is an important tool to investigate other systemic conditions that may be related to the cardiac conduction system. Cardiac regulation is controlled by the autonomic nervous system, and in dogs, it is mainly modulated by a parasympathetic action exerted by the vagus nerve, called vagal tone. Increased vagal tone can occur physiologically or pathologically, leading to the occurrence of bradyarrhythmias. However, some studies report that airway diseases can exacerbate this tone, together with the reduction of sympathetic pathway activities. This study aimed to analyze the cardiac rhythms in dogs presenting with electrocardiographic alterations related to respiratory diseases, in connection with the exacerbation of vagal tone. Medical records of animals whose diagnoses involved at least one respiratory condition and who underwent electrocardiographic assessment between March 2017 to March 2021 were compiled. Data obtained were compiled in Microsoft Excel®1 spreadsheets and evaluated using descriptive statistics through the BioEstat®2 software. Pearson's correlation was used for quantitative data. A correlation between autonomic regulation and vagal exacerbation was observed in cases with obstructive airways diseases.(AU)

Os distúrbios do ritmo cardíaco são diagnosticados por meio da eletrocardiografia, que é uma importante ferra-menta para investigar outras condições sistêmicas que podem estar relacionadas ao sistema de condução cardíaco. A regulação cardíaca é controlada pelo sistema nervoso autônomo e, em cães, é modulada principalmente pela ação parassimpática exer-cida pelo nervo vago, denominada tônus vagal. O aumento do tônus vagal pode ocorrer fisiologicamente ou patologicamente, levando à ocorrência de bradiarritmias. No entanto, alguns estudos relatam que as doenças das vias aéreas podem exacerbar esse tônus, juntamente com a redução das atividades das vias simpáticas. Este estudo teve como objetivo analisar os ritmos cardíacos em cães com alterações eletrocardiográficas relacionadas a doenças respiratórias, relacionadas à exacerbação do tônus vagal. Foram compilados os prontuários dos animais cujos diagnósticos envolvessem pelo menos uma condição respiratória e que realizaram avaliação eletrocardiográfica, no período entre março de 2017 a março de 2021. Os dados obtidos foram com-pilados em planilhas do Microsoft Excel®1 e avaliados por meio de estatística descritiva por meio do software BioEstat®2. A correlação de Pearson foi usada para dados quantitativos. Foi observada correlação entre regulação autonômica e exacerbação vagal em casos com doenças obstrutivas das vias aéreas.(AU)

Asunto(s)

RESUMEN

Background: Atrial ectopic rhythm is a type of supraventricular arrhythmia, originating in two distinct points in the atrialregion. In the electrocardiographic (ECG) tracing, it is represented by independent depolarizations of sinus P waves andectopic P waves. The occurrence of this disorder is rare, and the diagnosis criteria are the presence of the described waveswithin the basal rhythm. In humans, there have been reports related to severe heart failure with an unfavorable prognosis.The present report aimed to describe the clinical case of a dog with unilateral atrial ectopic rhythm without any underlying cardiac disorder.Case: A 8-year-old male golden retriever was brought to a veterinary clinic for a preoperative evaluation for lipoma removalin the right forelimb. On clinical examination, the owner stated that the patient was active, with no signs of easy fatigueor cough. The canine displayed normophagy, normodipsia, normoquezia, and normouria. On physical examination, hedemonstrated a lymphatic temperament with tachypnea. The temperature and capillary filling time were within the normalrange, with a normokinetic pulse. Cardiac auscultation revealed a mild grade I/VI murmur in mitral focus and an 80-bpmheart rate. Respiratory auscultation revealed the presence of harshy lung sounds. The cough reflex was positive; the Piparotetest, negative. The blood test showed no noticeable changes in blood count and serum biochemistry. Systemic systolicblood pressure was 120 mmHg. On radiographic examination, no evidence of heart or lung abnormalities were identified.After the clinical evaluation, an ECG examination was performed; a unilateral atrial ectopic rhythm was observed withdifferent frequencies between atrial and ventricular rhythm and with P (164°) and P waves (80°). On echocardiographic...(AU)

Asunto(s)

RESUMEN

Background: Atrial ectopic rhythm is a type of supraventricular arrhythmia, originating in two distinct points in the atrialregion. In the electrocardiographic (ECG) tracing, it is represented by independent depolarizations of sinus P waves andectopic P waves. The occurrence of this disorder is rare, and the diagnosis criteria are the presence of the described waveswithin the basal rhythm. In humans, there have been reports related to severe heart failure with an unfavorable prognosis.The present report aimed to describe the clinical case of a dog with unilateral atrial ectopic rhythm without any underlying cardiac disorder.Case: A 8-year-old male golden retriever was brought to a veterinary clinic for a preoperative evaluation for lipoma removalin the right forelimb. On clinical examination, the owner stated that the patient was active, with no signs of easy fatigueor cough. The canine displayed normophagy, normodipsia, normoquezia, and normouria. On physical examination, hedemonstrated a lymphatic temperament with tachypnea. The temperature and capillary filling time were within the normalrange, with a normokinetic pulse. Cardiac auscultation revealed a mild grade I/VI murmur in mitral focus and an 80-bpmheart rate. Respiratory auscultation revealed the presence of harshy lung sounds. The cough reflex was positive; the Piparotetest, negative. The blood test showed no noticeable changes in blood count and serum biochemistry. Systemic systolicblood pressure was 120 mmHg. On radiographic examination, no evidence of heart or lung abnormalities were identified.After the clinical evaluation, an ECG examination was performed; a unilateral atrial ectopic rhythm was observed withdifferent frequencies between atrial and ventricular rhythm and with P (164°) and P waves (80°). On echocardiographic...

Asunto(s)

RESUMEN

Digoxin is a cardiotonic glycoside that is traditionally used for the treatment of heart failure and atrial fibrillation in humans and animals. However, the use of digoxin is still a challenge in clinical practice due to its narrow therapeutic range and its potential interaction with several drugs, which could facilitate the development of toxicity. A 12-year-old Labrador retriever was referred with a clinical diagnosis of heart failure and atrial fibrillation, anorexia, vomiting, and diarrhea. He had been medicated with digoxin, furosemide, lisinopril, and amiodarone. The patient also showed clinical signs of hip osteoarthritis and received firocoxib for four days. He additionally received drugs for gastrointeritis. The electrocardiogram demonstrated atrial fibrillation and signs of digitalis toxicity. Laboratory examination showed a high concentration of plasma digoxin, and 5 days after withdrawal of the drugs, the symptoms disappeared, as did the digitalis effects seen in the previous electrocardiogram.(AU)

A digoxina é um glicosídeo cardiotônico tradicionalmente utilizado no tratamento de insuficiência cardíaca e fibri-lação atrial em humanos e animais. Porém, o uso da digoxina continua sendo um desafio na prática clínica devido a sua estreita faixa terapêutica, bem como a sua potencial interação com diversos fármacos, facilitando o desenvolvimento de toxicidade. Um Labrador Retriever de 12 anos de idade foi encaminhado com diagnóstico clinico de insuficiência cardíaca, apresentando fibrilação atrial, anorexia, vômitos e diarreia. Ele vinha sendo medicado com digoxina, furosemida, lisinopril e amiodarona. Ele havia sido concomitantemente medicado com firocoxibe por quatro dias para tratamento de osteoartrite coxo-femoral, além de medicamentos para gastroenterite. O eletrocardiograma demonstrou fibrilação atrial e sinais de toxicidade digitalica. O exame laboratorial revelou alta concentração de digoxina plasmática sendo que, cinco dias após a suspensão dos medica-mentos, o paciente já apresentava melhora clinica acentuada, enquanto os efeitos digitálicos observados no eletrocardiograma anterior desapareceram.(AU)

Asunto(s)

RESUMEN

The present study aimed to identify and describe cardiac alterations in sheep experimentally poisoned with Palicourea marcgravii through analysis of serum cardiac biomarkers (serum troponin I and creatine kinase - CK-MB) and electro and echocardiographic assessments to contribute to a better understanding of the poisoning pathophysiology. P. marcgravii is the main plant within a group of 22 species that cause sudden death in Brazil; its toxic principle is sodium monofluoroacetate. Eight healthy crossbreed male sheep, aged between five and twelve months, weighing 14 to 27kg, were evaluated. The animals received 1g kg-1 of P. marcgravii plants orally. The sheep were evaluated before administering the plant (T0) through electro and echocardiography and blood collection to assess cardiac biomarkers (CK-MB and cTnI). Collections and analyses were repeated every four hours until the animal's death. During the study, there was the presence of extravasation of serum troponin I carried out in a qualitative test, with positive values at time T4, and the serum CK-MB biomarker had a peak at T4 and slightly decreased at T8. The electro and echocardiographic examinations showed that the cause of death in these animals was due to acute heart failure characterized by arrhythmias, tachycardia/ventricular fibrillation, drop in cardiac output, left ventricular (LV) systolic dysfunction by the progressive decrease in the LV ejection fraction (EF), decrease in LV fractional shortening (FS), and decrease in aortic flow velocity and aortic flow gradient. This study seems to be the first to evaluate cardiac alterations in sheep poisoned by P. marcgravii through cardiac biomarkers and electro and echocardiographic exams.

O presente estudo objetivou identificar e descrever as alterações cardíacas de ovinos intoxicados experimentalmente por Palicourea marcgravii através das análises de biomarcadores cardíacos séricos (troponina I sérica e a creatinoquinase - MB) e das avaliações eletro e ecocardiográficas contribuindo para o melhor entendimento da fisiopatologia da intoxicação. Palicourea marcgravii é a principal planta dentro de um grupo de 22 espécies que causam "morte súbita" no Brasil e seu princípio tóxico é o monofluoracetato de sódio. Foram utilizados oito ovinos saudáveis machos, sem raça definida, com idades entre cinco e doze meses e peso de 14 a 27kg. Os animais receberam 1g/kg de Palicourea marcgravii por via oral. Os ovinos foram avaliados momentos antes da administração da planta (T0) através de eletro e ecocardiograma e coleta de sangue para avaliação dos biomarcadores cardíacos (CK-MB e cTnI). As análises e coletas foram repetidas a cada quatro horas até o óbito do animal. Durante o estudo observou-se extravasamento de troponina I sérica realizada em teste qualitativo, com valores positivos já em T4, assim como o biomarcador CK-MB sérico teve seu pico de aumento em T4 e em T8 houve uma leve redução. Aos exames eletro e ecocardiográfico foi possível determinar que a causa do óbito nestes animais ocorreu devido à insuficiência cardíaca aguda caracterizada por arritmias, taquicardia/fibrilação ventricular, queda no débito cardíaco, disfunção sistólica do ventrículo esquerdo (VE) pela diminuição progressiva da fração de ejeção (EF) do VE, diminuição na fração de encurtamento (FS) do VE, diminuição da velocidade do fluxo aórtico e do gradiente do fluxo aórtico. Este é o primeiro estudo que avalia as alterações cardiológicas de ovinos intoxicados por P. marcgravii através de biomarcadores cardíacos e exames eletro e ecocardiográficos.

Asunto(s)

RESUMEN

The application of hydrotherapy is growing in the field of animal rehabilitation to improve strength, endurance, fitness, and range of motion, in addition to reducing pain. In the same way, land-based activity is recommended for various conditions, including hypertension, muscle atrophy, and obesity. There is a lack of studies that evaluate the safety of incremental exercise in American Pit Bull Terriers. This study assessed the influence of activity on underwater and dry land treadmills on the physiological parameters of dogs. In this regard, 12 adult, male, healthy, and untrained American Pit Bull Terriers were subjected to an incremental exercise test (IET) on the underwater treadmill (Group I) and the dry land treadmill (Group II). Heart rate (HR), respiratory rate (RR), rectal temperature (RT), systolic blood pressure (SBP), and electrocardiographic evaluation, were evaluated before activity (T0), immediately after (T1), 30 min after (T2), and 90 min after the end of exercise (T3), and plasmatic lactate concentrations were measured at T0, T1, and T2 time points. Results obtained were submitted to the Shapiro-Wilk test, ANOVA and Tukey's test, considering P<0.05. Water activity induced a reduction in RR (P=0.00674) in all examinations after the test on the underwater treadmill and proved to be more demanding than activity on the land treadmill, considering the presence of a deeper and slower RR. Exercise sessions in both groups did not elevate the lactate concentration. The IET can be performed safely on an underwater or dry land treadmill in healthy American Pit Bulls.

A hidroterapia apresenta crescente aplicação no ramo da reabilitação animal, com o intuito de aumentar a força, resistência muscular e amplitude de movimento articular, além de reduzir a dor e melhorar o condicionamento físico do paciente. Assim como a hidroterapia, a atividade desenvolvida em solo é indicada para diversas afecções, inclusive para pacientes hipertensos, com atrofia muscular ou com sobrepeso. São escassos os estudos que avaliam a segurança de testes incrementais em esteira aquática e em esteira seca em American Pit Bull Terriers. Este estudo teve como objetivo avaliar os efeitos da atividade em esteira aquática e em esteira seca sobre os parâmetros fisiológicos de cães. Para isto, cães da raça American Pit Bull Terrier (n=12) machos, adultos, saudáveis e não treinados foram submetidos a teste de esforço incremental (TEI) em hidroesteira com água (Grupo I) e sem água (Grupo II). A frequência cardíaca (FR), frequência respiratória (FR), temperatura retal (TR), pressão arterial sistólica (PAS) e avaliação eletrocardiográfica, foram aferidas antes da atividade (T0), imediatamente após (T1), 30 minutos após (T2) e 90 minutos após o exercício (T3), e a concentração plasmática de lactato foi dosada nos momentos T0, T1 e T2. Os resultados foram submetidos ao teste de Shapiro-Wilk, análise de variância (ANOVA) e pelo Teste de Tukey, considerando significativo o valor de P < 0.05. Houve diminuição da frequência respiratória (P = 0,00674) após a atividade em esteira aquática, que se mostrou mais exigente que a atividade em esteira terrestre, considerando a apresentação de padrão respiratório mais lento e profundo. As sessões de exercício em ambos os grupos não elevaram a concentração de lactato. O teste de esforço incremental em esteira aquática, ou em esteira seca, pode ser desenvolvido com segurança por cães American Pit Bull saudáveis.

Asunto(s)

RESUMEN

Presently, pet life expectancy is becoming longer and several diseases inherent to age have been diagnosed, with heart disease being a frequent finding. Although various heart diseases have different pathophysiologies, many morphological and hemodynamic changes can predispose patients to arrhythmias. The presence of arrhythmias can worsen the underlying heart disease and predispose patients to develop new alterations, making arrhythmia detection important for establishing adequate therapeutic protocols and a better prognosis. The present study aimed to determine the arrhythmias most frequently found in dogs treated at the Cardiology and Respiratory Diseases Service (SCDR) of the Small Animals Sector of the Veterinary Hospital of the Federal Rural University of Rio de Janeiro (UFRRJ), during the period from January to 2014 to December 2017, relating them to sex, age group, size, and the presence or absence of heart disease. A total of 586 medical records of dogs treated with SCDR-UFRRJ were retrospectively evaluated. Of these, 15.4% had arrhythmias, 95.6% had diagnoses of heart disease, 61.1% (55/90) were diagnosed with mitral valve disease, and 27.8% (25/90) had dilated cardiomyopathies. The most frequent rhythm disturbances were premature ventricular complexes associated with chronic degenerative mitral valve disease or dilated cardiomyopathy. Statistical analysis confirmed the risk of a cardiac patient developing rhythm or conduction alterations (OR, 4.46; p = 0.0003). In conclusion, the pathophysiology of heart failure can lead to the development of rhythm and conduction disorders.

Com a maior expectativa de vida dos animais de estimação, diversas enfermidades inerentes a idade têm sido diagnosticadas, sendo as cardiopatias um achado frequente. Apesar das diferentes cardiopatias terem fisiopatologias distintas, diversas alterações morfológicas e hemodinâmicas podem ocorrer predispondo ao aparecimento de arritmias. A presença de arritmias pode agravar a doença cardíaca de base e predispor ao desenvolvimento de novas alterações, tornando-se importante a sua detecção para instituição de protocolos terapêuticos adequados e melhor prognóstico da doença. O presente estudo teve como objetivo determinar as arritmias mais frequentemente encontradas em cães atendidos no Serviço de Cardiologia e Doenças Respiratórias (SCDR) do Setor de Pequenos Animais do Hospital Veterinário da Universidade Federal Rural do Rio de Janeiro (UFRRJ), no período de janeiro de 2014 a dezembro de 2017, relacionando-as com sexo, faixa etária, porte e presença ou não de cardiopatias. De maneira retrospectiva, foram avaliados 586 prontuários de cães atendidos no SCDR-UFRRJ. Destes, 15.4% apresentavam alguma arritmia e 95,6% apresentavam diagnostico de alguma cardiopatia, sendo 61.1% (55/90) diagnosticados com endocardiose de mitral e 27.8% (25/90) com cardiomiopatia dilatada. O distúrbio de ritmo mais frequente foram os complexos ventriculares prematuros associados a doença valvar degenerativa crônica de mitral ou a cardiomiopatia dilatada. Na análise estatística, o risco de um paciente cardiopata desenvolver alterações de ritmo ou de condução foi confirmado (OR: 4,46; p=0,0003). Conclui-se que a fisiopatologia da insuficiência cardíaca pode levar ao desenvolvimento de distúrbios de ritmo e também distúrbios de condução.

Asunto(s)

RESUMEN

The Deepwater Horizon (DWH) oil spill profoundly impacted the health of bottlenose dolphins (Tursiops truncatus) in Barataria Bay, LA (BB). To comprehensively assess the cardiac health of dolphins living within the DWH oil spill footprint, techniques for in-water cardiac evaluation were refined with dolphins cared for by the U.S. Navy Marine Mammal Program in 2018 and applied to free-ranging bottlenose dolphins in BB (n = 34) and Sarasota Bay, Florida (SB) (n = 19), a non-oiled reference population. Cardiac auscultation detected systolic murmurs in the majority of dolphins from both sites (88% BB, 89% SB) and echocardiography showed most of the murmurs were innocent flow murmurs attributed to elevated blood flow velocity [1]. Telemetric six-lead electrocardiography detected arrhythmias in BB dolphins (43%) and SB dolphins (31%), all of which were considered low to moderate risk for adverse cardiac events. Echocardiography showed BB dolphins had thinner left ventricular walls, with significant differences in intraventricular septum thickness at the end of diastole (p = 0.002), and left ventricular posterior wall thickness at the end of diastole (p = 0.033). BB dolphins also had smaller left atrial size (p = 0.004), higher prevalence of tricuspid valve prolapse (p = 0.003), higher prevalence of tricuspid valve thickening (p = 0.033), and higher prevalence of aortic valve thickening (p = 0.008). Two dolphins in BB were diagnosed with pulmonary arterial hypertension based on Doppler echocardiography-derived estimates and supporting echocardiographic findings. Histopathology of dolphins who stranded within the DWH oil spill footprint showed a significantly higher prevalence of myocardial fibrosis (p = 0.003), regardless of age, compared to dolphins outside the oil spill footprint. In conclusion, there were substantial cardiac abnormalities identified in BB dolphins which may be related to DWH oil exposure, however, future work is needed to rule out other hypotheses and further elucidate the connection between oil exposure, pulmonary disease, and the observed cardiac abnormalities.

Asunto(s)

RESUMEN

The objective of this study was to describe the prevalence, survival time, and risk factors of myxomatous mitral valve disease (MMVD) in dogs by a retrospective observational cohort study design of a Brazilian veterinary center, admitted from 2012 to 2018 (2.585 days). Considering the 105 dog files confirmed as MMVD, the prevalence of the disease was higher in small-breed dogs with ages from 10 to 19 years (30.3%). The survival time of the dogs at B1 stage (1.854 ± 145 days) was higher than the B2 (1.508+209) and C/D (930 ± 209). Higher risks of death (hazard ratio) were detected in the presence of syncope (2.5), pulmonary crackling (2.0), dyspnea (1.9), and higher values of vertebral heart scale (1.7), radiographic left atrium dimension (1.8), the ACVIM staging (1.7), and the duration of QRS complex (1.05). The results achieved demonstrated higher prevalence of MMVD in old small-breed dogs, associated with longer survival time in the B1 stage of the disease, and higher risk of death related to the presence of clinical signs, such as dyspnea, syncope, and pulmonary crackling, beyond some radiographic, echocardiographic, and electrocardiographic variables of heart or atrial enlargement.(AU)

O objetivo deste estudo foi descrever a prevalência, o tempo de sobrevivência e os fatores de risco da doença mixomatosa valvar mitral (DMVM) em cães, por meio de estudo de coorte observacional retrospectivo, os quais foram atendidos em um centro veterinário de 2012 a 2018 (2.585 dias). Considerando os 105 arquivos de cães com confirmação da DMVM, maior prevalência foi observada em raças pequenas com idades entre 10 e 19 anos (30,3%). O tempo de sobrevivência de cães em estágio B1 (1.854+145 dias) foi superior ao B2 (1.508+209) e ao C/D (930+209). Maior risco de morte (hazard ratio) foi observado na presença de síncope (2,5), crepitação pulmonar (2,0), dispneia (1,9), bem como de valores superiores de VHS (1,7), dimensão radiográfica do átrio esquerdo (1,8), estadiamento ACVIM (1,7) e duração do complexo QRS (1,05). Os resultados obtidos demonstraram maior prevalência de DMVM em cães idosos de raças pequenas, associada a maior tempo de sobrevida no estágio B1 da doença e a maior risco de morte relacionado à presença de sinais clínicos como dispneia, síncope e crepitação pulmonar, além de algumas variáveis radiográficas, ecocardiográficas e eletrocardiográficas de cardiomegalia ou aumento atrial esquerdo.(AU)

Asunto(s)

RESUMEN

Background: During pregnancy, cardiovascular adaptations occur in order to meet maternal demands and adequate supportfor fetal development, but they are still unclear in the equine species, especially in the American Miniature horse breed.The main hemodynamic changes that occur during pregnancy are increased heart rate, cardiac output, and blood volume.It is necessary to use the reference values for the miniature breeds, in addition to the age range and reproductive condition,so the objective of this study was to evaluate the effect of pregnancy on electrocardiographic (ECG) parameters in maresand also of age in newborns foals of American Miniature horse breed.Materials, Methods & Results: Ten American Miniature Horse mares, between 7 and 19 years old (12.14 ± 4.05 years),116.85 ± 24.09 kg of body weight were used in the experiment. All these mares were pluriparous, with 5.9 ± 3.5 of births,minimum of 2, and maximum of 12 foaling times. They were maintained in common social group in an indoor house stablewith straw bed, with access to an outdoor paddock for several h per day. Twice a day they were fed with hay. Mineral supplements and water were available ad libitum. The ECG were obtained in 10 pregnant mares and in 10 neonates. All femaleswere examined at a representative time of each trimester of pregnancy, at 30, 210, 300 days before and 21 days after delivery.Neonates were examined on different times: first 24 h after delivery, weekly on the 7th, 14th, 21st, 28th and 35th days of age.The ECG parameters considered were the heart rate and rhythm, duration and intervals (P, PR, QRS, QT, T) and amplitude(P, R, S, T) of ECG waves. The mean of pregnancy duration was 319.4 ± 4.97 days. Heart Rate (HR) varied between 51 to59 bpm during pregnancy and 56 bpm on the 21st day after delivery. Comparing the clinical parameters of pregnant mares,non-pregnant mares and foal a difference was found for HR, Respiration Rate (RR) and...(AU)

Asunto(s)

RESUMEN

Background: Analysis of the electrocardiogram may suggest atrial and ventricular overloads. However, it has a lowsensitivity and specificity for diagnosis of cardiac chamber overload. The accuracy of electrocardiographic interpretation can be improve using new cut-offs for the duration and amplitude of the electrocardiographic waves. Ourobjective was to evaluate the use of the electrocardiogram in the diagnosis of atrial and ventricular overload, usingechocardiography as the gold standard test for the diagnosis of atrioventricular overload. We aimed to define newcut-off values that would increase the sensitivity and specificity of the electrocardiogram for diagnosis of chamberoverload in dogs.Materials, Methods & Results: Eletrocardiogram records were obtained in 81 dogs divided into 3 groups: Group1A (healthy dogs ≤ 10 kg); Group 1B (dogs ≤ 10 kg with mitral or tricuspid valve disease); Group 2 (dogs weighingbetween 10.1 and 20 kg) and Group 3 (dogs > 20.1 kg). Duration in milliseconds (ms) and amplitude in millivolts(mV) of P waves and QRS complexes, PR and QT segment, T wave amplitude and ST segment were evaluated in leadDII. Using leads I and III, the mean cardiac electrical axis in the frontal plane, expressed in degrees, was determinedas the mean of three consecutive measurements. Values considered normal in Group 1A and 1B for the durantion ofP wave was ≤ 45 ms and QRS duration ≤ 55 ms. In Group 2 the duration of P wave was ≤ 47 ms and QRS duration ≤61 ms. In Group 3 the duration of P wave was ≤ 50 ms and duration QRS ≤ 64 ms. These values (duration of P waveand QRS duration) were compared with echocardiographic measurements of the left atrium, considering the referencevalue AE/Ao ≤ 1.4 and measurements of the left ventricle in M-mode according to the body weight, respectively. AP wave amplitude ≤ 0.4 mV suggested that the right atrium size was normal and this was...(AU)

Asunto(s)

RESUMEN

Background: The hooded capuchin that occurs in the Brazilian states of Mato Grosso and Mato Grosso do Sul belongs tothe species Sapajus cay. This robust species of capuchin monkey is characterized by its highly varied diet. Although it is welladapted to the natural environment, the survival of this species has come under increasing threat. In fact, several animals havebeen rescued and taken into veterinary medical care, where its correct capture and restraint minimize the occurrence of adverseeffects to the animal and to veterinary anesthesiologists. This paper reports on the emergency care of a hooded capuchin (S.cay) rescued by the Environmental Police of the state of Mato Grosso do Sul, Brazil, and sent to veterinary medical care.Case: An adult female hooded capuchin, weighing 1.6 kg, was subjected to veterinary care to treat trauma probably causedby being run over. The animal exhibited intense prostration, 10% dehydration, pale and slightly jaundiced oral and ocularmucous membranes, impaired consciousness, cachexia, muscle weakness, sarcopenia, a probable fracture in the proximalportion of the left tibia and a laceration and possible fracture of the right metatarsus. The patient was stabilized by subjectingher to fluid therapy with Ringer’s lactate solution supplemented with glucose and vitamins. The animal was anesthetizedwith an intramuscular injection of 11 mg/kg ketamine and 0.6 mg/kg midazolam, and blood count, serum biochemistryand electrocardiography were performed. Blood tests revealed hypochromic microcytic anemia, liver disease and a slightincrease in urea to 56 mg/dL (reference: 14.4-48.9 mg/dL). The electrocardiogram revealed the following: HR: 260b.p.m; P axis: -115.36º; QRS axis: 50.17º; T duration: 36 ms; R amplitude: 0.68 mV; P amplitude: 0.17 mV; P duration:...

Asunto(s)

RESUMEN

Background: The hooded capuchin that occurs in the Brazilian states of Mato Grosso and Mato Grosso do Sul belongs tothe species Sapajus cay. This robust species of capuchin monkey is characterized by its highly varied diet. Although it is welladapted to the natural environment, the survival of this species has come under increasing threat. In fact, several animals havebeen rescued and taken into veterinary medical care, where its correct capture and restraint minimize the occurrence of adverseeffects to the animal and to veterinary anesthesiologists. This paper reports on the emergency care of a hooded capuchin (S.cay) rescued by the Environmental Police of the state of Mato Grosso do Sul, Brazil, and sent to veterinary medical care.Case: An adult female hooded capuchin, weighing 1.6 kg, was subjected to veterinary care to treat trauma probably causedby being run over. The animal exhibited intense prostration, 10% dehydration, pale and slightly jaundiced oral and ocularmucous membranes, impaired consciousness, cachexia, muscle weakness, sarcopenia, a probable fracture in the proximalportion of the left tibia and a laceration and possible fracture of the right metatarsus. The patient was stabilized by subjectingher to fluid therapy with Ringers lactate solution supplemented with glucose and vitamins. The animal was anesthetizedwith an intramuscular injection of 11 mg/kg ketamine and 0.6 mg/kg midazolam, and blood count, serum biochemistryand electrocardiography were performed. Blood tests revealed hypochromic microcytic anemia, liver disease and a slightincrease in urea to 56 mg/dL (reference: 14.4-48.9 mg/dL). The electrocardiogram revealed the following: HR: 260b.p.m; P axis: -115.36º; QRS axis: 50.17º; T duration: 36 ms; R amplitude: 0.68 mV; P amplitude: 0.17 mV; P duration:...(AU)

Asunto(s)

RESUMEN

The evaluation of the autonomic cardiac functions may be performed through the analysis of the heart rate variability. Heart rate variability is defined as the fluctuations in the heart rhythm or rate, and represents a useful tool in the evaluation of the autonomic nervous system through the sympathetic and parasympathetic components, as well as its balance and its reflexes on the cardiorespiratory control system. Fetal electrocardiography provides important information regarding the well-being of the fetus since, in human fetuses, there are changes in the behavior of the fetal heart rate during the second and third trimesters of pregnancy due to an increase in parasympathetic activity. Therefore, considering the importance of evaluating fetal viability, this study aims at evaluating the behavior of fetal heart rate and heart rate variability in Dorper sheep, as well as the activity of the autonomic nervous system during fetal life and in newborn lambs. The species is often used in experimental studies and autonomic nervous system activity is a prognostic index, therefore, the diagnosis of modifications in the sympathovagal balance may represent an early index for fetal viability and well-being in lambs. The analyses were performed in 10 Dorper sheep during pregnancy and in 10 lambs after birth until 120 days of age. There was a decrease in the fetal heart rate and heart rate variability indexes during the fifth month of pregnancy, but without statistical significance for the period evaluated. The heart rate of the lambs decreased gradually until they were 21 days old. The indexes SDNN (standard deviation of RR intervals) and RMSSD (square root of the mean of successive differences between adjacent RR intervals) diverged according to age, being high at day 60. Fetal viability is relevant in sheep fetuses to avoid losses during pregnancy and risks to the health of the mother. In the species, there seems to be a predominance of parasympathetic activity starting from the 21st day of age. Heart rate variability may be employed as a tool in the evaluation of the fetus and development of lambs, since changes in its behavior may represent an adverse effect to fetal and neonatal health.

Asunto(s)