RESUMEN
BACKGROUND: Isomate(®) CM MIST aerosol emitters (Pacific BioControl Corp, Vancouver, WA) containing 36 g of codlemone, (E,E)-8,10-dodecadien-1-ol, were deployed at various densities in a commercial apple orchard to generate dosage-response profiles in order to elucidate the behavioral mechanism of disruption. RESULTS: Moth captures decreased asymptotically as Isomate(®) CM MIST densities increased. Data fitting to Miller-Gut and Miller-de Lame plots yielded straight lines, with positive and negative slopes respectively. Catch of male moths decreased from 28 trap(-1) in the control to 0.9 trap(-1) at the highest emitter density. Disruption of >90% was realized at emitter densities greater than 5 units ha(-1) . CONCLUSION: The resulting set of profiles explicitly matched the predictions for competitive rather than non-competitive disruption. Thus, these devices probably disrupt by inducing false-plume following rather than by camouflaging traps and females. The use of 5 MIST units ha(-1) would be necessary to achieve the same level of codling moth control provided by a standard pheromone treatment with passive reservoir dispensers. The need for only a few aerosol emitters, 2.5-5 units ha(-1) , mitigates the cost of labor required to hand-apply hundreds of passive reservoir dispensers; however, a potential weakness in using this technology is that the low deployment density may leave areas of little or no pheromone coverage, where mate finding may occur. This technology is likely to benefit substantially from treatment of large contiguous blocks of crop.
Asunto(s)
Dodecanol/análogos & derivados , Control de Insectos/instrumentación , Control de Insectos/métodos , Mariposas Nocturnas/efectos de los fármacos , Atractivos Sexuales/administración & dosificación , Animales , Dodecanol/administración & dosificación , Femenino , Masculino , Malus/parasitología , Conducta Sexual Animal/efectos de los fármacosRESUMEN
This study compared the skin uptake of γ-undecalactone, decanol, and dodecyl acetate in an in vitro, un-occluded penetration assay in which they were applied to porcine skin at different finite loadings and application schemes. The pattern of fractional uptake differed between the chemicals and did not show the often assumed inverse correlation with surface loading. Furthermore, the mass uptake of identical cumulative amounts of the chemicals was not always additive. These results show that the uptake of fragrances in absence of occlusion and at finite loadings is chemical-specific and depends on the surface loading, the application scheme, and most probably, on the effects of the chemicals on the skin barrier efficiency. The observed lack of additivity might explain some of the differences in the responses observed in patch and repeated open application tests, and the boosting of the allergic state in sensitized individuals by sub-clinical exposures.
Asunto(s)
Acetatos/administración & dosificación , Dodecanol/administración & dosificación , Lactonas/administración & dosificación , Perfumes/administración & dosificación , Piel/metabolismo , Animales , Técnicas In Vitro , Absorción Cutánea , PorcinosRESUMEN
The discovery that the eastern tent caterpillar Malacosoma americanum (F.) causes mare reproductive loss syndrome (MRLS), and thus has the potential to continue to result in major economic losses to the equine industry of Kentucky, has resulted in an intensive effort to identify practical means to monitor and control this defoliator, including these experiments to optimize a sex pheromone trap for this pest. A pheromone-baited delta trap with a large opening, such as InterceptST Delta, was more effective than other tested traps. Orange delta traps caught more moths than other tested colors. ETC males are caught at all tested heights within the tree canopy. For monitoring flights, setting traps at 1.5 m would allow easy counting of moths. A 9:1 blend of (E,Z)-5,7-dodecadienal (ETC-Ald) and (E,Z)-5,7-dodecadienol (ETC-OH) was most effective in capturing males. Increasing loading doses of a 3:1 blend (Ald:OH) resulted in the capture of increasing numbers of moths, but a 9:1 blend was more effective than 3:1 blend even at a nine-fold lower loading rate. Pheromone-impregnated white septa caught more moths than gray septa at the same loading dose. The advantages and limitations of using pheromone traps for monitoring M. americanum are discussed.
Asunto(s)
Aldehídos/administración & dosificación , Dodecanol/análogos & derivados , Mariposas Nocturnas , Control Biológico de Vectores/métodos , Atractivos Sexuales/administración & dosificación , Animales , Color , Dodecanol/administración & dosificación , Femenino , MasculinoRESUMEN
AIM: To study the effect of lidocaine-dodecanol binary eutectic system on the transdermal permeation of lidocaine. METHODS: Binary eutectic mixture of different proportions of lidocaine and dodecanol were prepared and the patch containing the binary eutectic mixture was developed. The solubilities of pure lidocaine and lidocaine from the binary eutectic system were determined in pH 7.9 phosphate buffer. The transdermal flux of lidocaine from the patches containing the binary eutectic system and pure lidocaine were measured using Franz-type single diffusion cell. RESULTS: The melting point of the lidocaine-dodecanol binary eutectic system was markedly lower than that of pure lidocaine. The steady state transdermal flux of lidocaine from the patch of the binary eutectic system was six times as much as that of pure lidocaine patch. CONCLUSION: The lidocaine-dodecanol binary eutectic system could produce high thermodynamic activity of the drug and the high driving force for transdermal permeation of lidocaine.
Asunto(s)
Dodecanol/administración & dosificación , Lidocaína/administración & dosificación , Lidocaína/farmacocinética , Absorción Cutánea , Administración Cutánea , Anestésicos Locales/administración & dosificación , Anestésicos Locales/farmacocinética , Animales , Dodecanol/química , Combinación de Medicamentos , Estabilidad de Medicamentos , Cobayas , SolubilidadRESUMEN
The purpose of this study was to determine the effects of ionization and penetration enhancers on the transdermal delivery of 5-fluorouracil (5-FU) through excised human stratum corneum. The in vitro transport of 5-FU was determined at three physiologically relevant pH values of 5.0, 7.4 and 8.0, and in the presence of suitable penetration enhancers, namely Azone (AZ), lauryl alcohol (LA), and isopropyl myristate (IPM). The results showed that passive permeation of 5-FU is dependent upon the pH of the donor solution, although did not fully conform to the pH-partition hypothesis. A further analysis of data suggested an inverse relationship (i.e., negative correlation) between steady-state flux and aqueous solubility of 5-FU at these pH values (correlation coefficient = -0.4205), although correlation was not statistically significant (p = 0.7237). In the absence of a penetration enhancer, the in vitro permeability of 5-FU was quite low (0.82+/-0.06 x 10(4) cm/h). This delivery rate was enhanced by approximately by 3, 4 and 24-fold, respectively, when IPM, LA, and AZ were incorporated into the donor solution. All these enhancements were statistically significant (p < 0.05) compared to control, and occurred regardless of the polarity (solubility parameters) of these enhancers. Out of three examined enhancers, AZ appears to be a suitable enhancer for enhancing transport of 5-FU, which merits in vivo investigation in a suitable animal model. Possible mechanisms of enhancement by these penetration enhancers are also discussed.
Asunto(s)
Azepinas/administración & dosificación , Dodecanol/administración & dosificación , Epidermis/metabolismo , Fluorouracilo/administración & dosificación , Fluorouracilo/farmacocinética , Miristatos/administración & dosificación , Absorción Cutánea , Administración Cutánea , Humanos , Concentración de Iones de HidrógenoRESUMEN
Pome fruit growers and crop consultants have expressed concerns about the seasonal release performance of commercial codling moth mating disruption dispenser products. Because of these concerns, we developed a laboratory flow-through volatile collection system (VCS) for measuring the volatile release of the codling moth sex pheromone, codlemone, from commercially available hand-applied dispensers. Under controlled air-flow and temperature conditions, the released vapor was trapped onto a polyurethane foam adsorbent followed by solvent extraction, solvent reduction, and GC/MS determination. Method recovery and breakthrough validations were performed to demonstrate system reliability before determining codlemone release from commercial dispensers field-aged over 140 days. The volatile collection was carried out in a consistent manner among five dispenser types most commonly used by growers, so that direct comparison of performance could be made. The comparison showed differences in the amount of pheromone released and in the patterns of release throughout the season between dispenser types. The variation in release performance demonstrates the need for routine evaluation of commercially marketed mating disruption dispensers. We believe that the simple and cost-effective volatile collection system can assist pheromone dispenser manufacturers in determining seasonal dispenser performance before new products are introduced into the commercial market and in rapidly verifying dispenser release when field-aged dispenser efficacy is in question.
Asunto(s)
Dodecanol/análogos & derivados , Dodecanol/administración & dosificación , Control de Insectos/instrumentación , Mariposas Nocturnas , Agricultura/métodos , Animales , Dodecanol/análisis , Cromatografía de Gases y Espectrometría de Masas , Control de Insectos/métodos , Estaciones del Año , VolatilizaciónRESUMEN
The potential utility of micrometer-sized particles as controlled-release devices for the volatilization of insect pheromones for mating disruption applications is evaluated in this study for two pheromone/model compound systems (codlemone/1-dodecanol and disparlure/1,2-epoxyoctadecane). To expedite the measurement of release rates from these particle devices, two techniques based on thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) have been exploited: isothermal TGA (I-TGA) at elevated temperatures (40-80 degrees C) with N(2) convection and volatilization temperature (VT) by dynamic TGA. A correlation between these two methods has been established. Samples that exhibit a higher VT provide a lower release rate from a particle substrate. Using these techniques, it has been demonstrated that chemical interactions between adsorbed liquids and particle surfaces may play a small role in defining release characteristics under conditions of low surface area, whereas parameters associated with total surface area and micropore structure appear to be much more significant in retarding evaporation for uncoated particles containing an adsorbed liquid. Additional regulation of release rates was achieved by coating the particle systems with water-soluble or water-dispersible polymers. By careful selection of particle porosity and coating composition, it is envisioned that the evaporation rate of pheromones can be tailored to specific insect control applications.
Asunto(s)
Dodecanol/análogos & derivados , Control Biológico de Vectores/instrumentación , Feromonas/administración & dosificación , Alcanos/administración & dosificación , Animales , Dodecanol/administración & dosificación , Microesferas , Mariposas NocturnasRESUMEN
A systematic study of formulation factors influencing the release of clonazepam from hydrophilic ointment bases was performed. Diffusion experiments were carried out using both artificial membranes (cellulose nitrate membrane impregnated with lauryl alcohol or isopropylmiristate or vaseline oil) and natural ones (rabbit ear skin). The formulation variables were the percentage of polyethylene glycol 400, polyethylene glycol 6000 and water, and the type of lipophilic component (lauryl alcohol, isopropylmyristate or vaseline oil) added to the vehicle. In vitro and ex vivo results were compared and the best formulation was found, even if it was not possible to establish a precise correlation between the in vitro and ex vivo flux values.
Asunto(s)
Anticonvulsivantes/farmacocinética , Clonazepam/farmacocinética , Animales , Clonazepam/administración & dosificación , Difusión , Dodecanol/administración & dosificación , Aceite Mineral/administración & dosificación , Miristatos/administración & dosificación , Pomadas , Vehículos Farmacéuticos , Polietilenglicoles/administración & dosificación , ConejosRESUMEN
The problem of assessing in vivo activity of gene delivery systems is complex. The reporter gene must be carefully chosen depending on the application. Plasmids with strong promoters, enhancers and other elements that optimize transcription and translation should be employed, such as the CMVint and pCIS-CAT constructs. Formulation aspects of cationic lipid-DNA complexes are being studied in several laboratories, and the physical properties and molecular organization of the complexes are being elucidated. Likewise, studies on the mechanism of DNA delivery with cationic lipids are accumulating which support the basic concept that the complexes fuse with biological membranes leading to the entry of intact DNA into the cytoplasm. Naked plasmid DNA administered by various routes is expressed at significant levels in vivo. This observation is not restricted to skeletal and heart muscle, but has been observed in lung, dermis, and in undefined tissues following intravenous administration. Most of the widely available cationic lipids, including Lipofectin, Lipofectamine and DC-cholesterol have a very poor ability to enhance DNA expression above the baseline naked DNA level, at least in lung. In this report we have revealed a novel cationic lipid, DLRIE, which can significantly enhance CAT expression in mouse lung by 25-fold above the naked DNA level. Other compounds are currently being evaluated which can enhance the naked DNA expression even higher. Plasmid vector improvements have led to further increase in in vivo lung expression, so that the net improvement is > 5,000-fold. Results of this nature are advancing the pharmaceutical gene therapy opportunities for synthetic cationic lipid based gene delivery systems.