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The Royal Air Force (RAF) came into being during World War I as the world's first independent air force on the 1 April 1918, amalgamating elements of the Royal Flying Corps (RFC), itself established in 1912 and the Royal Naval Air Service which had formally separated from the Admiralty's administered Air Wing of the RFC in 1915. The RAF therefore celebrates its 100th anniversary in the same year that the Royal College of Physicians of London celebrates its 500th. This article will cover the contribution that military aviation has made to medicine since 1913 with the emphasis of three examples focusing on delivering care by air, providing care in the air and in developing systems for supporting aircrew or patients at the extremes of physiological stress.

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En este trabajo se analiza la emergencia y la evolución de las investigaciones experimentales y clínicas sobre trasplantes renales y diálisis en la Argentina, llevadas a cabo, a partir de 1957, en el Instituto de Investigaciones Médicas (IIM) de la Facultad de Medicina, de la Universidad de Buenos Aires (UBA).Se intenta mostrar cómo estas realizaciones fueron posibles gracias a la convergencia de dinámicas sociales y cognitivas. El impulso que recibieron las investigaciones y las prácticas sobre trasplantes y diálisis en el IIM fueron a) parte central de las apuestas institucionales llevadas adelante por Alfredo Lanari, director administrativo y autoridad política y académica del IIM; b) la continuidad y el aprovechamiento de una acumulación previa de recursos humanos y capacidades de investigación en trasplantes en el país y, a la vez, c) consecuencias de nuevos flujos de colaboración entablados entre los investigadores del IIM con los pioneros en este campo de saber, los cuales habilitaron la adquisición de los aparatos técnicos y los aprendizajes para su uso y aplicación en el medio local. La progresiva estabilización de dichas investigaciones no sólo redundó en el modo a través del cual el IIM construyó y acumuló prestigio científico sino que produjo cambios significativos para los enfermos que padecían Insuficiencia Renal Aguda (IRA) y Crónica (IRC), quienes hasta entonces no disponían de tratamientos ni cura para sus dolencias(AU)

This paper analyzes the origin and development of experimental and clinical research about kidney transplant and dialysis in Argentina which were carried out, from 1957, at the Instituto de Investigaciones Médicas (IIM) de la Facultad de Medicina, at the Universidad de Buenos Aires (UBA).The aim is to show how these developments were possible due to the convergence of social and cognitive dynamics. The major boost given to research and clinical experience on transplants and dialysis at the IIM was because they were a) a central part of the institutional commitment carried out by Alfredo Lanari, the administrative and political authority of the IIM, b) a way to continue and take profit of the previous accumulation on local research capacities, human resources and knowledge on transplants and c) a consequence of new scientific cooperation links settled between Lanari`s researchers and the international pioneers in this experimental and clinical field, which allowed the acquisition of technical equipment and knowledge applied in the local context. The progressive stabilization of those researches not only gave scientific prestige to the IIM but produced significant changes for Acute Kidney Failure and Chronic Kidney Failure sick people, whose treatment or cure were non-existent for them until then(AU)

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A single encounter with a dialysis patient led to the study of complement and neutrophil aggregation, which in turn spawned our work and the remarkable development of the field of vascular biology. As our understanding of these cellular interactions and the signaling pathways involved in these processes has expanded, so has our appreciation for the broad impact of this work on an array of human diseases.

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Laboratory dialysis, one of the most widely used techniques in biological research is truly a ' gateway technology' . The analogy is to that of a ' gate' of a building through which everybody has to pass, even though they may wish to go to different departments. Similarly, researchers may be working in altogether different areas but all may need to use laboratory dialysis at one stage or the other during the course of their research. Biochemists may use it to purify enzymes, an immunologist may use it to purify monoclonal antibodies from culture supernatants, a chemist may use it as a step in the crystallography process or for purification of ionic liquids, a biotechnologist may use it to study the effectiveness of enzyme immobilization and a drug discovery scientist may use it for determining drug-protein interaction. The present article reviews patents in the field of laboratory dialysis from inception till date, focusing on the various developmental and innovation related milestones during evolution of the technique. It captures the full panorama of a very interesting technique which continues to be as relevant today as it was in 1866 when the term ' dialysis' was first coined.

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In this article, we comment on a primitive foresight of Galen's regarding the value of blood purification. His main arguments are based on: (i) The disease-blood concept, i.e., the idea that blood can be unclean (with an either excess or bad-quality humor) and thus cause a disease; (ii) Cure can be achieved if elimination (catharsis in Greek) of the humor (toxin) is possible; (iii) If the toxins are limited in the intravascular space, their elimination will be sufficient for cure by just a single attempt of replacing the unclean blood with pure; (iv) If the toxins have also affected the extravascular space, then repeated attempts will be needed; (v) The whole procedure can be compared with the insufficiency of washing once a dirty clay pot and immediately filling it with a pure liquid. The dirt that has adhered to the pot's walls will contaminate the pure liquid. Thus, repeated washing is needed to achieve cleanliness. Galen's metaphor of washing a dirty pot for a long period and eventually achieving a pure content is strikingly similar to the theory of hemodialysis. According to this, uremic toxins are spread both intravascularly and extravascularly. To eliminate them, long and repeated "washing" of the blood is needed. One of the reasons the first attempts to dialyze failed was that this "washing" procedure was inadequate (the other reasons were clotting of the blood, infections and access problems).

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Introducción: Pretendemos establecer la evolución cronológica que ha llevado el trasplante renal en España. Apoyados en la heurística recogemos desde las primeras experiencias y trabajos científicos publicados a comienzos de los años sesenta hasta los de finales del siglo XX en el que el procedimiento se encuentra ya consolidado. Material y método: Revisamos la bibliografía urológica española, las publicaciones de trasplante renal, las de diálisis y las nefrológicas y cuantas referencias bibliográficas hemos localizado además de aportar nuestra experiencia personal. Resultados: El afán de ayudar a los pacientes en insuficiencia renal terminal fue el motor que impulsó a los urólogos españoles a comenzar con la práctica de los trasplantes renales. En mayo de 1960 el Dr. Martínez-Piñeiro efectúa el primero, sin resultado satisfactorio y es en julio de 1965 cuando el equipo del Dr. Gil-Vernet realiza un trasplante de cadáver con larga sobrevida del paciente y del órgano. Con los avances en los tratamientos inmunosupresores, el procedimiento se consolida como la mejor opción para el tratamiento de la insuficiencia renal y se suman a los trasplantes los principales hospitales del país. Conclusiones: Los urólogos españoles, con su esfuerzo, dedicación y confianza en los resultados de la técnica, son los iniciadores y principales responsables de la actividad quirúrgica del implante y únicamente cuando el beneficio era evidente se movió la Administración a establecer las normas para su desarrollo; tras la constitución de la ONT, con su despliegue de medios, se logra que España alcance y afiance una primacía mundial tanto en número de donantes como de implantes

Introduction: We try to establish the chronological evolution that has taken the renal transplant in Spain. Supported on the heuristic one we gather from the first experiences and scientific works published at the beginning of the sixties up to those of the finals of the XXth century in which the procedure is already consolidated. Material and method: We check the Spanish bibliography urology, the publications of renal transplant, those of dialysis and the nefrology and all the bibliographical references we have located beside contributing our personal experience. Results: The zeal to help the patients in renal terminal insufficiency was the engine that stimulated the Spanish urologist to begin with the practice of the renal transplants. In May, 1960 the Dr. Martínez-Piñeiro carries out the first one, without satisfactory result and is in july, 1965 when the team of the Dr. Gil-Vernet realizes a transplant of corpse with long billiard cue sobrevida of the patient and of the organ. With the advances in the treatments immunosuppressants, the procedure is consolidated as the best option for the renal insufficiency treatment and the Spain principal hospitals add to the transplants. Conclusions: The Spanish urologist, with their effort, dedication and confidence in the results of the technology, are the beginning and principal persons in charge of the surgical activity of the implant and only when the benefit was evident the Administration moved to establishing the procedure for its development; after the constitution of the ONT, with its unfolding of means, they achieves that Spain reaches and guarantees a world primacy so much in number of donors as of implants

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En este artículo, el autor nos cuenta a partir de la definición de diálisis, la historia de este procedimiento. Describe los difrentes pasos seguidos desde su inicio y nombra a algunos de los profesionales que se interesaron en el desarrollo de esta especialidad

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En este artículo, el autor nos cuenta a partir de la definición de diálisis, la historia de este procedimiento. Describe los difrentes pasos seguidos desde su inicio y nombra a algunos de los profesionales que se interesaron en el desarrollo de esta especialidad (AU)

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According to Herodotus, the use of charcoal was introduced in ancient Egypt; however only in 1773 Carl Willhelm Scheele utilized it for adsorbing gases. Finally, Hippocrates Yatzidis in 1963 demonstrated its binding capacity for toxic substances of endogenous or exogenous origin and used it for hemoperfusion systems.

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