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Lesion studies have historically been instrumental for establishing causal connections between brain and behavior. They stand to provide additional insight if integrated with multielectrode techniques common in systems neuroscience. Here, we present and test a platform for creating electrolytic lesions through chronically implanted, intracortical multielectrode probes without compromising the ability to acquire neuroelectrophysiology. A custom-built current source provides stable current and allows for controlled, repeatable lesions in awake-behaving animals. Performance of this novel lesioning technique was validated using histology from ex vivo and in vivo testing, current and voltage traces from the device, and measurements of spiking activity before and after lesioning. This electrolytic lesioning method avoids disruptive procedures, provides millimeter precision over the extent and submillimeter precision over the location of the injury, and permits electrophysiological recording of single-unit activity from the remaining neuronal population after lesioning. This technique can be used in many areas of cortex, in several species, and theoretically with any multielectrode probe. The low-cost, external lesioning device can also easily be adopted into an existing electrophysiology recording setup. This technique is expected to enable future causal investigations of the recorded neuronal population's role in neuronal circuit function, while simultaneously providing new insight into local reorganization after neuron loss.

Over the past three decades, the field of neuroscience has made significant leaps in understanding how the brain works. This is largely thanks to microelectrode arrays, devices which are surgically implanted into the outermost layer of the brain known as the cortex. Once inserted, these devices can precisely monitor the electrical activity of a few hundred neurons while also stimulating neurons to reversibly modulate their activity. However, current microelectrode arrays are missing a key function: they cannot irreversibly inactivate neurons over long-time scales. This ability would allow researchers to understand how networks of neurons adapt and re-organize after injury or during neurodegenerative diseases where brain cells are progressively lost. To address this limitation, Bray, Clarke, et al. developed a device capable of creating consistent amounts of neuron loss, while retaining the crucial ability to record electrical activity following a lesion. Calibration tests in sheep and pigs provided the necessary parameters for this custom circuit, which was then verified as safe in non-human primates. These experiments demonstrated that the device could effectively cause neuron loss without compromising the recording capabilities of the microelectrode array. By seamlessly integrating neuron inactivation with monitoring of neuronal activity, scientists can now investigate the direct effects of such damage and subsequent neural reorganization. This device could help neuroscientists to explore neural repair and rehabilitation after brain cell loss, which may lead to better treatments for neurodegenerative diseases. In addition, this technique could offer insights into the interactions between neural circuits that drive behavior, enhancing our understanding of the complex mechanisms underlying how the brain works.

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Efficient treatment of textile dyeing wastewater can be achieved through electrocoagulation (EC) with minimal sludge production; however, the selection of the appropriate electrode is essential in lowering overall costs. Also, the reuse of the treated aqueous azo dye solution from this process has not been explored in detail. With these objectives, this study aims to treat synthetic azo dye solutions and achieve high colour removal efficiency (CRE%) using similar (Ti-Ti) and dissimilar (Ti-Cu) metal electrodes through EC with an attempt to reduce the cost. The aqueous Coralene Rubine GFL azo dye was used to examine the efficiency and cost of the EC process. X-Ray Photoelectron Spectroscopy was used to study the EC mechanism, while High Performance Liquid Chromatography was used to analyse the degradation of the dye and the formation of intermediate compounds. The concentration of metal ions in the treated dye solution was quantified using Inductively Coupled Plasma Optical Emission Spectroscopy (ICP-OES), with Ti-Ti treated solution having 14.20 mg/L concentration of Ti and Ti-Cu treated solution having 0.078 mg/L of Ti and 0.001 mg/L of Cu, respectively. Colour removal efficiency of 99.49% was obtained for both electrode sets, with a lower operating time and voltage for dissimilar metal combination. Ecotoxicity studies showed negligible toxicity of Ti-Cu treated dye samples compared to untreated solutions. Survival rate, protein estimation, and catalase activity was used to validate the treatment method's efficacy. The study found that the dissimilar electrode material exhibited reduced toxicity due to the presence of heavy metals below the permissible limit.

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Achilles tendinopathy (TP) is characterized as the third most common disease of the musculoskeletal system, and occurs in three phases. There is currently no evidence of effective treatment for this medical condition. In this study, the modulatory effects of the minimally invasive technique intratissue percutaneous electrolysis (EPI) and combinations of EPI with four nutritional factors included in the diet, hydroxytyrosol (HT), maslinic acid (MA), glycine, and aspartate (AA), on hepatic intermediary metabolism was examined in Wistar rats with induced tendinopathy at various stages of TP. Results obtained showed that induced tendinopathy produced alterations in the liver intermediary metabolisms of the rats. Regarding carbohydrate metabolism, a reduction in the activity of pro-inflammatory enzymes in the later stages of TP was observed following treatment with EPI alone. Among the combined treatments using nutritional factors with EPI, HT+EPI and AA+EPI had the greatest effect on reducing inflammation in the late stages of TP. In terms of lipid metabolism, the HT+EPI and AA+EPI groups showed a decrease in lipogenesis. In protein metabolism, the HT+EPI group more effectively reduced the inflammatory effects of induced TP. Treatment with EPI combined with nutritional factors might help regulate intermediary metabolism in TP disease and reduce the inflammation process.

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Thawing is the primary step in handling frozen aquatic products, which directly determines their end-product quality. This study firstly constructed a novel thawing method of ultrasound-assisted slightly basic electrolyzed water (UST), and its influences on the physicochemical and histological properties of shrimp, as well as the structural of myofibrillar proteins (MPs) in shrimp were evaluated. Results indicated that the UST treatment greatly reduced 48.9 % thawing time of frozen shrimp compared to traditional thawing approaches. Meanwhile, the UST effectively decreased the generation of malondialdehyde (MDA), total volatile basic nitrogen (TVB-N), and carbonyl compounds in the thawed shrimps. In addition, it significantly preserved the elasticity and integrity of muscle fiber. Notably, the UST reduced the damage of thawing to the spatial structures of MPs, thereby greatly keeping the stability of protein. All these favorable changes maintained the water holding capacity (WHC) and quality of shrimp. Therefore, the UST is a promising non-thermal thawing technology for aquatic products.

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One challenge of the citrus industry is the treatment and disposal of its effluents due to their high toxicity, substantial organic load, and consequent resistance to conventional biotechnological processes. This study introduces a novel approach, using electrochemical oxidation with a boron-doped diamond anode to efficiently remove organic compounds from biodegraded pulp wash (treated using the fungus Pleurotus sajor-caju.) The findings reveal that employing a current density of 20 mA cm-2 achieves notable results, including a 44.1% reduction in color, a 70.0% decrease in chemical oxygen demand, an 88.0% reduction in turbidity, and an impressive 99.7% removal of total organic carbon (TOC) after 6 h of electrolysis. The energy consumption was estimated at 2.93 kWh g-1 of removed TOC. This sequential biological-electrochemical procedure not only significantly reduced the mortality rate (85%) of Danio rerio embryos but also reduced the incidence of morphologically altered parameters. Regarding acute toxicity (LC50) of the residue, the process demonstrated a mortality reduction of 6.97% for D. rerio and a 40.88% lethality decrease for Lactuca sativa seeds. The substantial reduction in toxicity and organic load observed in this study highlights the potential applicability of combined biological and electrochemical treatments for real agroindustrial residues or their effluents.

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The research presented herein explores the development of a novel iron-carbon composite, designed specifically for the improved treatment of high-concentration antibiotic wastewater. Employing a nitrogen-shielded thermal calcination approach, the investigation utilizes a blend of reductive iron powder, activated carbon, bentonite, copper powder, manganese dioxide, and ferric oxide to formulate an efficient iron-carbon composite. The oxygen exclusion process in iron-carbon particles results in distinctive electrochemical cells formation, markedly enhancing wastewater degradation efficiency. Iron-carbon micro-electrolysis not only boosts the biochemical degradability of concentrated antibiotic wastewater but also mitigates acute biological toxicity. In response to the increased Fe2+ levels found in micro-electrolysis wastewater, this research incorporates Fenton oxidation for advanced treatment of the micro-electrolysis byproducts. Through the synergistic application of iron-carbon micro-electrolysis and Fenton oxidation, this research accomplishes a significant decrease in the initial COD levels of high-concentration antibiotic wastewater, reducing them from 90,000 mg/L to about 30,000 mg/L, thus achieving an impressive removal efficiency of 66.9%. This integrated methodology effectively reduces the pollutant load, and the recycling of Fe2+ in the Fenton process additionally contributes to the reduction in both the volume and cost associated with solid waste treatment. This research underscores the considerable potential of the iron-carbon composite material in efficiently managing high-concentration antibiotic wastewater, thereby making a notable contribution to the field of environmental science.

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The wastewater from organic peroxide production has high chemical oxygen demand (COD) concentration and poor biodegradability, so it is necessary to find a cost-effective treatment method. The iron-carbon microelectrolysis (IC-ME) technology was used to pretreat the organic peroxide production wastewater, and the influence of reaction conditions on the removal effect of pollutants and the degradation mechanism were studied. The effects of initial pH, iron filings, iron-carbon ratio, and reaction time on the wastewater treatment were investigated by single-factor and response surface optimization experiments, and the degradation mechanism was analyzed by three-dimensional fluorescence spectroscopy, UV-Vis, and gas chromatography mass spectrometry (GC-MS). The experimental results showed that the COD removal efficiency was 35.67% and the biodegradability of wastewater was increased from 0.113 to 0.173 under the conditions of initial pH of 3.1, the dosage of iron filings of 30.5 g/L, the ratio of iron-carbon of 1.01, and the reaction time of 122.8 min, and the process of IC-ME for degrading COD of wastewater from the production of organic peroxide was consistent with the secondary reaction. The IC-ME process could decompose macromolecular organic compounds such as tyrosine proteins and aromatic proteins, and improve the biodegradability of wastewater. It provides a theoretical reference for the practical application of IC-ME to treat this type of wastewater.

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This study comparatively investigated the exoelectrogenic utilization and hydrogen conversion of major dark fermentation products (acetate, propionate, butyrate, lactate, and ethanol) from organic wastes in dual-chamber microbial electrolysis cells (MECs) alongside their mixture as a simulated dark fermentation effluent (DFE). Acetate-fed MECs showed the highest hydrogen yield (1,465 mL/g chemical oxygen demand), near the theoretical maximum yield, with the highest coulombic efficiency (105%) and maximum current density (7.9 A/m2), followed by lactate-fed, propionate-fed, butyrate-fed, mixture-fed, and ethanol-fed MECs. Meanwhile, the highest hydrogen production rate (514 mL/L anolyte∙d) was observed in ethanol-fed MECs despite their lower coulombic efficiency. Butyrate was the least favored substrate, followed by propionate, leading to significantly delayed startup and reaction. The active anodic microbial community structure varied considerably among the MECs utilizing different substrates, particularly between Geobacter and Acetobacterium dominance. The results highlight the substantial effect of the DFE composition on its utilization and current-producing bioanode development.

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The effective hydrogen production in single-chamber microbial electrolysis cells (MECs) has been seriously challenged by various hydrogen consumers resulting in substantial hydrogen loss. In previous studies, the total ammonia nitrogen (TAN) has been used to inhibit certain hydrogen-consuming microorganisms to enhance hydrogen production in fermentation. In this study, we explored the feasibility of using source-separated urine to overcome hydrogen loss in the MEC, with the primary component responsible being TAN generated via urea hydrolysis. Experimental results revealed that the optimal TAN concentration ranged from 1.17 g N/L to 1.75 g N/L. Within this range, the hydrogen production rate substantially improved from less than 100 L/(m3·d) up to 520 L/(m3·d), and cathode recovery efficiency and energy recovery efficiency were greatly enhanced, with the hydrogen percentage achieved over 95 % of the total gas volume, while maintaining uninterrupted electroactivity in the anode. Compared to using chemically added TAN, using source separated urine as the source of ammonia also showed the effect of overcoming hydrogen loss but with lower Coulombic efficiency due to the complex organic components. Pre-adaptation of the reactor with urea enhanced hydrogen production by nearly 60 %. This study demonstrated the effectiveness of TAN and urine in suppressing hydrogen loss, and the results are highly relevant to MECs treating real wastewater with high TAN concentrations, particularly human fecal and urine wastewater.

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In this work, a new coating of boron-doped diamond ultra-nanocrystalline (U-NBDD), tailored to prevent massive formation of perchlorates during disinfection, is evaluated as electrode for the reclaiming of treated secondary wastewater by the electrochemically assisted disinfection process. Results obtained are compared to those obtained by using a standard electrode (STD) that was evaluated as a standard in previous research showing outstanding performance for this application. First tests were carried out to evaluate the chlorine speciation obtained after the electrolysis of synthetic chloride solutions at two different ranges of current densities. Concentrations of hypochlorite obtained using the U-NBDD anode at 25 mA cm-2 were 1.5-fold higher, outperforming STD anode; however, at 300 mA cm-2, an overturn on the behavior of anodes occurs where the amount of hypochlorite produced on STD anode was 1.5-fold higher. Importantly, at low current density the formation of chlorates and perchlorates is null using U-NBDD. Then, the disinfection of the real effluent of the secondary clarifier of a municipal wastewater treatment facility is assessed, where inactivation of Escherichia coli is achieved at low charge applied per volume electrolyzed (0.08 A h L-1) at 25 mA cm-2 using the U-NBDD. These findings demonstrate the appropriateness of the strategy followed in this work to obtain safer electro-disinfection technologies for the reclaiming of treated wastewater.

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In this work, the electrochemical degradation of ciprofloxacin (CIP) was studied in a filter-press-type reactor without division in a batch recirculation manner. For this purpose, two boron-doped diamond (BDD) electrodes (as cathode and anode) were employed. Also, the optimal operating conditions were found by response surface methodology (RSM) following a central composite face-centered design with three factors, namely current intensity (i), initial pH (pH0), and initial concentration ([C]0) with two responses, namely remotion efficiency (η) and operating cost. Optimal operating conditions were i = 3 A, pH0 = 8.49, and [C]0 = 33.26 mg L-1 within an electrolysis time of 5 h, leading to a maximum removal efficiency of 93.49% with a minimum operating cost of $0.013 USD L-1. Also, a TOC analysis shows an 80% of mineralization extent with an energy consumption of 5.11 kWh g-1 TOC. Furthermore, the CIP degradation progress was followed by mass spectrometry (LC/MS) and a degradation pathway is proposed.

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Double-chamber microbial electrolysis cells (MECs) were operated using starch-based medium as the anolyte and rice paddy-field soil as the anode inoculum, and hydrogen production from the cathode chamber was examined. In order to enhance current generation and hydrogen production, the anode chamber was bioaugmented with Geobacter sulfurreducens strain YM18, and its effects were evaluated based on the performances of non-bioaugmented controls. Results show that the bioaugmented MEC generated threefold greater current during one-month operation and produced sixfold greater amounts of hydrogen than those of the non-bioaugmented control. Quantitative PCR and metabarcoding analyses confirmed successful colonization of anode surfaces with YM18, suggesting the utility of bioaugmentation with YM18 for enhancing the performance of bioelectrochemical systems, including MECs treating biomass wastes.

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Hydrogen is recognized as a critical substance for diversifying the global energy supply, providing new economic opportunities and realizing a carbon-free energy sector. In the current study, a life cycle assessment is conducted on a photoelectrochemical hydrogen production process of a newly developed photoelectrochemical reactor. With a photoactive electrode area of 870 cm2, the hydrogen production rate of the reactor is 47.1 µg/s while operating with the energy and exergy efficiencies of 6.3% and 6.31%, respectively. For a Faradaic efficiency of 96%, the produced current density is evaluated as 3.15 mA/cm2. A comprehensive study is conducted for a cradle-to-gate life cycle assessment of the proposed hydrogen photoelectrochemical production system. The life cycle assessment results of the proposed photoelectrochemical system are further evaluated within a comparative analysis by considering a total of four key hydrogen generation processes, namely steam-methane reforming, photovoltaics-based and wind electricity-driven proton exchange membrane water electrolysis and the current photoelectrochemical system and studying five environmental impact categories. The global warming potential of hydrogen production via the proposed photoelectrochemical cell is evaluated as 1.052 kg CO2 equivalent per kg of produced hydrogen. In the normalized comparative life cycle assessment results, the PEC-based hydrogen production is found to be the most nature-friendly option among the considered pathways.

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This study is focused on a proposal of a smartphone imaging-based quantification for providing a simple and rapid method for the analysis of chemical oxygen demand (COD) and color throughout the use of the HSV and/or RGB model in digital devices. For COD, calibration curves were done based on the theoretical values of potassium biphthalate for a proper comparison between the spectrophotometer and the smartphone techniques. The smartphone camera and application attain an average accuracy higher than the analysis in the spectrophotometer (98.3 and 96.2%, respectively). In the color analysis, it was demonstrated that only the UV-vis bands measurement is not feasible to perform the real abatement of the dye in the water because the limiting concentration that allows obtaining a linear relationship in this equipment related to the dye concentration is about 10 mg L-1. Above this value, the spectrophotometer can not reach the real difference of color in the solution. Meanwhile, the smartphone method by using the camera reaches linearity until 50 mg L-1. From an environmental point of view, smartphones have been used for monitoring several organic and inorganic pollutants, however, no attempts have been published related to their use to evaluate the color and COD during wastewater treatment. Therefore, this investigation also aims to assess the utilization of these methods, for the first time, when high-colored water polluted by methylene blue (MB) was electrochemically treated by using a boron-dopped diamond (BDD) as the anode, with different current densities (j = 30, 45, 60, and 90 mA cm-2). COD and color abatement results clearly showed that different organic matter/color removal efficiencies were achieved, depending on the j used. All the results are aligned with the studies already available in the literature, with the total removal of color in 120 min of electrolysis with 60 and 90 mA cm-2, and almost 80% of COD abatement with the higher j. Moreover, samples of real effluent from beauty salons were compared, with standard deviation varying from only 3 to 40 mg O2 L-1, which is acceptable for COD values close to 2000. Finally, the methods here presented can be a great benefit for public water monitoring policies, since it is cheap and has a decentralized characteristic, given that smartphones are very common and portable devices.

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A ternary micro-electrolysis system consisting of carbon-coated metallic iron with Cu nanoparticles (Fe0/C@Cu0) was synthesized for the degradation of sulfathiazole (STZ). Fe0/C@Cu0 catalysts exhibited excellent reusability and stability owing to the inner tailored Fe0 with persistent activity. The connection between Fe and Cu elements in the Fe0/C-3@Cu0 catalyst prepared with iron citrate as iron source exhibited a tighter contact than the catalysts prepared with FeSO4·7H2O and iron(II) oxalate as iron sources. Especially, unique core-shell structure of Fe0/C-3@Cu0 catalyst is more conducive to promoting the degradation of STZ. A two-stage reaction with rapidly degradation followed by gradual degradation was revealed. The mechanism of STZ degradation could be explained by the synergistic effects of Fe0/C@Cu0. Carbon layer with remarkable conductivity allowed electrons from Fe0 transferred freely to the Cu0. The electron-rich Cu0 releases electrons, facilitating the degradation of STZ. Furthermore, the high potential difference between cathode (C and Cu0) and anode (Fe0) accelerate the corrosion of Fe0. Importantly, Fe0/C@Cu0 catalysts exhibited excellent catalytic performance for sulfathiazole degradation in landfill leachate effluent. Results presented provide a new strategy for treatment of chemical wastes.

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Electrocatalytic water treatment has emerged in the limelight of scientific interest, yet its long-term viability remains largely in the dark. Herein, we present for the first time a comprehensive framework on how to optimize pulsed electrolysis to bolster catalyst impurity tolerance and overall longevity. By examining real wastewater constituents and assessing different catalyst designs, we deconvolute the complexities associated with key pulsing parameters to formulate optimal sequences that maximize operational lifetime. We showcase our approach for cathodic H2O2 electrosynthesis, selected for its widespread importance to wastewater treatment. Our results unveil superior performance for a boron-doped carbon catalyst over state-of-the-art oxidized carbon, with high selectivity (>75%) and near complete recoveries in overpotentials even in the presence of highly detrimental Ni2+ and Zn2+ impurities. We then adapt these fine-tuned settings, obtained under a three-electrode arrangement, for practical two-electrode operation using a novel strategy that conserves the desired electrochemical potentials at the catalytic interface. Even under various impurity concentrations, our pulses substantially improve long-term H2O2 production to 287 h and 35 times that attainable via conventional electrolysis. Our findings underscore the versatility of pulsed electrolysis necessary for developing more practical water treatment technologies.

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This is an exploratory study on the effect of electrolysis, delivered during the thawing stage of a cryoablation protocol, on tissue ablation. This treatment protocol, that combines freezing and electrolysis, is named "cryoelectrolysis". In cryoelectrolysis the cryoablation probe is also used as the electrolysis delivering electrode. The study was performed on the liver of Landrace pigs and the tissues were examined 24 hours after treatment (two pigs) and 48 hours after treatment (one pig). The cryoelectrolysis device and different cryoelectrolysis ablation configurations tested are described. This exploratory, non-statistical study shows that the addition of electrolysis expands the ablated area in comparison to cryoablation alone and that there is a substantial difference between the histological appearance of tissue treated by cryoablation alone, tissue treated by cryoablation and electrolysis at the anode and tissue treated by cryoablation and electrolysis at the cathode.

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Hydrogen production from food waste by coupling dark fermentation (DF) and microbial electrolysis cells (MEC) was studied. Metabolic patterns in DF, their effects on MECs efficiency, and the energy output of the coupling were investigated. Mesophilic temperature and acidic pH 5.5 resulted in 72 ± 20 mL H2/g CODin and a butyrate-enriched profile (C2/C4, 0.5-0.6) contrasting with an acetate-enriched profile (C2/C4, 1.8-1.9) and 36 ± 10 mL H2/g CODin at pH 7. Assessment in series of the DF effluents in MECs resulted in a higher hydrogen yield (566-733 mL H2/g CODin) and volatile fatty acids (VFAs) removal (84-95%) obtained from pH 7 effluents compared to pH 5.5 effluents (173-186 mL H2/g CODin and 29-59%). Finally, the output energy was lower in DF at pH 7, however, these effluents retrieved the highest energy in the MEC, showing the importance of process pH and VFAs profile to balance the coupling.

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Frequent outbreaks of cyanobacterial blooms have seriously threatened aquatic ecological environments and human health. Electrolysis by low-amperage electric current is effective for algae inactivation; however, it has no selectivity. Hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) is considered to be an efficient and selective suppressor of algae. Therefore, it is necessary to develop an electrode that can generate H2O2 to improve electrolysis technology. In this study, a carbon black polytetrafluoroethylene gas diffusion electrode (C-PTFE GDE) with good stability was prepared by a simple adhesive coating method. Then, the inactivation of Microcystis aeruginosa was conducted with electrolysis by low-amperage electric current using Ti/RuO2 as the anode and C-PTFE GDE as the cathode. When the electrode spacing was 4 cm, the current density was 20 mA cm-2, and the gas flow was 0.4 L min-1, 85% of the algae could be inactivated in 20 min. Comparing the inactivation effect of the electric field and electrogenerated oxidants, it was found that electrolysis more rapidly and strongly inactivated algae when an electric field existed. However, electrogenerated oxidants dominated algae inactivation. The concentration of H2O2 was as high as 58 mg L-1, while the concentration of chlorines was only 0.57 mg L-1, and the generation rate of H2O2 was 65 times that of chlorines. Consequently, electrogenerated oxidants dominated by H2O2 attacked photosystem II of the algae and caused oxidative damage to membrane lipids, affecting the photosynthetic capacity. Eventually, most of the algae were inactivated. The study suggested that C-PTFE GDE was promising for the inactivation of Microcystis aeruginosa in this electrochemical system.

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Micro-electrolysis is a pretreatment technology for difficult-to-biodegrade wastewater. In this study, a chemical displacement method was used to load copper on the surface of sponge iron (s-Fe), and then it was mixed with activated carbon and other components to obtain a multi-element micro-electrolytic filler (OMEF). Through BET, SEM, XRD, XPS, and FT-IR characterization and analysis, OMEF was proved to have a specific surface area of 88.374 m2/g, C-C, C-O, C = O, O-C = O, and other functional groups and Fe3C, MnO2 and other active materials. The removal mechanism of organic pollutants in wastewater by OMEF could be due to the galvanic reaction, direct reduction of Fe, oxidation of Fe, catalytic oxidation of Cu and Mn, and co-precipitation of adsorption. The coupling of the micro-electrolysis and biological methods proved that OMEF had excellent application efficiency. The results indicated that the COD removal rates of OMEF and commercial fillers reached 88.39% and 48.02%, respectively, and the B/C reached 0.74 and 0.3. OMEF showed a better performance. The reusability of the OMEF filler was measured to ensure that the B/C was maintained at around 0.5 during 5 cycles. Kinetic analysis showed that the degradation data of methyl orange (MO) and the removal data of COD obeyed pseudo-second-order kinetics. Moreover, it can further broaden the pH range of treated wastewater and increase the oxidation rate. This new strategy has brought potential enlightenment for the development of high-efficiency wastewater pretreatment using new micro-electrolysis materials. The excellent performance of OMEF micro-electrolytic filler in pretreatment indicated its potential for industrial application.

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