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BACKGROUND: Pompholyx and eczematous reactions are known adverse reactions to intravenous immunoglobulins (IVIg) infusion, but little is known about their clinical characteristics, associated outcomes and management. OBJECTIVE: To describe IVIg-induced eczematous skin reactions. METHODS: We conducted a retrospective study on cases of delayed skin reactions post-IVIg infusion notified to the French Regional Pharmacovigilance Centre from 1985 to 2020. RESULTS: A total of 27 patients were identified, of whom 85% were male. IVIg infusions were given in a neurological indication in 82% of cases. Eczematous skin reactions occurred in two-thirds of cases after the first infusion, with a median time to onset of 11 days. Palmoplantar pompholyx was the most common presentation, being seen in 63% of patients. Other eruptions were erythemato-squamous or maculopapular. Eight patients were classified as severely affected and developed extensive lesions (>50% BSA). One third of the 27 patients required hospitalization. All of the severe eczematous reactions involved males receiving high doses of IVIg for neurological diseases. Biopsies of severe cases revealed a common non-specific eczematous pattern. Relapses were frequent and more severe than the initial reaction. Reintroduction of the same IVIg product consistently resulted in relapse, whereas switching IVIg type produced relapse in only 53% of patients. CONCLUSION: We present the largest retrospective study of delayed skin reactions after IVIg infusions. This side-effect may be severe and have a polymorphic presentation. Relapse occurs frequently but less consistently after IVIg switch.

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Intravenous immunoglobulin (IVIg) is increasingly used across multiple specialties for the treatment of inflammatory and autoimmune diseases. Cutaneous reactions to IVIg are generally minor. Pompholyx is a common eruption of small vesicles on the palms, soles, and/or lateral aspects of the fingers. It has a multifactorial aetiology but is rarely attributed to being a drug-related side effect. We describe a 43-year-old woman presenting with peripheral sensory neuropathy who developed pompholyx eczema on both palms following treatment with IVIg.

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Intravenous immunoglobulin (IVIg) is increasingly used for the treatment of inflammatory and autoimmune diseases. Although skin reactions to IVIg therapy are usually minor, rare, and not life-threatening, dermatologists need to recognize the nature of these adverse reactions. We describe a 33-year-old man suffering from demyelinating polyneuropathy who developed dyshidrotic eczema on the palms and flaky grayish-white scales on an erythematous base on his face after the administration of IVIg.

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With a prevalence of up to 20%, eczematous lesions are the most common skin adverse events of tumor necrosis factor alpha inhibitors. Eczematous lesions triggered by more modern biologics such as the IL17A antagonist secukinumab have been rarely reported. Herein, a case of secukinumab-induced pompholyx in a psoriasis patient is presented.

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Pompholyx is a common eruption of small vesicles on the palms, soles, and/or lateral aspects of the fingers. It has a multifactorial etiology, including genetic determinants, allergy to metals, and id reaction; rarely it is a drug-related side effect. We report a paediatric case of pompholyx of the hands related to the intravenous immunoglobulin (IVIG) therapy for Clinically Isolated Syndrome (CIS). A 10-year-old boy, received an IVIG therapy (Venital, Kedrion Spa, Italy) at a dose of 400 mg/kg daily for five days. The fifth day of IVIG infusion, a symmetrical vesicular eruption appeared on the palms of the hands and on lateral aspects of the fingers. The lesions improved with application of topical steroids in few days. The mechanism of induction of pompholyx by IVIG therapy is unknown. A review of the Literature suggests the hypothesis that dyshidrotic eczematous reactions may be related not only to the type of IVIG, to the dose and the rates of infusion, but also to an allergic response to excipients and preservatives contained in the drug, probably elicited by an underlying neurological disease in some cases.

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Intravenous immunoglobulin (IVIg) treatment is highly effective for autoimmune diseases including myasthenia gravis. Recovery is observed at approximately. 75% of myasthenia gravis patients through IVIg treatment. As a result of many clinical studies, the recommended dose is determined as 0.4 g/kg for 5 days (maximum total dose at 2 g/kg body weight). If an additional immunomodulatory treatment is not administered, IVIg maintenance treatment is needed mostly. However, some side effects may inhibit long-term treatment. For this reason, it is important to know the effect profile well and when the treatment should be discontinued. A female myasthenia gravis patient case is presented here, where dyshidrotic eczema has occurred after the second dose of  intravenous Ig medication and whose treatment is despite further IVIg therapy.

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Dyshidrotic eczema is one of the rare cutaneous adverse effects of intravenous immunoglobulin therapy, usually seen in adults. We herein report the first pediatric case of severe dyshidrotic eczema occurring after intravenous immunoglobulin therapy for Kawasaki syndrome.

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INTRODUCTION: Intravenous immunoglobulin (IVIG) is used to treat many inflammatory and autoimmune disorders and although generally well tolerated, cutaneous side effects occur. OBJECTIVE: We reviewed reports of pompholyx and eczematous reactions associated with IVIG. METHODS: A literature search was performed using the PubMed and MEDLINE databases with the search terms "intravenous immunoglobulin pompholyx," "intravenous immunoglobulin eczema," "intravenous immunoglobulin cutaneous adverse effects," "intravenous immunoglobulin cutaneous effects," "intravenous immunoglobulin skin effects," and "intravenous immunoglobulin adverse effects." Relevant English-language articles or articles in other languages cited in English-language articles were included. RESULTS: We identified 64 cases of eczematous reactions associated with IVIG therapy, including a patient treated on our inpatient consult service. In reported cases, the majority of patients (62.5%) had pompholyx alone or a combination of pompholyx on the hands or feet and two or fewer additional body surfaces involved. The majority of reported cases (75%) experienced the eczematous reaction after their first IVIG treatment. Neurologic conditions were the most common (85.9%) diseases for which IVIG was used. Most patients responded well to topical steroids or did not require treatment. LIMITATIONS: Some reported cases had insufficient descriptions to be included in this review. A literature review may underestimate the frequency of eczematous reactions to IVIG because these reactions are often limited and may not be reported. CONCLUSIONS: With the use of IVIG increasing, it is important for dermatologists to recognize this cutaneous side effect of IVIG.

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A 41-year-old man with multiple motor neuropathy developed weakness of the left hand at the age of 35 years. The weakness gradually progressed to his right hand. High-dose intravenous immunoglobulin (IVIg) therapy (0.4 g/kg for 5 consecutive days) improved the muscle weakness in the hands but led to the development of generalized severe pompholyx that spread to the skin over the entire body. Because muscle weakness of the hands worsened several months after IVIg therapy, we attempted another course of IVIg therapy. However, antiallergic agents and oral corticosteroids did not suppress the pompholyx induced by the high-dose IVIg. Hence, the treatment was switched to low-dose immunoglobulin therapy (0.4 g/kg for one day) once every month. After more than 8 months of low-dose therapy, only mild form of pompholyx remained and the muscle strength was maintained without further deterioration.

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OBJECTIVE: To assess the relative frequency of the different causes of pompholyx evoked in the literature. DESIGN: Prospective survey. SETTING: Clinical outpatient setting. PATIENTS: A total of 120 consecutive patients with pompholyx referred to our department from 2000 through 2003. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Systematic investigation of different causes of pompholyx: fungal intertrigo, hyperhidrosis, atopy, contact eczema, and internal reactions with systematic provocation tests to metals, balsam of Peru, and food allergen when suspected. RESULTS: The present study found the following causes of pompholyx in the 120 patients: mycosis (10.0%); allergic contact pompholyx (67.5%), with cosmetic and hygiene products as the main factor (31.7%), followed by metals (16.7%); and internal reactivation from drug, food, or haptenic (nickel) origin (6.7%). The remaining 15.0% of patients were classified as idiopathic patients, but all were atopic. (Percentages do not total 100 because of rounding.) CONCLUSIONS: Our data confirm the existence of reactional pompholyx to interdigital-plantar intertrigos and endogenous reactions to metals or other allergens, but they mainly point at the unexpected importance of a so-called contact pompholyx in which cosmetic and hygiene products play a preponderant role compared with metals. The great frequency of atopic conditions, even if idiopathic pompholyx is not inferred as an equivalent of atopy, should lead to further causative investigations before undertaking more expensive or extensive treatments of refractory pompholyx.

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The use of highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART) is the gold-standard treatment for HIV infected patients. We here describe two HIV positive patients whose histories are suggestive for dyshidrosis as an immune reconstitution inflammatory syndrome (IRIS). Several factors have been associated with the exacerbation of dyshidrosis lesions but no direct relationship with HAART has been reported until now.

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Intravenous immunoglobulin (IVIG) therapy has been used to treat a variety of immune mediated disorders. Cutaneous reactions to IVIG are rare and have only been anecdotally described. We describe three cases with dyshidrotic-like biopsy proven spongiotic dermatitis after administration of IVIG. These three cases may highlight an uncommon and rarely reported side effect of IVIG.

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