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Abstract Life cycle assessment was carried out for a conventional wooden furniture set produced in Mardan division of the Khyber Pakhtunkhwa province of Pakistan during 2018-19. Primary data regarding inputs and outputs were collected through questionnaire surveys from 100 conventional wooden furniture set manufacturers, 50 in district Mardan and 50 in district Swabi. In the present study, cradle-to-gate life cycle assessment approach was applied for a functional unit of one conventional wooden furniture set. Production weighted average data were modelled in the environmental impacts modelling software i.e., SimaPro v.8.5. The results showed that textile used in sofa set, wood preservative for polishing and preventing insects attack and petrol used in generator had the highest contribution to all the environmental impact categories evaluated. Total cumulative energy demand for wooden furniture set manufactured was 30,005 MJ with most of the energy acquired from non-renewable fossil fuel resources.

Resumo A abordagem de avaliação do ciclo de vida foi realizada para um conjunto de móveis de madeira convencional produzido na divisão Mardan da província de Khyber Pakhtunkhwa do Paquistão durante 2018-19. Os dados primários sobre entradas e saídas foram coletados por meio de pesquisas por questionário de 100 fabricantes de conjuntos de móveis de madeira convencionais, 50 no distrito de Mardan e 50 no distrito de Swabi. No presente estudo, a abordagem de avaliação do ciclo de vida do berço ao portão foi aplicada para uma unidade funcional de um conjunto de móveis de madeira convencional. Os dados da média ponderada da produção foram modelados no software de modelagem de impactos ambientais, isto é, SimaPro v.8.5. Os resultados mostraram que os têxteis usados ​​no conjunto de sofás, o preservativo de madeira para polir e prevenir o ataque de insetos e a gasolina usada no gerador tiveram a maior contribuição em todas as categorias de impacto ambiental avaliadas. A demanda total acumulada de energia para o conjunto de móveis de madeira fabricado foi de 30.005 MJ, com a maior parte da energia adquirida de recursos de combustíveis fósseis não renováveis.

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Background: In this research, we propose probabilistic approaches to identify pairwise patterns of species co-occurrence by using presence-absence maps only. In particular, the two-by-two contingency table constructed from a presence-absence map of two species would be sufficient to compute the test statistics and perform the statistical tests proposed in this article. Some previous studies have investigated species co-occurrence through incidence data of different survey sites. We focus on using presence-absence maps for a specific study plot instead. The proposed methods are assessed by a thorough simulation study. Methods: A Chi-squared test is used to determine whether the distributions of two species are independent. If the null hypothesis of independence is rejected, the Chi-squared method can not distinguish positive or negative association between two species. We propose six different approaches based on either the binomial or Poisson distribution to obtain p-values for testing the positive (or negative) association between two species. When we test to investigate a positive (or negative) association, if the p-value is below the predetermined level of significance, then we have enough evidence to support that the two species are positively (or negatively) associated. Results: A simulation study is conducted to demonstrate the type-I errors and the testing powers of our approaches. The probabilistic approach proposed by Veech (2013) is served as a benchmark for comparison. The results show that the type-I error of the Chi-squared test is close to the significance level when the presence rate is between 40% and 80%. For extremely low or high presence rate data, one of our approaches outperforms Veech (2013)'s in terms of the testing power and type-I error rate. The proposed methods are applied to a tree data of Barro Colorado Island in Panama and a tree data of Lansing Woods in USA. Both positive and negative associations are found among some species in these two real data.

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OBJECTIVES: Identify waiting room design features that are most appreciated by outpatients and their companions in conventional and modern waiting rooms. Evaluate if end users evaluate the environment differently from experts and in what aspects. Provide evidence-based design guidelines that orient designers and healthcare managers. BACKGROUND: Built environments are relevant in patients' evaluation of overall healthcare service. For outpatients, waiting frequently consumes the largest amount of time; thus, waiting room interior design has great potential to enhance their experience. METHODS: This study compares perceptions of two types of waiting rooms-conventional and modern-based on the spatial user experience (SUE) model. In the first stage of the study, we compared user evaluations of conventional waiting rooms (n = 137) and modern waiting rooms (n = 426) with respect to the eight SUE model dimensions using multigroup structural equation modeling. In the second stage, an expert ergonomist and two professional interior designers assessed both types of waiting rooms. RESULTS: Results showed that modern waiting rooms were perceived to be significantly better in all SUE dimensions. We also found experts' evaluations were overall consistent with users' perceptions. Discrepancies were only found in temperature perception, signage evaluation, and spatial appreciation. CONCLUSIONS: Participants valued modern style waiting room features such as good quality signage, use of armchairs and sofas, a controlled environment, and decoration. We suggest involving end users in the design process to respond to their needs and promote a positive experience. Finally, we provide easy-to-adopt design guidelines to improve patients' waiting room experience.

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Preference responses of cats for scratching fabrics commonly used on furniture were evaluated during four consecutive days in three Non-Governmental Organizations (NGOs) that rescue companion animals. Cats were grouped and their choices were registered at a group level (no individual identification). Daily choices for chenille, suede, synthetic leather, or waterproof grosgrain fabrics were evaluated for the cats' groups. A preference for chenille and non-preference for synthetic leather and waterproof grosgrain was found, independent of the NGO. In conclusion, although not using chenille does not assure that cats stop scratching furniture - especially if no other option to scratch is available - synthetic leather and waterproof grosgrain seem to be less attractive fabrics for these animals. Further studies are needed to investigate whether these findings apply to cats in a home scenario, when just one or a few individuals are usually present and only one type of fabric covering furniture is commonly available. Although we did not investigate the effect of providing scratching posts for these animals, we recommend such posts are available in the environment as scratching behavior is important to cats.

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La llegada del COVID-19 generó diversos cambios significativos en el área de la salud y particularmente en el área odontológica, donde se priorizaron los tratamientos de urgencia relegando los procedimientos menores y atención de citas a la vía virtual. Otras modificaciones se concentraron en el uso de equipos de protección personal y logística de atención tanto para el paciente como para el profesional, siguiendo las indicaciones de las normas diseñadas para esta función; adicionalmente se hicieron adecuaciones en las áreas de recepción y práctica odontológica, y se capacitó a los profesionales en temas relativos a la enfermedad. El objetivo del presente artículo es analizar las implicaciones generadas en la práctica odontológica durante la pandemia por COVID-19 en los ámbitos de triaje, infraestructura, normativa y capacitación (AU)

The arrival of COVID-19 produced a series of significant changes in the health area and particularly in the dental area where emergency treatments were prioritized, relegating minor procedures and appointment care to the virtual route, other modifications focused on the use of personal protective equipment and care logistics for both the patient and the professional following the indications of the standards designed for this function, additionally adjustments were made in the reception and dental practice areas, and professionals were trained on issues related to the disease. The objective of this article is to analyze the implications generated in dental practice during the COVID-19 pandemic in the areas of triage, infrastructure, regulations and training (AU)

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Life cycle assessment was carried out for a conventional wooden furniture set produced in Mardan division of the Khyber Pakhtunkhwa province of Pakistan during 2018-19. Primary data regarding inputs and outputs were collected through questionnaire surveys from 100 conventional wooden furniture set manufacturers, 50 in district Mardan and 50 in district Swabi. In the present study, cradle-to-gate life cycle assessment approach was applied for a functional unit of one conventional wooden furniture set. Production weighted average data were modelled in the environmental impacts modelling software i.e., SimaPro v.8.5. The results showed that textile used in sofa set, wood preservative for polishing and preventing insects attack and petrol used in generator had the highest contribution to all the environmental impact categories evaluated. Total cumulative energy demand for wooden furniture set manufactured was 30,005 MJ with most of the energy acquired from non-renewable fossil fuel resources.

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BACKGROUND: Attributes of physical learning spaces can facilitate or hinder learning. There are few studies about this topic in hospitals. The objective of this study was to explore the characteristics of physical learning spaces in a university hospital. METHODS: The setting was a large research-oriented public university hospital in Mexico City, affiliated with the National Autonomous University of Mexico. An intrinsic case study design was conducted with two instruments: a questionnaire to identify physical learning spaces and their attributes; the Learning Space Rating System (LSRS), an instrument used to evaluate spaces' characteristics that promote effective learning. RESULTS: 49 medical students and 60 internal medicine residents responded to the questionnaire. The attributes with the highest importance for students were: instructor physical availability, silence, comfort of the seating furniture, and Internet access. The study authors directly performed an evaluation of the learning spaces using the LSRS tool, the sections' scores were: clinical ward discussion room (74%), external consultation unit (71%), auditorium (70%), classroom (68%), library (66%), and the hospitalization room (61%). CONCLUSIONS: Physical learning spaces in medical training can be formally assessed to identify the attributes that students consider relevant for learning and provide needed information for redesign and reuse of spaces. Medical education scholars and trainees should be involved in the design and evaluation of university and hospital buildings.

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Introducción. El mobiliario escolar influye en la postura sedente que adopta el alumnado en el aula, con efectos en su salud y aprendizaje. Por ello, es preciso determinar la existencia de un posible desajuste entre las dimensiones del mobiliario escolar y la antropometría del alumnado, así como realizar una propuesta de tallas en base a la realidad del aula y las normativas de Galicia y la Unión Europea. Población y métodos. Un evaluador experto en antropometría realizó las mediciones de peso, talla, altura poplítea, hombro y codo sentado, con un antropómetro, comparándolas posteriormente con las sillas y mesas utilizadas actualmente. Las técnicas de análisis empleadas fueron: descriptivo (medidas de tendencia central), análisis de la varianza de un factor, prueba t, prueba de chi cuadrado (en software SPSS®) y tamaño del efecto (d de Cohen). El nivel de significación establecido fue de p ≤ 0,05. Resultados. La muestra se compuso de 108 estudiantes españoles de educación primaria (de entre 6 y 12 años). El 91,7 % y el 97,2 % del alumnado emplea, respectivamente, una silla y una mesa que no se ajusta a sus características antropométricas, y utiliza mobiliario con un tamaño superior al que le corresponde. La normativa de tallas de mobiliario que rige actualmente en la población estudiada no es apropiada, al no tener sillas y mesas adecuadas a los primeros cursos de primaria. Conclusiones. Existe un alto grado de desajuste entre el mobiliario y la antropometría del alumnado. Se propone seguir las tallas de la normativa europea, utilizando varias tallas por curso o mobiliario regulable, para adaptarse a las características antropométricas de todo el alumnado.

Introduction. School furniture affects the sitting position of students in the classroom, as well as their health and learning. Therefore, it is necessary to determine the existence of a potential mismatch between school furniture dimensions and students' anthropometric characteristics, as well as to propose dimensions based on classroom actuality and the regulations in place in both Galicia and the European Union. Population and methods. An evaluator with experience in anthropometry measured weight, height, popliteal height, sitting shoulder height, and sitting elbow height using an anthropometer and then compared values with the chairs and desks currently used. Analysis techniques were descriptive (measures of central tendency), single-factor analysis of variance, t test, χ² test (using the SPSS® software), and effect size (Cohen's d test). The significance level was established at p ≤ 0.05.Results. The sample was made up of 108 Spanish children in primary school (aged 6-12 years). Of them, 91.7 % and 97.2 % use, respectively, a chair and a desk that do not adjust to their anthropometric characteristics and use furniture that is larger than what they need. The regulations for furniture dimensions currently in place for the studied population are not adequate because the chairs and desks included are not adequate for the first grades of primary school. Conclusions. There is a high mismatch level between school furniture and students' anthropometric characteristics. We propose the use of the European regulations for furniture dimensions, with varying heights per grade or adjustable furniture that can be adapted to the anthropometric characteristics of all students.

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ABSTRACT The built environment can be a home to compensatory strategies aimed at increasing the independence of elderly people with Alzheimer's disease, by mitigating the cognitive impairment caused by it. Objective: The aim of this study was to find out which interventions were performed in indoor environments and observe their impacts on the relief of behavioral symptoms related to the disorientation of elderly people with probable Alzheimer's disease. Methods: A systematic review was carried out using the preferred reporting items for systematic review and meta-analyses criteria in the MEDLINE/PubMed database. Two researchers carried out the selection of the studies, following the same methodology. The third author contributed during the writing process and in the decision-making. Results: Of note, 375 studies were identified and 20 studies were included in this systematic review. The identified interventions were classified into environmental communications and environmental characteristics. Conclusions: Environmental communications had positive results in guiding and reducing agitation. In contrast, while reducing behavioral symptoms related to orientation, environmental characteristics showed improvements mainly in social engagement and functional capacity.

RESUMO O ambiente construído pode ser lar para estratégias compensatórias destinadas a aumentar a independência de idosos com doença de Alzheimer, ao mitigar o comprometimento cognitivo causado por ela. Objetivo: Descobrir quais intervenções foram realizadas em ambientes internos e observar seus impactos no alívio de sintomas comportamentais relacionados à desorientação de idosos com provável doença de Alzheimer. Métodos: Uma revisão sistemática foi realizada usando os critérios Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses na base de dados Medical Literature Analysis and Retrieval System Online/ PubMed. Dois pesquisadores realizaram a seleção dos estudos seguindo a mesma metodologia. O terceiro autor contribuiu durante o processo de redação e nas tomadas de decisão. Resultados: Foram identificados 375 estudos e 20 foram incluídos na presente revisão sistemática. As intervenções observadas foram classificadas em comunicações ambientais e características ambientais. Conclusões: As comunicações ambientais tiveram resultados positivos na orientação e na redução da agitação. As características ambientais, por outro lado, embora reduzam os sintomas comportamentais relacionados à orientação, mostraram melhorias principalmente no engajamento social e na capacidade funcional.

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Introduction: School furniture affects the sitting position of students in the classroom, as well as their health and learning. Therefore, it is necessary to determine the existence of a potential mismatch between school furniture dimensions and students' anthropometric characteristics, as well as to propose dimensions based on classroom actuality and the regulations in place in both Galicia and the European Union. Population and methods: An evaluator with experience in anthropometry measured weight, height, popliteal height, sitting shoulder height, and sitting elbow height using an anthropometer and then compared values with the chairs and desks currently used. Analysis techniques were descriptive (measures of central tendency), single-factor analysis of variance, t test, χ² test (using the SPSS® software), and effect size (Cohen's d test). The significance level was established at p ≤ 0.05. Results: The sample was made up of 108 Spanish children in primary school (aged 6-12 years). Of them, 91.7 % and 97.2 % use, respectively, a chair and a desk that do not adjust to their anthropometric characteristics and use furniture that is larger than what they need. The regulations for furniture dimensions currently in place for the studied population are not adequate because the chairs and desks included are not adequate for the first grades of primary school. Conclusions: There is a high mismatch level between school furniture and students' anthropometric characteristics. We propose the use of the European regulations for furniture dimensions, with varying heights per grade or adjustable furniture that can be adapted to the anthropometric characteristics of all students.

Introducción. El mobiliario escolar influye en la postura sedente que adopta el alumnado en el aula, con efectos en su salud y aprendizaje. Por ello, es preciso determinar la existencia de un posible desajuste entre las dimensiones del mobiliario escolar y la antropometría del alumnado, así como realizar una propuesta de tallas en base a la realidad del aula y las normativas de Galicia y la Unión Europea. Población y métodos. Un evaluador experto en antropometría realizó las mediciones de peso, talla, altura poplítea, hombro y codo sentado, con un antropómetro, comparándolas posteriormente con las sillas y mesas utilizadas actualmente. Las técnicas de análisis empleadas fueron: descriptivo (medidas de tendencia central), análisis de la varianza de un factor, prueba t, prueba de chi cuadrado (en software SPSS®) y tamaño del efecto (d de Cohen). El nivel de significación establecido fue de p ≤ 0,05. Resultados. La muestra se compuso de 108 estudiantes españoles de educación primaria (de entre 6 y 12 años). El 91,7 % y el 97,2 % del alumnado emplea, respectivamente, una silla y una mesa que no se ajusta a sus características antropométricas, y utiliza mobiliario con un tamaño superior al que le corresponde. La normativa de tallas de mobiliario que rige actualmente en la población estudiada no es apropiada, al no tener sillas y mesas adecuadas a los primeros cursos de primaria. Conclusiones. Existe un alto grado de desajuste entre el mobiliario y la antropometría del alumnado. Se propone seguir las tallas de la normativa europea, utilizando varias tallas por curso o mobiliario regulable, para adaptarse a las características antropométricas de todo el alumnado.

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In this article two multi-stage stochastic linear programming models are developed, one applying the stochastic programming solver integrated by Lingo 17.0 optimization software that utilizes an approximation using an identical conditional sampling and Latin-hyper-square techniques to reduce the sample variance, associating the probability distributions to normal distributions with defined mean and standard deviation; and a second proposed model with a discrete distribution with 3 values and their respective probabilities of occurrence. In both cases, a scenario tree is generated. The models developed are applied to an aggregate production plan (APP) for a furniture manufacturing company located in the state of Hidalgo, Mexico, which has important clients throughout the country. Production capacity and demand are defined as random variables of the model. The main purpose of this research is to determine a feasible solution to the aggregate production plan in a reasonable computational time. The developed models were compared and analyzed. Moreover, this work was complemented with a sensitivity analysis; varying the percentage of service level, also, varying the stochastic parameters (mean and standard deviation) to test how these variations impact in the solution and decision variables.

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BACKGROUND: Anthropometrics is very important when ensuring a physical match between end users and product or workstations. OBJECTIVES: The purpose of this study are twofold, to provide anthropometric data for the design of products and to examine the secular changes in the adult Chilean workers in a period of more than 20 years. METHODS: Nineteen anthropometric measurements from two samples from 1995 and 2016 were compared using independent t-test (95% confidence interval), where additionally absolute and relative differences were calculated. RESULTS: The secular trend observed for Stature is characterized by an increase average of 20mm and 10.5mm per decade for females and males, respectively. There is a positive secular trend for both genders, which is observed for most of the selected body measurements. The most pronounced increases were onWeight, Shoulder breadth, Body mass index, Popliteal height; Buttock-popliteal length and Hip width. CONCLUSIONS: Segmental dimensions that experienced a positive secular trend, together with Weight and Stature, are highly correlated with seating design, addressing the need to review products targeting Chilean adult workers, such as public transport seats, office furniture or industrial workplaces.

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The aim of this study was to characterise the cardiac autonomic modulation of different office tasks performed by office workers with access to a sit-stand table. Heart rate variability (HRV) of 24 office workers was measured for two hours during three days in the last week of sit-stand table use. HRV indexes and the percentage of heart rate reserve (%HRR) were calculated during computer and non-computer work tasks while sitting or standing, non-computer tasks away from the work desk, and informal work breaks. All cardiac autonomic responses demonstrated a statistically significant interaction effect between the tasks (all p < 0.05) except for the logarithmically-transformed high frequency power (ln HF ms2; p = 0.14). Tasks performed while standing and away from the desk had higher sympathetic modulation; in addition, the observed higher %HRR demonstrated that these tasks were more physically demanding in comparison to other tasks. Practitioner Summary: Prior reports indicated benefits based on alternated body postures using sit-stand table. Nevertheless, the cardiac autonomic responses of different tasks performed by office workers are unknown. This cross-sectional study showed that different tasks stimulate the cardiac autonomic nervous system in different ways, which could bring positive effects to the cardiovascular system.

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Office workers remain in a awkward position for long periods, which can lead to musculoskeletal symptoms. Ergonomic guidelines are recommended to avoid such problems. Evidence of the long-term effectiveness of ergonomic interventions is scarce. The aim of this randomised controlled trial was to compare pain intensity among office workers who received an ergonomic intervention and a control group before as well as 12, 24, and 36 wk after the intervention. Workers were randomly allocated to a control group (CG) and experimental group (EG). The EG received an ergonomic workstation intervention. Furniture measurements were related to individual anthropometric measurements to identify mismatches. The outcome was pain intensity, which was determined using a numerical pain scale and the Nordic Musculoskeletal Questionnaire. A linear mixed model was created with pain intensity as the dependent variable. Group and time were the independent variables. No significant interactions were found between group and time. Significant differences between groups were found for the pain intensity in the neck, shoulder, upper back, and wrist/hand (p<0.05), with lower intensity in the EG. The intervention reduced pain intensity in the neck, shoulder, upper back, and wrist/hand. However, no reduction in pain intensity was found for the lower back or elbow.

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Considerando a presença do familiar/acompanhante na Unidade de Terapia Intensiva Pediátrica (UTIP), ocorreram transformações na ambiência da unidade intensiva para atender as demandas referentes a assistência à criança e sua família. O estudo tem como objeto a configuração da ambiência da UTIP na assistência à criança e sua família. Objetivos: indicar os elementos da ambiência da UTIP; analisar a configuração da ambiência da UTIP com a presença da família da criança e discutir as implicações da configuração da ambiência da UTIP com a presença da família da criança para a prática assistencial de enfermagem. O marco conceitual está fundamentado em três eixos: caracterização da unidade na assistência centrada na criança e sua família de Elsen e Patrício (2005); a Teoria Ambientalista de Florence Nightingale (1989) e aos Condicionantes Ambientais da Arquitetura nos Estabelecimentos Assistenciais de Saúde, baseado nas legislações vigentes para construção e planejamento da Unidade de Terapia Intensiva. Trata-se de uma pesquisa de natureza qualitativa. Os cenários do estudo foram as Unidades de Terapia Intensiva Pediátrica de três hospitais públicos do Sistema Único de Saúde, localizados no Município do Rio de Janeiro. Os participantes foram sete gestores de enfermagem e 28 enfermeiros assistenciais. Os procedimentos metodológicos foram um formulário de caracterização dos participantes (enfermeiros e gestores de enfermagem), um questionário semiestruturado (enfermeiros), uma entrevista semiestruturada (gestores de enfermagem) e observação participante (ambiência dos cenários). A análise dos dados foi baseada na análise temática, sendo utilizado o software Iramuteq 7.2. como ferramenta de apoio para organização dos dados. Os gestores não valorizaram a influência dos elementos ambientais na recuperação da criança. Contudo, os aspectos relacionados ao espaço físico da unidade, distanciamento entre leitos, mobiliário e localização do posto de enfermagem foram mencionados por eles. Para os enfermeiros, houve ênfase nos seguintes elementos condicionantes do ambiente: iluminação; ventilação; ruídos; janelas com vista para o exterior; cores e decoração; espaço físico da unidade; distanciamento entre leitos; mobiliário e odores. Dentre esses elementos, os ruídos foram indicados como um incômodo de forma unânime. A relação do familiar/acompanhante e a equipe de enfermagem foi também abordada pelos dois grupos de participantes, assim como a necessidade de oferecer melhores condições de permanência no ambiente. Concluiu-se que apesar das transformações, como o surgimento das Unidades de Terapia Intensiva e a presença da família nessas unidades, a equipe de enfermagem deve manter os princípios de Florence Nightingale no que se refere à influência do ambiente no processo saúde-doença e a promoção de uma ambiência adequada e acolhedora para a assistência à criança e sua família, estabelecendo como meta o cuidado centrado na criança e sua família, em consonância com as diretrizes da Política Nacional de Humanização e atendendo as normas vigentes para o planejamento e construção dos estabelecimentos de saúde. As adequações não implicam, necessariamente, em elevados custos, mas, na maioria das vezes, em simples revisões e atualizações das práticas assistenciais, bem como na capacitação periódica da equipe sobre a ambiência e humanização, como também no engajamento do enfermeiro em todo processo de planejamento, construção e/ou reforma da unidade.

With the presence of the family member/companion at the Pediatric Intensive Care Unit (PICU), it is believed that changes occurred in the environment of the intensive care unit to meet the demands regarding care for the child and his family. The study has as its object the ambiance setting of the PICU in the assistance to the child and his family. Objectives: to indicate the elements of the ambiance of the PICU; to analyze the ambiance setting of the PICU with the presence of the child's family and discuss the implications of the ambiance setting of the PICU for the nursing care practice with the attendance of the child's family. The conceptual framework is based on three axes: Elsen and Patrício's characterization of the unit in child and family-centered care (2005); Florence Nightingale's Environmental Theory (1989), and the Environmental Conditioning Factors of Architecture in Health Care Facilities, based on current legislation for the construction and planning of the Intensive Care Unit. It is a qualitative research. The study scenarios were the Pediatric Intensive Care Units of three public hospitals of the Public Health System (SUS), located in the city of Rio de Janeiro. Seven nursing managers and 28 care nurses participated in the study. A form of characterization of the participants (nurses and nursing managers), a semi-structured questionnaire (nurses), a semi-structured interview (nursing managers), and participant observation (scenario ambiance) were the methodological procedures. Data analysis was based on thematic analysis, using Iramuteq 7.2 software as a support tool for data organization. The managers did not value the influence of environmental elements on the child's recovery. However, they mentioned the aspects related to the physical space of the unit, the distance between beds, furniture, and the location of the nursing station. For the nurses, there was an emphasis on the following conditioning environment elements: lighting; ventilation; noise; windows with the outside view; colors and decoration; physical space of the unit; spacing between beds; furniture, and odors. Among these elements, nurses unanimously indicated the noise as a nuisance. The family member/companion and the nursing team relationship were also addressed by the two groups of participants, as well as the need to offer better conditions of stay in the environment. In conclusion, despite the changes, such as the introduction of Intensive Care Units, and the presence of the family in these areas, the nursing staff must uphold the principles of Florence Nightingale, with concern to the influence of the environment on the health-disease process, and to promote an environment suitable and friendly to the care of the child and his/her family, establishing the care centered on children and their families in line with the guidelines of the National Humanization Policy as the goal and meeting the current regulations for the planning and construction of healthcare facilities. The adaptations do not necessarily imply high costs, but most of the time, in simple reviews and updates of care practices, as well as in the periodic training of the staff on the ambiance and humanization, and the engagement of the nurse in the entire process of planning, construction and/or renovation of the unit.

Considerando la presencia del pariente/acompañante en la Unidad de Cuidado Intensivo Pediátrico (UTIP), se cree que ocurrieron transformaciones en el ambiente de la unidad intensiva para atender las demandas referentes a la asistencia al niño y su familia. El estudio tiene como objeto la configuración del ambiente de la UTIP en la asistencia al niño y su familia. Objetivos: indicar los elementos del ambiente de la UTIP; analizar la configuración del ambiente de la UTIP con la presencia de la familia del niño y discutir las implicaciones de la configuración del ambiente de la UTIP con la presencia de la familia del niño para la práctica asistencial de enfermería. El marco conceptual se basa en tres ejes: la caracterización de la unidad en la asistencia centrada en el niño y su familia de Elsen y Patrício (2005); a la Teoría Ambientalista de Florence Nightingale (1989) y a los Condicionantes Ambientales de la Arquitectura en los Establecimientos Asistenciales de Salud, basado en las legislaciones vigentes para la construcción y el planeamiento de la Unidad de Cuidado Intensivo. Se trata de una investigación de naturaleza cualitativa. Los escenarios del estudio han sido las Unidades de Cuidados Intensivos Pediátrica de tres hospitales públicos del Sistema Único de Salud, localizados en el Municipio de Rio de Janeiro. Los participantes fueron siete gestores de enfermería y 28 enfermeros asistenciales. Los procedimientos metodológicos han sido un formulario de caracterización de los participantes (enfermeros y gestores de enfermería), una encuesta semiestructurada (enfermeros), una entrevista semiestructurada (gestores de enfermería) y observación participante (ambiente de los escenarios). El análisis de los datos ha sido basado en el análisis temático, siendo utilizado el software Iramuteq 7.2. como herramienta de apoyo para organización de los datos. Los gestores, no valorizaron la influencia de los elementos ambientales en la recuperación del niño. Sin embargo, los aspectos relacionados al espacio físico de la unidad, distanciamiento entre lechos, mobiliario y ubicación del puesto de enfermería fueron mencionados por ellos. Para los enfermeros, hubo énfasis en los siguientes elementos condicionantes del ambiente: iluminación; ventilación; ruidos; ventanas con vista para el exterior; colores y decoración; espacio físico de la unidad; distanciamiento entre lechos; mobiliario y olores. Entre eses elementos, los ruidos fueron indicados como un incomodo de manera unánime. La relación del pariente/acompañante y el equipo de enfermería ha sido también abordada por los dos grupos de participantes, así como la necesidad de ofrecer mejores condiciones de permanencia en el ambiente. Se concluye que aunque las transformaciones, como el surgimiento de las Unidades de Cuidados Intensivos y la presencia de la familia en esas unidades, el equipo de enfermería debe mantener los principios de Florence Nightingale en lo que se refiere a la influencia del ambiente en el proceso salud-enfermedad y la promoción de un ambiente adecuado y acogedor para la asistencia al niño y su familia, estableciendo como meta el cuidado centrado en el niño y su familia, en consonancia con las directrices de la Política Nacional de Humanización y atendiendo las normas vigentes para el planeamiento y construcción de los establecimientos de salud. Las adecuaciones no implican necesariamente en costos elevados, pero en la mayoría de las veces, en simples revisiones y actualizaciones de las prácticas asistenciales, así como en la capacitación periódica del equipo acerca del ambiente y humanización, como también en el compromiso del enfermero en todo el proceso de planeamiento, construcción y/o reforma de la unidad.

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Introdução: A longa hospitalização dos neonatos na Unidade de Terapia Intensiva Neonatal tem como consequência o aumento dos riscos de alterações posturais devido ao tempo prolongado dentro de incubadoras e berços. O objetivo do estudo foi desenvolver um dispositivo para promover uma alternativa de mudança de decúbito denominada Cadeira Terapêutico Neonatal. Métodos: Estudo qualitativo e descritivo de desenvolvimento e produção, aprovado pelo Comitê de Ética em Pesquisa com o no 17-0254 e constituído por três etapas: desenvolvimento e confecção do protótipo; avaliação da aplicabilidade do protótipo por meio de um questionário de aplicabilidade, após transcorridos 10 minutos do posicionamento funcional; e definição do modelo e solicitação do pedido de invenção pelo Instituto Nacional de Propriedade Industrial (INPI). Resultados: Foram desenvolvidos e confeccionados dois modelos de protótipos de Cadeira Terapêutica Neonatal. Vinte e oito colaboradores da equipe assistencial responderam ao questionário: 82% consideram muito bom na avaliação no grau de conforto e adaptação do neonato; 96% avaliaram como muito fácil de realizar o processo de higienização. Onze (39,28%) colaboradores sugeriram promover medidas de melhorias no cinto de segurança. Definiu-se o modelo do invento e foi feita a inserção do pedido sob o número BR 20.2020.005865 2 no INPI. Conclusão: O modelo proposto promoveu uma alternativa de mudança de postura, tendo como característica a aplicabilidade e a usabilidade. (AU)

Introduction: The long hospitalization of neonates in the Neonatal Intensive Care Unit has the consequence of increasing the risks of postural changes due to the prolonged time inside incubators and cradles. The aim of the study was to develop a device to promote an alternative for changing the decubitus position called "Neonatal Therapy Chair". Methods: Qualitative and descriptive study of development and production, approved Human Research Protection Office number 17-0254 ­ consisting of three stages: Stage 1- development and making of the prototype; Step 2- evaluation of the applicability of the prototype through an Applicability Questionnaire, after 10 minutes of functional positioning; Stage 3- definition of the model and request for an invention request by the NIIP (National Institute of Industrial Property). Results: Stage 1: two prototype. Stage 2: Twenty-eight employees of the assistance team answered the questionnaire: 82% consider it very good in assessing the degree of comfort and adaptation of the newborn; 96% rated it as very easy to carry out the cleaning process. Eleven (39.28%) employees suggested promoting measures to improve seat belts. Step 3: definition of the model of the invention and insertion of the order under number BR 20 2020 005865 2 at NIIP. (AU)

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Objective. Determine the level of environmental and periauricular noise in preterm babies and identify the sources generating noise in the Neonatal Intensive Care Unit -NICU- of a reference hospital in San Luis Potosí, Mexico. Methods. Cross-sectional and analytic study of the measurement of the level of environmental noise in five critical areas of the NICU, according with the method of measurement of noise from fixed sources by the Mexican Official Norm and periauricular at 20 cm from the preterm patient's pinna. The measurements were carried out during three representative days of a week, morning, evening and nocturnal shifts. A STEREN 400 sound level meter was used with 30 to 130 dB range of measurement and a rate of 0.5 s. Results. The average level of periauricular noise (64.5±1.91dB) was higher than the environmental noise (63.3±1.74 dB) during the days and shifts evaluated. The principal noise sources were activities carried out by the staff, like the nursing change of shift and conversations by the staff, which raised the level continuously or intermittently, operation of vital support equipment (alarms) and incidences (clashing of baby bottles and moving furnishings) produced sudden rises of noise. Conclusions. Environmental and periauricular noise in NICU exceeds by two and almost three times the 45 dB during the day and 35 dB at night from the norm in hospitals. It is necessary to implement permanent noise reduction programs to prevent sequelae in the preterm infant and professional burnout in the nursing staff

Objetivo. Determinar el nivel de ruido ambiental y periauricular en prematuros e identificar las fuentes generadoras de ruido en la Unidad de Cuidados Intensivos Neonatales -UCIN- de un hospital de referencia de San Luis Potosí, México. Métodos. Estudio transversal y analítico de la medición del nivel de ruido ambiental en cinco áreas críticas de la UCIN de acuerdo al método de medición de ruido de fuentes fijas de la Norma Oficial Mexicana y periauricular a 20 cm del pabellón auricular del prematuro. Las mensuraciones se realizaron en tres días representativos de una semana, turnos matutino, vespertino y nocturno. Se utilizó un sonómetro STEREN 400 con rango de medición de 30 a 130 dB y una frecuencia de 0.5 s. Resultados. El promedio del nivel de ruido periauricular (64.5±1.91dB) fue mayor que el ambiental (63.3±1.74 dB) en los días y turnos evaluados. Las principales fuentes de ruido fueron las actividades realizadas por el personal como entrega de turno de enfermería y conversación del personal que elevó el nivel de manera continua o intermitente, el funcionamiento del equipo de soporte vital (alarmas) e incidencias (choque de biberones y mover mobiliario) produjeron elevaciones súbitas de ruido. Conclusiones. El ruido ambiental y periauricular en UCIN sobrepasa al doble y casi al triple los 45 dB en el día y 35 dB por la noche de la normativa en hospitales. Es necesario implementar programas permanentes de reducción de ruido para prevenir secuelas en el prematuro y desgaste profesional en el personal de enfermería.

Objetivo. Determinar o nível de ruído ambiental e periatrial em bebês prematuros e identificar as fontes geradoras de ruído na Unidade de Terapia Intensiva Neonatal -UTIN- de um hospital de referência em San Luis Potosí, México. Métodos. Estudo transversal e analítico da medição do nível de ruído ambiental em cinco áreas críticas da UTIN de acordo com o método de medição de ruído de fontes fixas do Padrão Oficial Mexicano e periauricular a 20 cm da orelha do prematuro. As medições foram realizadas em três dias representativos da semana, turnos matutinos, vespertino e noturno. Foi utilizado um medidor de nível de som STEREN 400 com faixa de medição de 30 a 130 dB e frequência de 0.5 s. Resultados. O nível médio de ruído periatrial (64.5±1.91 dB) foi superior ao ruído ambiente (63.3±1.74 dB) nos dias e turnos avaliados. As principais fontes de ruído foram as atividades realizadas pela equipe, como entrega do plantão de enfermagem e conversas com a equipe que aumentavam o nível de forma contínua ou intermitente, o funcionamento do equipamento de suporte de vida (alarmes) e incidentes (choque de mamadeira e movimentação de móveis) produziu picos repentinos de ruído. Conclusões. O ruído ambiental e periatrial na UTIN é mais do que o dobro e quase o triplo dos 45 dB diurnos e 35 dB noturnos dos regulamentos dos hospitais. Faz-se necessária a implantação de programas permanentes de redução de ruído para prevenir sequelas em prematuros e esgotamento profissional na equipe de enfermagem.

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Resumen El llamado Castelo Mourisco constituye un modelo exacto de la función elevada que corresponde a la arquitectura. Más interesante todavía cuando se trata de la sede de un instituto de ciencias biomédicas de prestigio mundial, cuyo cuidado diseño evidencia el compromiso humanista de Oswaldo Cruz, su impulsor. Solo gracias a la impecable alianza entre promotor y proyectista pueden lograrse realizaciones arquitectónicas como ésta, donde se traspasan los límites constructivos hasta simbolizar la fusión de ciencia, historia y arte. El análisis de los variados recursos estilísticos utilizados en el edificio justifica su elección y vigencia, pues desde hace un siglo no solo ocupa el corazón del campus de Manguinhos, sino que también actualiza el espíritu de la institución que alberga.

Abstract The so-called Castelo Mourisco provides an accurate model of the elevated function of architecture. It is all the more interesting because it is the headquarters of an internationally-renowned institute of biomedical sciences, and its meticulous design reveals the humanist ideals of Oswaldo Cruz, its founder. Only through a faultless alliance between founder and designer can architectural creations like this one arise; it transcends the limits of construction to symbolize the fusion of science, history and art. Analysis of the various stylistic resources used in the building justifies their selection and continued relevance, since for a century it has not only occupied the heart of the Manguinhos campus, but also continued to express the modern spirit of the institution it harbors.

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BACKGROUND: Students remain in a sedentary position inside classrooms for 60% to 80% of their school day. As such, research has associated students' prolonged seated posture on school furniture with their discomfort and musculoskeletal pain. The correlation between the shape of the seat surface and the zones of the body making contact with these surfaces constitutes an essential factor in determining comfort-enhancing seat design. OBJECTIVE: This study's primary aim lies in contrasting the standard, current school chair against two seat prototypes, both designed and built from digital models, comparing seat-user pressure distribution and contact area during students' performance of different school tasks. METHODS: Participants (n = 13), ages 7 to 19, performed school tasks sitting on three different chairs' seat surfaces during the test: the current seat used in schools and two seat prototypes, each designed based on body anatomy. The seats were evaluated through a force-sensing array pressure-mapping system. RESULTS: The measurements from designed seat prototypes provide a better distribution of pressures and greater contact area with the students' anatomical areas (buttocks and thighs) than the seat currently used in the specified schools. The improvement in pressure values and contact area as seen in the second designed seat prototype is due to its inclination angle and contact with students' sacral zone. CONCLUSIONS: This research work found that a seat's shape based on human anatomical features (buttocks and thighs), compared to a completely flat seat, creates a higher reduction of body pressures and an increase in the body contact area, with the intent to increase comfort and reduce musculoskeletal pain.

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