RESUMEN
This article considers the breakdown in discipline in the British Army which occurred in Britain and on the Western Front during the process of demobilization at the end of the First World War. Many soldiers, retained in the army immediately after the Armistice, went on strike, and some formed elected committees, demanding their swifter return to civilian life. Their perception was that the existing demobilization system was unjust, and men were soon organized by those more politically conscious members of the armed forces who had enlisted for the duration of the war. At one stage in January 1919, over 50,000 soldiers were out on strike, a fact that was of great concern to the British civilian and military authorities who miscalculated the risk posed by soldiers. Spurred on by many elements of the press, especially the Daily Mail and Daily Herald, who both fanned and dampened the flames of discontent, soldiers' discipline broke down, demonstrating that the patriotism which had for so long kept them in line could only extend so far. Though senior members of the government, principally Winston Churchill, and the military, especially Douglas Haig and Henry Wilson, were genuinely concerned that Bolshevism had 'infected' the army, or, at the very least, the army had been unionized, their fears were not realized. The article examines the government's strategy regarding demobilization, its efforts to assess the risk of politicization and manage the press, and its responses to these waves of strikes, arguing that, essentially, these soldiers were civilians first and simply wanted to return home, though, in the post-war political climate, government fears were very real.
Asunto(s)
Personal Militar/historia , Huelga de Empleados/historia , Disciplina Laboral/historia , Historia del Siglo XX , Reino Unido , Primera Guerra MundialRESUMEN
As cigarette smoking expanded dramatically during the early twentieth century, it brought more and more workers into conflict with the policies and demands of the manufacturers who employed them. As this paper shows, addiction to nicotine ignited daily struggles over workers' shopfloor rights and the ability of employers to set rules, establish discipline, and monitor behavior. A specific set of records from the archives of the Hammermill Paper Company, a paper manufacturer once based in Erie, Pennsylvania, provide a unique opportunity to explore the impact of cigarette consumption on labor relations during the era of mass production, as two nosy factory spies probed and documented worker actions and attitudes in the summer of 1915. As a result of their intelligence gathering, the spies discovered a factory-wide work culture rooted in the addictive pleasure of cigarette smoke. This discovery worried them. Worker-smokers needed to dampen their hunger for nicotine with frequent, and often clandestine, breaks from work, typically in defiance of "no-smoking" rules, employer designations for the uses of factory space, and bosses' demands for continuous production. Highlighting the intersections of the histories of labor, smoking, and addiction, this paper argues that cigarettes were a key battleground in workers' and managers' intensifying struggles over who really controlled the industrial shopfloor during the early 1900s.
Asunto(s)
Hábitos , Salud Laboral , Placer , Fumar , Conducta Social , Controles Informales de la Sociedad , Disciplina Laboral/economía , Disciplina Laboral/historia , Historia del Siglo XX , Nicotina/economía , Nicotina/historia , Salud Laboral/economía , Salud Laboral/educación , Salud Laboral/etnología , Salud Laboral/historia , Pennsylvania/etnología , Fumar/economía , Fumar/etnología , Fumar/historia , Conducta Social/historia , Controles Informales de la Sociedad/historiaAsunto(s)
Aculturación , Comercio , Disciplina Laboral , Relaciones Interpersonales , Judíos , Desarrollo Moral , Conducta Sexual , Mujeres Trabajadoras , Capitalismo , Comercio/economía , Comercio/educación , Comercio/historia , Emociones/fisiología , Disciplina Laboral/economía , Disciplina Laboral/historia , Identidad de Género , Historia del Siglo XX , Judíos/educación , Judíos/etnología , Judíos/historia , Judíos/psicología , Principios Morales , Ciudad de Nueva York/etnología , Opinión Pública , Conducta Sexual/etnología , Conducta Sexual/historia , Conducta Sexual/fisiología , Conducta Sexual/psicología , Cambio Social/historia , Valores Sociales/etnología , Urbanización/historia , Salud de la Mujer/economía , Salud de la Mujer/etnología , Salud de la Mujer/historia , Derechos de la Mujer/economía , Derechos de la Mujer/educación , Derechos de la Mujer/historia , Derechos de la Mujer/legislación & jurisprudencia , Mujeres Trabajadoras/educación , Mujeres Trabajadoras/historia , Mujeres Trabajadoras/legislación & jurisprudencia , Mujeres Trabajadoras/psicologíaRESUMEN
AIMS: This paper describes discipline as a specific technique of power which constitutes, in our view, a form of institutional violence. BACKGROUND: The need to create and maintain safe and healthy work environments for healthcare professionals is well documented. EVALUATION: Foucault's concept of disciplinary power was used to explore institutional violence from a critical perspective. KEY ISSUE: Violence is identified as an important factor in the recruitment and retention of healthcare professionals. Given the shortage of such professionals, there is an urgent need to take a fresh look at their working environments and working conditions. CONCLUSION: Power, surveillance and disciplinary techniques are used at all levels of hospital management to control and contain both human resources and costs. IMPLICATIONS FOR NURSING MANAGEMENT: By associating common workplace practices with institutional violence, employers who have a policy of zero tolerance toward workplace violence will need to re-examine their current ways of operating.
Asunto(s)
Disciplina Laboral/historia , Personal de Enfermería/historia , Poder Psicológico , Conducta Social , Violencia/historia , Disciplina Laboral/métodos , Ambiente de Instituciones de Salud/historia , Historia del Siglo XVIII , Historia del Siglo XIX , Historia del Siglo XX , Humanos , Relaciones Interprofesionales , Enfermeras Administradoras/historia , Salud Laboral/historia , Cultura Organizacional , Selección de Personal/historia , Filosofía en Enfermería/historia , Lugar de Trabajo/historiaRESUMEN
The professionalization of Canadian anthropology in the first half of the twentieth century was tied closely to the matrix of the federal state, first though the Anthropology Division of the Geological Survey of Canada and then the National Museum. State anthropologists occupied an ambiguous professional status as both civil servants and anthropologists committed to the methodological and disciplinary imperatives of modern social science but bounded and guided by the operation of the civil service. Their position within the state served to both advance disciplinary development but also compromised disciplinary autonomy. To address the boundaries the state imposed on its support for anthropology, state anthropologists cultivated cultural, intellectual, and commercially-oriented networks that served to sustain new developments in their field, particularly in folklore. This essay examines these dynamics and suggests that anthropology's disciplinary development did not create a disjuncture between professionalized scholarship and civil society.