RESUMEN
Aun cuando las autoridades del Sector Salud en México no se han declarado respecto al uso medicinal de la marihuana, con el objetivo de conocer el estado actual internacional sobre sus riesgos y usos terapéuticos, investigamos los avances reportados en la actualidad, así como las comunidades que han despenalizado su uso. Se presenta su origen como elemento terapéutico, pueblos involucrados, diversas denominaciones, historicidad, las diversas preparaciones, farmacodinamia, sus efectos nocivos a la salud en general y particularmente en boca, sus posibles usos en odontología tomando en cuenta sus propiedades terapéuticas. ampliamente reseñadas en relación a otros lugares del organismo. Finalmente, la propuesta de investigación en odontología con especial énfasis en aquellas especialidades donde la inflamación y el dolor agudo estén presentes de manera significativa (AU)
Although health authorities in Mexico have not officially declared their stance on the medicinal use of marijuana, our research aims to explore the current international status regarding its risks and therapeutic uses. We have investigated the latest reported advancements and examined communities that have decriminalized its usage. This presentation encompasses its therapeutic origin, involved communities, various designations, historical context, diverse preparations, pharmacodynamics, its adverse effects on overall health and particularly oral health, as well as its potential applications in dentistry, considering its widely documented therapeutic properties in comparison to other areas of the body. Finally, our research proposal in dentistry places special emphasis on specialties where inflammation and acute pain are significantly present (AU)
Asunto(s)
Cannabidiol , Cannabis/efectos adversos , Enfermedades de la Boca/etiología , Dronabinol/efectos adversos , Cannabinoides/historia , Marihuana Medicinal/uso terapéutico , Mucosa Bucal/efectos de los fármacosRESUMEN
The prevalence of vaping has overtaken conventional cigarettes as the most frequent form of nicotine consumption among 15-24-year olds. There are currently a large number of both legitimate and illegitimate products and suppliers offering more than 8000 different flavors of vape on the market, whose additives are not tested, studied or regulated and whose safety and toxicity profile remains unknown. In vitro studies have demonstrated a dose-dependent decrease in the viability of normal human bronchial epithelial cells after exposure to vapor from electronic vape devices.Short- and medium-term studies to date indicate that vapor-induced pulmonary lesions are the most serious and commonly reported side effect; such lesions include bilateral ground glass opacities in lung bases with subpleural preservation, bilateral infiltrates, pleural effusion, pneumomediastinum and nodular opacities. Cases of EVALI have been described in patients with daily exposure, as well as in users who reported having been exposed to these substances at least once a month. The most frequently inhaled substances are THC, flavored liquids of unknown content, and nicotine.The clinical manifestations of dyspnea and cough are the most frequent respiratory symptomatology, in addition to constitutional manifestations such as fever and chills, and gastrointestinal manifestations such as vomiting, nausea, abdominal pain and diarrhea. To these can be added the presence of tachypnea, tachycardia, elevated blood pressure, hypoxia, leukocytosis with neutrophilia and elevated ESR.
Asunto(s)
Sistemas Electrónicos de Liberación de Nicotina , Lesión Pulmonar , Vapeo , Humanos , Lesión Pulmonar/inducido químicamente , Lesión Pulmonar/epidemiología , Dronabinol/efectos adversos , Nicotina/efectos adversos , Vapeo/efectos adversosAsunto(s)
Humanos , Dolor Crónico/tratamiento farmacológico , Marihuana Medicinal/efectos adversos , Marihuana Medicinal/uso terapéutico , Dronabinol/efectos adversos , Dronabinol/uso terapéutico , Cannabidiol/efectos adversos , Cannabidiol/uso terapéutico , Metaanálisis como Asunto , Medicina Basada en la Evidencia , Dolor Crónico/epidemiología , Revisiones Sistemáticas como AsuntoRESUMEN
Currently, few treatments are available for craving in general, and none of them have received approval for cannabis craving. The objective of this review is to evaluate existing studies analysing treatments for cannabis craving and explore novel treatment possibilities for these patients. The study followed PRISMA guidelines and conducted an extensive database search. Inclusion criteria included human randomised controlled trials examining drug effects on craving symptoms. Exclusion criteria involved studies unrelated to craving, non-pharmacological treatments, duplicates, and non-English/Spanish/Portuguese articles. Our included 22 studies that investigated a wide range of compounds used for cravings related to other drugs, as well as interventions based on healthcare professionals' empirical knowledge. The current pharmacological treatments largely involve off-label drug use and the utilisation of cannabinoid-based medications, such as combinations of THC and lofexidine, oxytocin, progesterone, and N-acetylcysteine. These emerging treatments show promise and have the potential to revolutionise current clinical practices, but further investigation is needed to establish their efficacy. In this context, it is essential to consider non-pharmacological interventions, such as psychotherapy and behavioural treatments. These approaches play a crucial role in complementing pharmacological interventions and addressing the complex nature of the disorder.
Asunto(s)
Cannabis , Alucinógenos , Abuso de Marihuana , Humanos , Agonistas de Receptores de Cannabinoides/uso terapéutico , Ansia , Dronabinol/efectos adversos , Alucinógenos/farmacología , Abuso de Marihuana/tratamiento farmacológico , Uso Fuera de lo IndicadoRESUMEN
Cannabis use and interest continues to increase among patients with cancer and caregivers. High-quality research remains scant in many areas, causing hesitancy or discomfort among most clinical providers. Although we have limitations on hard outcomes, we can provide some guidance and more proactively engage in conversations with patients and family about cannabis. Several studies support the efficacy of cannabis for various cancer and treatment-related symptoms, such as chemotherapy-induced nausea and cancer pain. Although formulations and dosing guidelines for clinicians do not formally exist at present, attention to tetrahydrocannabinol concentration and understanding of risks with inhalation can reduce risk. Conflicting information exists on the interaction between cannabis and immunotherapy as well as estrogen receptor interactions. Motivational interviewing can help engage in more productive, less stigmatized conversations.
Asunto(s)
Cannabis , Neoplasias , Humanos , Náusea/inducido químicamente , Náusea/tratamiento farmacológico , Neoplasias/complicaciones , Neoplasias/tratamiento farmacológico , Neoplasias/epidemiología , Dronabinol/efectos adversos , CuidadoresRESUMEN
O número de pessoas utilizando substâncias ilícitas de forma recreativa aumenta a cada ano, chamando a atenção de estudiosos de diversas áreas do conhecimento. Com isso, a demanda de exames toxicológicos exigida para trabalhadores, vítimas de crimes e esportistas também tem crescido. A amostra biológica mais utilizada para análises toxicológicas continua sendo a urina, visto que sua obtenção é menos invasiva, possibilita coletar grande volume de amostra e pode-se detectar substâncias até dias após ter ocorrido a exposição ou consumo. Entretanto, estas amostras necessitam de um grande volume físico para serem armazenadas e transportadas aos laboratórios, devendo ser mantidas em temperatura baixa e controlada para conservação. Outro ponto a se considerar é a quantidade de amostra insuficientemente coletada, ou extravasamento do conteúdo, contaminando outras amostras e muitas vezes, inviabilizando a análise. Uma alternativa recente para tais problemas é utilizar a técnica chamada de dried urine spots (DUS), onde poucos microlitros de urina são colocados em um papel absorvente e secos sob temperatura ambiente, preservando de agentes degradantes os componentes presentes na urina. Assim, o objetivo deste trabalho é avaliar a estabilidade das substâncias do presente estudo em alta temperatura, temperatura ambiente e em temperaturas de 4°C e -20°C. Para este fim, foi necessário desenvolver, validar e aplicar métodos de extração e determinação de anfetaminas e produtos de biotransformação de cocaína e tetraidrocanabinol carboxílico (THCCOOH) em amostras dried urine spot, utilizando cromatografia líquida acoplada à espectrometria de massas. Os picos foram identificados por UPLC-ESI-MS/MS, com tempo total de 5 mins utilizando fase A- água, formiato de amônio e 0,1% ácido fórmico, e B- metanol: acetonitrila (6:4) + 0,1% de ácido fórmico. A extração foi feita utilizando acetonitrila: metanol: acetona (1:1:1) +ácido fórmico 0,1%. Não foi possível iniciar a validação de THCCOOH, visto uma possível complexação do analito com o papel. Para as outras substâncias, o método cromatográfico desenvolvido se mostrou eficiente e seletivo, com LOD e LOQ de 10 ng/mL para todos os analitos, sendo linear até 1000 ng/mL, atendeu as especificações de precisão e exatidão e carryover. As amostras permaneceram estáveis ao longo de 32 dias nas temperaturas estudadas, demonstrando a segurança em se utilizar a técnica de DUS para armazenamento e transporte de amostras biológicas dentro da faixa de temperatura do estudo até 32 dias
The number of people using illegal substances in a recreational way increases each year, drawing the attention of scholars from different areas of knowledge. As a result, the demand for workplaces drug tests, toxicological tests for victims of crimes and dopping has also grown. The biological sample most used for toxicological tests remains urine, since obtaining it is less invasive, it is possible to collect a large volume of sample and it is possible to detect substances up to days after exposure or consumption has occurred. However, these samples require a large physical volume to be stored and transported to the laboratories, and must be kept at a low temperature for conservation. Another point to consider is the amount of sample insufficiently collected, or leakage of the content, causing contamination of other samples and often making the analysis unfeasible. A recent alternative to such problems is to use "dried urine spots" (DUS), where few microliters of urine are placed on absorbent paper and dried at room temperature, preserving the components present in the urine from degrading agents. Thus, the objective of this work is to evaluate the stability of the substances in this study at high temperature, room temperature and at temperatures of 4°C and -20°C. For this purpose, it was necessary to develop, validate and apply methods of extraction and determination of amphetamines and biotransformation products of cocaine and carboxylic tetrahydrocannabinol (THCCOOH) in dried urine spot samples, using liquid chromatography coupled to mass spectrometry (LC-MS). The peaks were identified liquid chromatography coupled to a mass spectrometer (UPLC-ESI-MS/MS), with a total time of 5 mins using phase A- water, ammonium formate and 0.1% formic acid, and B- methanol: acetonitrile (6:4) + 0.1% formic acid. Extraction was done using acetonitrile: methanol: acetone (1:1:1) + 0.1% formic acid. It was not possible to perform the validation of THCCOOH, given a possible complexation of the analyte with the paper. To the others substances, the chromatographic method developed proved to be efficient and selective, with LOD and LOQ of 10 ng/mL for all analytes, being linear up to 1000 ng/mL, meeting the specifications of precision and accuracy and carryover. The samples remained stable for 32 days at the temperatures studied, demonstrating the safety of using the DUS technique for storage and transport of biological samples until 32 days on temperature range studied
Asunto(s)
Dronabinol/efectos adversos , Biotransformación , Cocaína/efectos adversos , Anfetaminas/efectos adversos , Espectrometría de Masas/métodos , Orina , Preparaciones Farmacéuticas/administración & dosificación , Cromatografía Liquida/métodos , Grupos Profesionales/clasificaciónRESUMEN
O número de pessoas utilizando substâncias ilícitas de forma recreativa aumenta a cada ano, chamando a atenção de estudiosos de diversas áreas do conhecimento. Com isso, a demanda de exames toxicológicos exigida para trabalhadores, vítimas de crimes e esportistas também tem crescido. A amostra biológica mais utilizada para análises toxicológicas continua sendo a urina, visto que sua obtenção é menos invasiva, possibilita coletar grande volume de amostra e pode-se detectar substâncias até dias após ter ocorrido a exposição ou consumo. Entretanto, estas amostras necessitam de um grande volume físico para serem armazenadas e transportadas aos laboratórios, devendo ser mantidas em temperatura baixa e controlada para conservação. Outro ponto a se considerar é a quantidade de amostra insuficientemente coletada, ou extravasamento do conteúdo, contaminando outras amostras e muitas vezes, inviabilizando a análise. Uma alternativa recente para tais problemas é utilizar a técnica chamada de dried urine spots (DUS), onde poucos microlitros de urina são colocados em um papel absorvente e secos sob temperatura ambiente, preservando de agentes degradantes os componentes presentes na urina. Assim, o objetivo deste trabalho é avaliar a estabilidade das substâncias do presente estudo em alta temperatura, temperatura ambiente e em temperaturas de 4°C e -20°C. Para este fim, foi necessário desenvolver, validar e aplicar métodos de extração e determinação de anfetaminas e produtos de biotransformação de cocaína e tetraidrocanabinol carboxílico (THCCOOH) em amostras dried urine spot, utilizando cromatografia líquida acoplada à espectrometria de massas. Os picos foram identificados por UPLC-ESI-MS/MS, com tempo total de 5 mins utilizando fase A- água, formiato de amônio e 0,1% ácido fórmico, e B- metanol: acetonitrila (6:4) + 0,1% de ácido fórmico. A extração foi feita utilizando acetonitrila: metanol: acetona (1:1:1) +ácido fórmico 0,1%. Não foi possível iniciar a validação de THCCOOH, visto uma possível complexação do analito com o papel. Para as outras substâncias, o método cromatográfico desenvolvido se mostrou eficiente e seletivo, com LOD e LOQ de 10 ng/mL para todos os analitos, sendo linear até 1000 ng/mL, atendeu as especificações de precisão e exatidão e carryover. As amostras permaneceram estáveis ao longo de 32 dias nas temperaturas estudadas, demonstrando a segurança em se utilizar a técnica de DUS para armazenamento e transporte de amostras biológicas dentro da faixa de temperatura do estudo até 32 dias
The number of people using illegal substances in a recreational way increases each year, drawing the attention of scholars from different areas of knowledge. As a result, the demand for workplaces drug tests, toxicological tests for victims of crimes and dopping has also grown. The biological sample most used for toxicological tests remains urine, since obtaining it is less invasive, it is possible to collect a large volume of sample and it is possible to detect substances up to days after exposure or consumption has occurred. However, these samples require a large physical volume to be stored and transported to the laboratories, and must be kept at a low temperature for conservation. Another point to consider is the amount of sample insufficiently collected, or leakage of the content, causing contamination of other samples and often making the analysis unfeasible. A recent alternative to such problems is to use "dried urine spots" (DUS), where few microliters of urine are placed on absorbent paper and dried at room temperature, preserving the components present in the urine from degrading agents. Thus, the objective of this work is to evaluate the stability of the substances in this study at high temperature, room temperature and at temperatures of 4°C and -20°C. For this purpose, it was necessary to develop, validate and apply methods of extraction and determination of amphetamines and biotransformation products of cocaine and carboxylic tetrahydrocannabinol (THCCOOH) in dried urine spot samples, using liquid chromatography coupled to mass spectrometry (LC-MS). The peaks were identified liquid chromatography coupled to a mass spectrometer (UPLC-ESI-MS/MS), with a total time of 5 mins using phase A- water, ammonium formate and 0.1% formic acid, and B- methanol: acetonitrile (6:4) + 0.1% formic acid. Extraction was done using acetonitrile: methanol: acetone (1:1:1) + 0.1% formic acid. It was not possible to perform the validation of THCCOOH, given a possible complexation of the analyte with the paper. To the others substances, the chromatographic method developed proved to be efficient and selective, with LOD and LOQ of 10 ng/mL for all analytes, being linear up to 1000 ng/mL, meeting the specifications of precision and accuracy and carryover. The samples remained stable for 32 days at the temperatures studied, demonstrating the safety of using the DUS technique for storage and transport of biological samples until 32 days on temperature range studied
Asunto(s)
Dronabinol/efectos adversos , Biotransformación , Cocaína/agonistas , Anfetaminas/análisis , Espectrometría de Masas/métodos , Orina/fisiología , Cromatografía Liquida/métodosRESUMEN
Cannabis can synthetize more than 400 compounds, including terpenes, flavonoids, and more than 100 phytocannabinoids. The main phytocannabinoids are Δ-9-tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) and cannabidiol (CBD). Cannabis-based products are used as medicines in several countries. In this text, we present an overview of the main neurochemical mechanisms of action of the phytocannabinoids, especially THC and CBD. We also reviewed the indications and adverse effects of the main cannabis-based medicinal products. THC acts as a partial agonist at cannabinoid 1/2 receptors (CB1/2). It is responsible for the characteristic effects of cannabis, such as euphoria, relaxation, and changes in perceptions. THC can also produce dysphoria, anxiety, and psychotic symptoms. THC is used therapeutically in nausea and vomiting due to chemotherapy, as an appetite stimulant, and in chronic pain. CBD acts as a noncompetitive negative allosteric modulator of the CB1 receptor, as an inverse agonist of the CB2 receptor, and as an inhibitor of the reuptake of the endocannabinoid anandamide. Moreover, CBD also activates 5-HT1A serotonergic receptors and vanilloid receptors. Its use in treatment-resistant epilepsy syndromes is approved in some countries. CBD does not produce the typical effects associated with THC and has anxiolytic and antipsychotic effects. Some of the most common adverse effects of CBD are diarrhea, somnolence, nausea, and transaminase elevations (with concomitant use of antiepileptics). The mechanisms of action involved in both the therapeutic and adverse effects of the phytocannabinoids are not fully understood, involving not only the endocannabinoid system. This "promiscuous" pharmacology could be responsible for their wide therapeutic spectrum.
Asunto(s)
Cannabidiol/farmacología , Cannabis/química , Dronabinol/farmacología , Cannabidiol/efectos adversos , Dronabinol/efectos adversos , Humanos , Receptor Cannabinoide CB1/metabolismo , Receptor de Serotonina 5-HT1A/metabolismo , Canales Catiónicos TRPV/metabolismoRESUMEN
Esta revisión analiza la situación actual de la utilización del como herramienta terapéutica dentro del ámbito de la salud en Argentina, haciendo referencia a los distintos actores involucrados y dilemas futuros que pueden presentarse. Paracomprender en su totalidad el marco social, cultural e histórico, se desarrollan distintos aspectos, como la descripción química y biológica del , evolución del consumo a través de la historia, las repercusiones del consumo y las distintas aplicaciones que tiene en el campo de la medicina. También se describen las diferentes realidades que hay en el mundo, así como las legislaciones de otros países y la comparación de estas con la que tenemos en nuestro país. Finalmente se mencionan los desafíos pendientes y sus posibles abordajes.(AU)
This review analyzes the current situation of the use of cannabis as a therapeutic tool in the field of health in Argentina,referring to the different actors involved and future dilemmas that may arise. To fully understand the social, cultural andhistorical framework, different aspects can be defined, such as the chemical and biological description of cannabis, theevolution of consumption throughout history, the repercussions of recreational consumption and the different applicationsthat it has on the medical field. It also describes the different realities that exist in the world, as well as the laws of othercountries and the comparison of these with the one we have in our country. Finally, the pending challenges and theirpossible approaches, are mentioned.(AU)
Asunto(s)
Humanos , Masculino , Femenino , Historia Medieval , Historia del Siglo XX , Marihuana Medicinal/uso terapéutico , Uso de la Marihuana/legislación & jurisprudencia , Uso de la Marihuana/tendencias , Argentina , Dronabinol/efectos adversos , Dronabinol/farmacología , Cannabidiol/efectos adversos , Cannabidiol/farmacología , Cannabinoides/clasificación , Cannabis/clasificación , Cannabis/química , Drogas Ilícitas , Salud Pública/tendencias , Uso de la Marihuana/historia , Uso de la Marihuana/terapiaRESUMEN
Δ(9)-tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) and cannabidiol (CBD) are the major constituents of the Cannabis sativa plant, which is frequently consumed by subjects exposed to life-threatening situations to relief their symptomatology. It is still unknown, however, whether THC could also affect the maintenance of an aversive memory formed at that time when taken separately and/or in conjunction with CBD. The present study sought to investigate this matter at a preclinical level. We report that THC (0.3-10mg/kg, i.p.) was able to disrupt the reconsolidation of a contextual fear memory, resulting in reduced conditioned freezing expression for over 22 days. This effect was dependent on activation of cannabinoid type-1 receptors located in prelimbic subregion of the medial prefrontal cortex and on memory retrieval/reactivation. Since CBD may counteract the negative psychotropic effects induced by THC and has been shown to be a reconsolidation blocker, we then investigated and demonstrated that associating sub-effective doses of these two compounds was equally effective in attenuating fear memory maintenance in an additive fashion and in a dose ratio of 10 to 1, which contrasts with that commonly found in C. sativa recreational samples. Of note, neither THC alone nor CBD plus THC interfered with anxiety-related behaviors and locomotor activity, as assessed in the elevated plus-maze test, at a time point coinciding with that used to evaluate their effects on memory reconsolidation. Altogether, present findings suggest a potential therapeutic value of using THC and/or CBD to mitigate a dysfunctional aversive memory through reconsolidation disruption in post-traumatic stress disorder patients.
Asunto(s)
Cannabidiol/farmacología , Dronabinol/farmacología , Miedo/efectos de los fármacos , Trastornos de la Memoria/inducido químicamente , Memoria/efectos de los fármacos , Análisis de Varianza , Animales , Cannabidiol/efectos adversos , Modelos Animales de Enfermedad , Relación Dosis-Respuesta a Droga , Dronabinol/efectos adversos , Combinación de Medicamentos , Masculino , Aprendizaje por Laberinto/efectos de los fármacos , Ratas , Ratas Wistar , Factores de TiempoRESUMEN
Tics are the hallmarks of a Tourette syndrome (TS). Dopamine receptor antagonists are the approved treatment, although neuroleptic treatment is often unsatisfactory due to side effects. Therefore, there is expanding interest in new therapeutic strategies. From anecdotal reports it has been suggested that Cannabis sativa L. might reduce tics. Two controlled studies in a small number of TS patients demonstrated that delta-9- tetrahydrocannabinol (THC), the most psychoactive ingredient of cannabis, is effective in the treatment of tics without causing serious adverse effects. In addition, no impairment in neuropsychological performance was observed. Therefore, THC should be added to the list of those drugs that are suitable to reduce tics. We recommend THC treatment in TS patients who did not respond to well-established drugs or develop significant side effects. So far, it is unclear, whether herbal cannabis, other natural or synthetic cannabinoid receptor agonists, or agents that interfere with the inactivation of endocannabinoids may have the best adverse effect profile in the treatment of tics. Available data suggest that the endogenous central cannabinoid CB1 receptor system might regulate motor activity in the basal ganglia. It, therefore, can be speculated that the CB1 receptor system might be involved in the pathophysiology of TS
Los tics son el sello distintivo del síndrome de Gilles de la Tourette (ST). Los antagonistas dopaminérgicos constituyen el tratamiento de elección aunque los neurolépticos frecuentemente presentan efectos colaterales poco satisfactorios. Por tanto, existe un creciente interés en obtener nuevos enfoques terapéuticos. Algunos informes anecdóticos sugirieron que Cannabis sativa podría disminuir los tics. Dos estudios controlados en un número pequeño de pacientes demostraron que el delta-9- tetrahidrocannabinol (THC) el ingrediente más psicoactivo de la marihuana fue efectivo para controlar los tics sin inducir efectos adversos serios. Además, no se observaron alteraciones del desempeño neuropsicológico. Por lo tanto, el THC debiera incorporarse al listado de fármacos útiles para el tratamiento de los tics. Nosotros recomendamos la utilización de esta molécula en los pacientes con ST que no respondieron al tratamiento con las drogas de referencia o presentaron efectos adversos significativos. Hasta el momento, no queda claro si la planta de cannabis, los agonistas naturales o sintéticos de los receptores cannabinoides o los agentes que interfieren con la inactivación de los endocannabinoides poseen el mejor perfil de efectos adversos en el tratamiento de los tics. Los datos disponibles sugieren que el sistema del receptor cannabinoide central endógeno CB1 podría regular la actividad motora de los ganglios de la base. Por lo tanto, se puede especular que este sistema de receptores podría estar relacionado con la fisiopatología del ST
Asunto(s)
Humanos , Dronabinol , Dronabinol/efectos adversos , Cannabis , Síndrome de Tourette , Tics , Receptor Cannabinoide CB1 , EndocannabinoidesRESUMEN
This review analyses the therapeutic usefulness of Delta(9)-tetrahydrocannabinol and its potential to induce adverse reactions on humans. During the last 30 years an enormous amount of research was carried out resulting in the disclosure of the cannabinoid system in Central Nervous System, with its CB(1) and CB(2) receptors, and the agonist anandamide. Under the clinical point of view, Delta(9)-THC produces some therapeutic benefits which are beyond reasonable doubt. Thus, the effects on nausea/emesis due to cancer chemotherapy, as appetite promoter, on some painful conditions and on symptoms of multiple sclerosis are clearly demonstrated. Delta(9)-THC is not devoid of ill effects. On the cognitive domain it impairs the human capacity to discriminate time intervals and space distances, vigilance, memory and the performance for mental work. On the psychic area Delta(9)-THC may induce unpleasant reactions such as disconnected thoughts, panic reactions, disturbing changes in perception, delusions and hallucinatory experiences. However, the long term effects on the psyche and cognition are not known as there are no reports of prolonged use of Delta(9)-THC. Actually, it has been proposed by WHO that Delta(9)-THC should be rescheduled to schedule IV of the United Nations Convention on Psychotropic Drugs, as it does not constitute a substantial risk to public health and its abuse is rare if at all.
Asunto(s)
Sistema Nervioso Central/efectos de los fármacos , Dronabinol/efectos adversos , Dronabinol/farmacología , Afecto , Cognición/efectos de los fármacos , Dronabinol/uso terapéutico , Humanos , Desempeño Psicomotor/efectos de los fármacos , Psicotrópicos/efectos adversos , Psicotrópicos/farmacología , Psicotrópicos/uso terapéuticoRESUMEN
This study reports a series of spatial discrimination procedures in a Morris-type maze to investigate the effects of delta9-tetrahydrocannabinol (delta9-THC) on different phases of learning and memory in mice. Adult male mice were given training trails to find the submerged platform at a fixed location in the water maze adapted for mice. In additional experiments, mice were trained with the repeated acquisition procedure to test the working memory. Results indicate that delta9-THC (8 mg/kg i.p.) 30 min pretest impaired specifically the acquisition of spatial learning and the performance of mice in the working memory task, while consolidation and retrieval of a previously learned task were not affected. There was no evidence of motoric difficulty, as the number of quadrant line crossings was not decreased and no visible sign of sensorimotor disturbance was observed during swimming. Pretreatment with SR 141716A (1 mg/kg i.p.), a CB1 cannabinoid receptor antagonist, significantly prevented the learning deficits in the water maze. These findings show that delta9-THC impairs spatial discrimination learning in a selective way in the water maze in mice and that these deficits may be mediated by cannabinoid receptors.
Asunto(s)
Dronabinol/efectos adversos , Dronabinol/antagonistas & inhibidores , Aprendizaje por Laberinto/efectos de los fármacos , Trastornos de la Memoria/inducido químicamente , Trastornos de la Memoria/prevención & control , Piperidinas/farmacología , Piperidinas/uso terapéutico , Pirazoles/farmacología , Pirazoles/uso terapéutico , Animales , Relación Dosis-Respuesta a Droga , Masculino , Aprendizaje por Laberinto/fisiología , Ratones , Psicotrópicos/efectos adversos , Tiempo de Reacción/efectos de los fármacos , Tiempo de Reacción/fisiología , Receptores de Cannabinoides , Receptores de Droga/antagonistas & inhibidores , Receptores de Droga/fisiología , Rimonabant , Conducta Espacial/efectos de los fármacos , Conducta Espacial/fisiologíaRESUMEN
Impairment in short-term memory and lingering deficit in psychomotor performance are but two of the acute cannabis intoxication components that may have long-term consequences. The former because it affects learning and the latter because it interferes with proper handling of motor vehicles. The most frequently observed complication of cannabis inebriation, however, is a short-lasting acute psychological disturbance with symptoms of panic, paranoid apprehension and personality disorganization. This type of reaction is often not dose-related, and could appropriately be termed "pathological intoxication". In addition to the acute effects of cannabis on mental performance and behaviour, this paper reviews the psychiatric consequences of chronic use and the accumulated evidence on organic toxicity associated with it: residual cognitive deficit, lethargic symptoms, cannabis psychosis, respiratory, gastro-intestinal and cardiovascular complications, as well as effects on immune response and gonadal functions, are discussed. Also included are reviews on the pharmacology and therapeutic potential of cannabinoids.