RESUMEN
The gutta-percha cones used in endodontic treatment are produced in aseptic conditions and their composition includes zinc oxide, which is responsible for antibacterial activity. However, there is the possibility of microbial contamination by manipulation, aerosol or during storage. Although several chemical agents have been tested for their decontamination, there is no consensus on the best disinfection protocol to be used. The aim of this study was to evaluate the decontamination of gutta-percha cones contaminated with the bacteria Enterococcus faecalis, by using chlorhexidine digluconate (CHX) and sodium hypochlorite (NaClO) at different concentrations for short exposure times. For this purpose, gutta-percha cones (size 40) were selected at random from a sealed box and immersed for 1 min in a microbial suspension. Then they were immersed in specific Petri dishes for different groups containing: CHX 2%, NaClO 1% or NaClO 2.5% for 30 s or 1 min, and subsequently placed in tubes containing BHI broth. After incubating the tubes for 48 h, it was observed that 1% and 2.5% NaClO and 2% CHX were effective for decontaminating the cones at those exposure time intervals. Microbial growth was detected in one of the replicates of the group with CHX applied for 30 s. To prevent the possibility of failures at this stage, the exposure time of gutta-percha cones to the decontaminating agent should not be reduced.
Os cones de guta-percha utilizados no tratamento endodôntico são produzidos em condições assépticas e possuem óxido de zinco em sua composição, responsável pela atividade antibac-teriana. No entanto, existe a possibilidade de contaminação microbiana por manipulação, aerossol ou seu armazenamento. Embora vários agentes químicos já tenham sido testados para sua descontaminação, não há consenso sobre o melhor protocolo de desinfecção a ser usado. Nosso objetivo foi avaliar a descontaminação de cones de guta-percha contaminados com a bactéria Enterococcus faecalis, utilizando digluconato de clorexidina (CHX) e hipoclorito de sódio (NaClO) em diferentes concentrações e tempos de exposição curtos. Para esse fim, 40 cones de guta-percha foram selecionados aleatoriamente, de uma caixa selada e imersos por 1 min em uma suspensão microbiana. Em seguida, foram imersos em placas de Petri específicas para diferentes grupos contendo: CHX 2%, NaClO 1% ou 2,5%, nos tempos de exposição de 30s e 1min e subseqüentemente imersos em tubos contendo caldo BHI. Após incubação dos tubos por 48 h, observou-se que NaClO 1% e 2,5% e CHX 2% foram eficazes para a descontaminação dos cones nesses intervalos de tempo de exposição. Em uma das réplicas do grupo com CHX aplicado por 30s foi detectado crescimento microbiano. O tempo de exposição dos cones de guta-percha ao agente de descontaminação não deve ser reduzido para evitar a possibilidade de falhas nesse estágio.
Asunto(s)
Clorhexidina/análogos & derivados , Descontaminación/métodos , Desinfectantes Dentales/farmacología , Enterococcus faecalis/efectos de los fármacos , Gutapercha , Irrigantes del Conducto Radicular/farmacología , Hipoclorito de Sodio/farmacología , Esterilización/métodos , Antiinfecciosos Locales , Clorhexidina/farmacología , Desinfectantes Dentales/administración & dosificación , Enterococcus faecalis/aislamiento & purificación , Contaminación de Equipos/prevención & control , Humanos , Materiales de Obturación del Conducto Radicular , Irrigantes del Conducto Radicular/administración & dosificación , Hipoclorito de Sodio/administración & dosificaciónRESUMEN
ABSTRACT The guttapercha cones used in endodontic treatment are produced in aseptic conditions and their composition includes zinc oxide, which is responsible for antibacterial activity. However, there is the possibility of microbial contamination by manipulation, aerosol or during storage. Although several chemical agents have been tested for their decontamination, there is no consensus on the best disinfection protocol to be used. The aim of this study was to evaluate the decontamination of guttapercha cones contaminated with the bacteria Enterococcus faecalis, by using chlorhexidine digluconate (CHX) and sodium hypochlorite (NaClO) at different concentrations for short exposure times. For this purpose, guttapercha cones (size 40) were selected at random from a sealed box and immersed for 1 min in a microbial suspension. Then they were immersed in specific Petri dishes for different groups containing: CHX 2%, NaClO 1% or NaClO 2.5% for 30 s or 1 min, and subsequently placed in tubes containing BHI broth. After incubating the tubes for 48 h, it was observed that 1% and 2.5% NaClO and 2% CHX were effective for decontaminating the cones at those exposure time intervals. Microbial growth was detected in one of the replicates of the group with CHX applied for 30 s. To prevent the possibility of failures at this stage, the exposure time of guttapercha cones to the decontaminating agent should not be reduced.
RESUMO Os cones de gutapercha utilizados no tratamento endodôntico são produzidos em condições assépticas e possuem óxido de zinco em sua composição, responsável pela atividade antibac te riana. No entanto, existe a possibilidade de contaminação microbiana por manipulação, aerossol ou seu armazenamento. Embora vários agentes químicos já tenham sido testados para sua descontaminação, não há consenso sobre o melhor proto colo de desinfecção a ser usado. Nosso objetivo foi avaliar a descontaminação de cones de gutapercha contaminados com a bactéria Enterococcus faecalis, utilizando digluconato de clorexidina (CHX) e hipoclorito de sódio (NaClO) em diferentes concentrações e tempos de exposição curtos. Para esse fim, 40 cones de gutapercha foram selecionados aleatoriamente, de uma caixa selada e imersos por 1 min em uma suspensão microbiana. Em seguida, foram imersos em placas de Petri específicas para diferentes grupos contendo: CHX 2%, NaClO 1% ou 2,5%, nos tempos de exposição de 30s e 1min e subseqüentemente imersos em tubos contendo caldo BHI. Após incubação dos tubos por 48 h, observouse que NaClO 1% e 2,5% e CHX 2% foram eficazes para a descontaminação dos cones nesses intervalos de tempo de exposição. Em uma das réplicas do grupo com CHX aplicado por 30s foi detectado crescimento microbiano. O tempo de exposição dos cones de gutapercha ao agente de desconta minação não deve ser reduzido para evitar a possibilidade de falhas nesse estágio.
Asunto(s)
Humanos , Irrigantes del Conducto Radicular/farmacología , Hipoclorito de Sodio/farmacología , Clorhexidina/análogos & derivados , Esterilización/métodos , Descontaminación/métodos , Enterococcus faecalis/efectos de los fármacos , Desinfectantes Dentales/farmacología , Gutapercha , Materiales de Obturación del Conducto Radicular , Irrigantes del Conducto Radicular/administración & dosificación , Hipoclorito de Sodio/administración & dosificación , Clorhexidina/farmacología , Contaminación de Equipos/prevención & control , Enterococcus faecalis/aislamiento & purificación , Desinfectantes Dentales/administración & dosificación , Antiinfecciosos LocalesRESUMEN
BACKGROUND: Propolis is a natural substance produced by bees and is known to have antimicrobial activity. Our aim was to evaluate the antimicrobial effect of micellar nanocomposites loaded with an ethyl acetate extract of Brazilian red propolis as a cavity cleaning agent and its influence on the color and microtensile bond strength (µTBS) of the dentin/resin interface. METHODS: An ultra-performance liquid chromatography coupled with a diode array detector (UPLC-DAD) assay was used to determine the flavonoids and isoflavones present in an ethyl acetate extract of Brazilian red propolis (EARP) and micellar nanocomposites loaded with EARP (MNRP). The antimicrobial activity of EARP and MNRP was tested against Streptococcus mutans, Lactobacillus acidophilus, and Candida albicans. One of the following experimental treatments was applied to etched dentin (phosphoric acid, 15 s): 5 µL of MNRP (RP3, 0.3%; RP6, 0.6%; or RP1, 1.0% w/v), placebo, and 2% chlorhexidine digluconate. Single Bond adhesive (3 M/ESPE) was applied and a 4-mm-thick resin crown (Z350XT, 3 M/ESPE) was built up. After 24 h, the teeth were sectioned into sticks for the µTBS test and scanning electron microscopy. Spectrophotometry according to the CIE L*a*b* chromatic space was used to evaluate the color. Data were analyzed using one-way ANOVA and the Tukey test or Kruskal-Wallis test and the same test for pairwise comparisons between the means (P < 0.05). RESULTS: The UPLC-DAD assay identified the flavonoids liquiritigenin, pinobanksin, pinocembrin, and isoliquiritigenin and the isoflavonoids daidzein, formononetin, and biochanin A in the EARP and micellar nanocomposites. EARP and MNRP presented antimicrobial activity against the cariogenic bacteria Streptococcus mutans and Lactobacillus acidophilus, and for Candida albicans. ΔE values varied from 2.31 to 3.67 (P = 0.457). The mean µTBS for RP1 was significantly lower than for the other groups (P < 0.001). Dentin treated with RP1 showed the shortest resin tags followed by RP6 and RP3. CONCLUSIONS: The EARP and (MNRP) showed antimicrobial activity for the main agents causing dental caries (Streptococcus mutans and Lactobacillus acidophilus) and for Candida albicans. MNRP at concentrations of 0.3 and 0.6% used as a cavity cleaner do not compromise the aesthetics or µTBS of the dentin/resin interface.
Asunto(s)
Desinfectantes Dentales , Nanocompuestos/química , Extractos Vegetales , Própolis/química , Antibacterianos/química , Antibacterianos/farmacología , Bacterias/efectos de los fármacos , Candida/efectos de los fármacos , Desinfectantes Dentales/química , Desinfectantes Dentales/farmacología , Flavonoides , Ensayo de Materiales , Micelas , Pruebas de Sensibilidad Microbiana , Extractos Vegetales/química , Extractos Vegetales/farmacología , Resinas Sintéticas , Estrés Mecánico , Resistencia a la TracciónRESUMEN
PURPOSE: The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of 1% sodium hypochlorite (H1%) and 4% chlorhexidine gluconate (CG4%) on the adhesion of Candida albicans to denture base acrylic resins, as well as to verify the effect of the acquired salivary pellicle (ASP) formation on this process. MATERIALS AND METHODS: A total of 300 acrylic specimens were immersed in distilled water (control) (n = 100), H1% (n = 100), or CG4% (n = 100) for 30 days. Twenty specimens were used in each experimental period (0, 1, 7, 15, 30 days). At the end of disinfection testing periods, 10 specimens of each group were exposed to human whole saliva to simulate ASP formation, and then all specimens were incubated with C. albicans ATTC 90028. Microorganism adhesion was analyzed by fluorescence microscopy, after staining with Acridine orange. RESULTS: In the 30(th) disinfection cycle in relation to baseline, the H1% or CG4%, without ASP formation, reduced the C. albicans adhesion by approximately 80%; however, with ASP, this reduction after disinfection with H1% was higher (88%). The presence of ASP resulted in higher reduction of adhered fungal cells in comparison to resin without ASP, at the 1(st) H1% or CG4% disinfection cycle, as well as at 30(th) H1% disinfection cycles. CONCLUSIONS: Our results suggest that the presence of saliva might influence the adhesion of C. albicans and improve the effectiveness of methods to reduce fungal adhesion.
Asunto(s)
Adhesividad/efectos de los fármacos , Carga Bacteriana/efectos de los fármacos , Candida albicans/efectos de los fármacos , Candida albicans/fisiología , Desinfectantes Dentales/farmacología , Película Dental/microbiología , Bases para Dentadura/microbiología , Limpiadores de Dentadura/farmacología , Saliva/microbiología , Resinas Acrílicas/química , Resinas Acrílicas/farmacología , Clorhexidina/análogos & derivados , Clorhexidina/química , Clorhexidina/farmacología , Desinfectantes Dentales/química , Limpiadores de Dentadura/química , Desinfección/métodos , Humanos , Saliva/química , Hipoclorito de Sodio/química , Hipoclorito de Sodio/farmacologíaRESUMEN
This study was carried out to verify if composites could be bleached using chlorine dioxide as compared with hydrogen peroxide. 3M ESPE Filtek Z350 Universal Restorative discs were prepared (n=40), with dimensions 5 mm diameter x 2 mm thickness. The discs were divided into 4 groups of 10 discs each. Color assessment was performed by CIEDE2000. The discs were stained with coffee, tea, wine and distilled water (control) solutions for 14 days, 5 hours daily. Color assessment was repeated on stained discs and followed by bleaching of 5 discs from each group using chlorine dioxide and hydrogen peroxide in-office systems. Finally, a last color assessment was performed and compared statistically. DE2000 after bleaching was very close to baseline for both the bleaching agents, although chlorine dioxide showed better results than hydrogen peroxide. After staining, there was a clinically significant discoloration (∆E2000≥3.43) for the tea, coffee and wine groups, and discoloration (∆E2000) was seen more in the wine group as compared to tea and coffee. Overall, the control group (distilled water) had the least color change in the three intervals. After bleaching, the color in all specimens returned close to the baseline. The color differences between bleaching and baseline were less than 3.43 for all groups. The obtained results show that chlorine dioxide is slightly superior to hydrogen peroxide in the bleaching of composites, while maintaining the shade of the composite close to the baseline.
Asunto(s)
Compuestos de Cloro/farmacología , Desinfectantes Dentales/farmacología , Peróxido de Hidrógeno/farmacología , Óxidos/farmacología , Blanqueamiento de Dientes/métodos , Café , Resinas Compuestas , Técnicas In Vitro , Propiedades de Superficie , Té , VinoRESUMEN
This study investigated the antibiofilm and antibacterial effects of farnesol and xylitol in a series of experiments in order to evaluate their potential use as root canal irrigants. The following substances were tested: 0.2% farnesol; 5% and 20% xylitol; 0.2% farnesol plus 20% xylitol; and saline (control). For comparison with an established endodontic irrigant, 2.5% NaOCl was included in each test. Three experiments were conducted: the crystal violet assay, to evaluate the effects on the biofilm biomass; the dentin disinfection test, to evaluate the effects on bacterial viability in biofilms; and the root canal disinfection test, to simulate the use in the root canal environment. Farnesol was the most effective substance in reducing the biofilm biomass, followed by 20% xylitol. All substances affected bacterial viability in biofilms; farnesol showed the best results followed by the farnesol/xylitol combination. Irrigation with all substances significantly reduced the bacterial load (p<0.001), but only the farnesol/xylitol combination was significantly more effective than saline (p=0.02). NaOCl was more effective than any other substance tested in the three experiments (p<0.001). The findings demonstrated that farnesol affected both the biofilm biomass and the viability of cells in the biofilm, while 20% xylitol affected only the biofilm biomass. Although not more effective than NaOCl, the combination of these two antibiofilm substances has potential to be used in endodontics in certain situations.
Asunto(s)
Antibacterianos/farmacología , Biopelículas/efectos de los fármacos , Farnesol/farmacología , Irrigantes del Conducto Radicular/farmacología , Xilitol/farmacología , Carga Bacteriana/efectos de los fármacos , Biomasa , Colorantes , Desinfectantes Dentales/farmacología , Cavidad Pulpar/microbiología , Dentina/microbiología , Enterococcus faecalis/efectos de los fármacos , Violeta de Genciana , Humanos , Ensayo de Materiales , Viabilidad Microbiana/efectos de los fármacos , Hipoclorito de Sodio/farmacologíaRESUMEN
This study investigated the antibiofilm and antibacterial effects of farnesol and xylitol in a series of experiments in order to evaluate their potential use as root canal irrigants. The following substances were tested: 0.2% farnesol; 5% and 20% xylitol; 0.2% farnesol plus 20% xylitol; and saline (control). For comparison with an established endodontic irrigant, 2.5% NaOCl was included in each test. Three experiments were conducted: the crystal violet assay, to evaluate the effects on the biofilm biomass; the dentin disinfection test, to evaluate the effects on bacterial viability in biofilms; and the root canal disinfection test, to simulate the use in the root canal environment. Farnesol was the most effective substance in reducing the biofilm biomass, followed by 20% xylitol. All substances affected bacterial viability in biofilms; farnesol showed the best results followed by the farnesol/xylitol combination. Irrigation with all substances significantly reduced the bacterial load (p<0.001), but only the farnesol/xylitol combination was significantly more effective than saline (p=0.02). NaOCl was more effective than any other substance tested in the three experiments (p<0.001). The findings demonstrated that farnesol affected both the biofilm biomass and the viability of cells in the biofilm, while 20% xylitol affected only the biofilm biomass. Although not more effective than NaOCl, the combination of these two antibiofilm substances has potential to be used in endodontics in certain situations.
Este estudo investigou os efeitos antibiofilme e antibacteriano de farnesol e xilitol em uma série de experimentos para avaliar seu uso potencial como irrigante de canais radiculares. As seguintes substâncias foram testadas: farnesol a 0,2%; xilitol a 5% e 20%; farnesol a 0,2% combinado com xilitol a 20%; e solução salina (controle). NaOCl foi testado para comparação. Três experimentos foram conduzidos: o teste do cristal violeta para avaliar os efeitos sobre a biomassa de biofilme, o teste da desinfecção de fragmentos de dentina para avaliar os efeitos na viabilidade bacteriana nos biofilmes e o teste da desinfecção de canal radicular para simular o uso no ambiente do canal radicular. Farnesol foi o mais eficaz, seguido por xylitol a 20%. Todas as substâncias afetaram a viabilidade bacteriana nos biofilmes; farnesol mostrou os melhores resultados, seguido pela combinação farnesol/xilitol. A irrigação com todas as substâncias reduziu significativamente a carga bacteriana (p<0,001), mas somente a combinação farnesol/xilitol foi significativamente mais eficaz que a solução salina (p=0,02). NaOCl foi mais eficaz que qualquer outra substância testada nos três experimentos (p<0,001). Os achados demonstraram que farnesol afetou tanto a biomassa de biofilme quanto a viabilidade das células no biofilme, enquanto que xilitol a 20% afetou a biomassa de biofilme. Embora não mais eficazes que NaOCl, combinações dessas duas substâncias antibiofilmes têm o potencial de ser usadas na Endodontia, em determinadas situações.
Asunto(s)
Humanos , Antibacterianos/farmacología , Biopelículas/efectos de los fármacos , Farnesol/farmacología , Irrigantes del Conducto Radicular/farmacología , Xilitol/farmacología , Biomasa , Carga Bacteriana/efectos de los fármacos , Colorantes , Desinfectantes Dentales/farmacología , Cavidad Pulpar/microbiología , Dentina/microbiología , Enterococcus faecalis/efectos de los fármacos , Violeta de Genciana , Ensayo de Materiales , Viabilidad Microbiana/efectos de los fármacos , Hipoclorito de Sodio/farmacologíaRESUMEN
BACKGROUND: Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) biofilm on dentures can be aspirated, thus causing infections such as aspiration pneumonia. The authors evaluated the efficacy of two disinfectant solutions and microwave irradiation in disinfecting complete dentures contaminated with MRSA. METHODS: The authors contaminated 36 simulated complete dentures with MRSA and divided them into four equal groups: a positive control group consisting of dentures that were not disinfected; a group that soaked in 1 percent sodium hypochlorite for 10 minutes; a group that soaked in 2 percent chlorhexidine gluconate for 10 minutes; and a group that underwent microwave irradiation at 650 watts for three minutes. The authors quantified colony counts and evaluated the long-term effectiveness of disinfection. RESULTS: All dentures from the control group showed substantial microbial growth on the plates (6.24 log(10) colony-forming units per milliliter). The authors observed no evidence of microbial growth on plates of any disinfected dentures. After seven days' incubation, the authors observed broth turbidity in all beakers containing the dentures disinfected with 1 percent sodium hypochlorite. CONCLUSIONS: Soaking in chlorhexidine gluconate solution and microwave irradiation resulted in complete disinfection of all dentures contaminated with MRSA in both the short and the long term. Soaking in sodium hypochlorite solution was effective only as a short-term disinfectant. CLINICAL IMPLICATIONS: Microwave irradiation and 2 percent chlorhexidine gluconate may have a disinfective application in dental offices and institutions in which denture wearers are treated, thus improving the longevity and quality of life of patients and reducing the burden of disease caused by MRSA.
Asunto(s)
Desinfectantes Dentales/farmacología , Dentadura Completa/microbiología , Desinfección/métodos , Staphylococcus aureus Resistente a Meticilina/efectos de los fármacos , Staphylococcus aureus Resistente a Meticilina/efectos de la radiación , Microondas , Clorhexidina/análogos & derivados , Clorhexidina/farmacología , Recuento de Colonia Microbiana , Hipoclorito de Sodio/farmacologíaRESUMEN
PURPOSE: This study evaluated the antimicrobial activity of two disinfectant agents, 2% chlorhexidine digluconate solution (CHX) and 98% chlorhexidine hydrochloride powder (HYD), incorporated into type IV dental stone at the time of mixing. MATERIAL AND METHODS: Agar diffusion test was used for the following microorganisms: Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus aureus, Bacillus subtilis and Candida albicans. The specimens were grouped in: (1) dental stone mixed with sterile distilled water; (2) paper disc soaked with CHX; (3) dental stone mixed with CHX; and (4) dental stone with incorporation of HYD, in 1% proportion of the dental stone mass and mixed with sterile distilled water. The culture medium was inoculated with microbial suspensions 1 and 24 h after pouring of the dental stone. The antimicrobial activity was evaluated by the average diameter of microbial growth inhibition zones. The data were analysed with a nested anova (p < 0.05) and Tukey test for specific comparisons. RESULTS: The disinfectant agents demonstrated antimicrobial activity against all microorganisms, with the exception of C. albicans, against which the CHX was ineffective in two periods of analysis. Significant differences between disinfectants were found with all microorganisms. CONCLUSION: The disinfectant agents analysed were effective against most of the microorganisms tested, except C. albicans.
Asunto(s)
Sulfato de Calcio/química , Desinfectantes Dentales/farmacología , Materiales Dentales/química , Bacillus subtilis/efectos de los fármacos , Candida albicans/efectos de los fármacos , Clorhexidina/análogos & derivados , Clorhexidina/química , Clorhexidina/farmacología , Desinfectantes Dentales/química , Escherichia coli/efectos de los fármacos , Humanos , Ensayo de Materiales , Polvos , Soluciones , Staphylococcus aureus/efectos de los fármacos , Factores de TiempoRESUMEN
OBJECTIVE: Chemical solutions have been widely used for disinfection of dentures, but their effect on color stability of denture tooth acrylic resins after repeated procedures is still unclear. The aim of this in vitro study was to evaluate whether repeated cycles of chemical disinfectants affected the color stability of two denture tooth acrylic resins. MATERIAL AND METHODS: Sixty disc-shaped specimens (40 mm x 3 mm) were fabricated from two different brands (Artiplus and Trilux) of denture tooth acrylic resin. The specimens from each brand (n=30) were randomly divided into 6 groups (n=5) and immersed in the following solutions: distilled water (control group) and 5 disinfecting solutions (1 percent sodium hypochlorite, 2 percent sodium hypochlorite, 5.25 percent sodium hypochlorite, 2 percent glutaraldehyde, and 4 percent chlorhexidine gluconate). Tooth color measurements were made by spectrophotometry. Before disinfection, the initial color of each tooth was recorded. Further color measurements were determined after subjecting the specimens to 7, 21, 30, 45, 60, and 90 immersion cycles in each tested solution. Color differences (ΔE*) were determined using the CIE L*a*b* color system. Data were analyzed using two-way repeated measures analysis of variance (ANOVA) followed by Tukey tests. The significance level was set at 5 percent. RESULTS: There were statistically significant differences in ΔE* among the 5 disinfectants and water during the 90 cycles of immersion for both denture tooth acrylic resins. Distilled water promoted the greatest color change in both denture tooth acrylic resins, nevertheless none of tested disinfectants promoted ΔE* values higher than 1.0 on these acrylic materials during the 90 cycles of disinfection. CONCLUSIONS: Repeated immersion cycles in disinfecting solutions alter ΔE* values, however these values do not compromise the color of the tested denture tooth acrylic resins because they are imperceptible to the human eye.
Asunto(s)
Humanos , Resinas Acrílicas/química , Dentadura Completa , Desinfectantes Dentales/farmacología , Inmersión , Coloración de Prótesis , Análisis de Varianza , Color , Clorhexidina/análogos & derivados , Clorhexidina/química , Clorhexidina/farmacología , Desinfectantes Dentales/química , Desinfectantes/química , Glutaral/química , Glutaral/farmacología , Ensayo de Materiales/métodos , Distribución Aleatoria , Espectrofotometría , Hipoclorito de Sodio/química , Hipoclorito de Sodio/farmacología , Factores de TiempoRESUMEN
This aim of this study was to evaluate and compare the efficacy of different chemical methods to disinfect gutta-percha cones (GP). Eighty-six size 80 GP cones were used. The cones were contaminated by immersion in saliva and Enterococcus faecalis. Four chemical agents were used: 1% sodium hypochlorite (G1), 2% chlorhexidine gluconate (G2), 10% povidone iodine (G3) and 0.9% saline solution (G4). GP cones were immersed in the solutions for periods of 1 and 10 min. After the disinfection procedure, the cones were incubated in blood heart infusion and the presence of bacterial growth was analysed by turbidity of the medium. In G4, bacterial growth was observed in all specimens; G3 showed growth after immersion for 1 min when contaminated with E. faecalis; G1 showed diverse results after the immersion for 1 min. Meanwhile, G1 and G3 after 10 min, and G2 at both times evaluated did not show bacterial growth. The immersion of GP cones in 2% chlorhexidine gluconate for 1 min was an effective method for GP disinfection, while 10% povidone iodine and 1% sodium hypochlorite needed 10 min of immersion to disinfect the GP.
Asunto(s)
Desinfectantes Dentales/farmacología , Desinfección/métodos , Gutapercha/química , Materiales de Obturación del Conducto Radicular/química , Bacterias/efectos de los fármacos , Bacterias/crecimiento & desarrollo , Clorhexidina/análogos & derivados , Clorhexidina/química , Contaminación de Medicamentos/prevención & control , Enterococcus faecalis/efectos de los fármacos , Enterococcus faecalis/crecimiento & desarrollo , Humanos , Ensayo de Materiales , Povidona Yodada/química , Saliva/microbiología , Cloruro de Sodio/química , Hipoclorito de Sodio/química , Temperatura , Factores de TiempoRESUMEN
INTRODUCTION: In this randomized clinical trial, we investigated, using the microbial culture technique and scanning electron microscopy, the contamination of acrylic baseplates of removable orthodontic appliances by mutans streptococci (MS) and evaluated the efficacy of different home disinfection protocols with a 0.12% chlorhexidine gluconate spray (Periogard, Colgate-Palmolive, São Bernardo do Campo, Brazil). METHODS: Fifteen dental students were randomly enrolled in a 3-stage changeover system with a 1-week interval between each stage. The acrylic baseplates were worn full time except at meals to simulate the routine use of removable appliances under clinical conditions. Three 1-week home disinfection protocols were tested in all stages by a different group of students: protocol I, toothbrushing + baseplate brushing + sterile tap water spraying once a day; protocol II, toothbrushing + baseplate brushing + Periogard spraying on the seventh day after appliance placement; and protocol III, toothbrushing + baseplate brushing + Periogard spraying on the fourth and seventh days after appliance placement. After the first week, the volunteers received new baseplates, toothbrushes, and dentifrices, and the regimens were repeated 2 more times. At the end of each week, the baseplates had a randomized disinfection protocol and were sent for microbiologic analysis. A scanning electron microscope was used to examine 3 acrylic baseplates representing each home protocol. The Friedman test (α = 0.05) compared the home protocols for the formation of MS colonies or biofilms on the acrylic surfaces. RESULTS: MS colonies or biofilms were found on all acrylic baseplates after protocol I. Protocols II and III reduced significantly (P <0.05) the number of MS colonies and biofilms on the acrylic surfaces. No significant difference (P >0.05) was observed between protocols II and III. The scanning electron microscope analysis confirmed the results of the microbiologic cultures. CONCLUSIONS: Disinfection of baseplates of removable orthodontic appliances by using 0.12% chlorhexidine spray once or twice a week reduced the contamination by MS on the acrylic surface in vivo.
Asunto(s)
Clorhexidina/farmacología , Desinfectantes Dentales/farmacología , Desinfección/métodos , Aparatos Ortodóncicos Removibles/microbiología , Streptococcus mutans/efectos de los fármacos , Resinas Acrílicas , Adolescente , Adulto , Antiinfecciosos Locales/farmacología , Biopelículas/efectos de los fármacos , Recuento de Colonia Microbiana , Estudios Cruzados , Femenino , Servicios de Atención de Salud a Domicilio , Humanos , Masculino , Microscopía Electrónica de Rastreo , Saliva/microbiología , Estadísticas no Paramétricas , Agua/farmacología , Adulto JovenRESUMEN
OBJECTIVES: The aim of this work was to evaluate saliva and tongue coating pH in oral healthy patients with morning bad breath before and after use of different oral mouthrinses. MATERIAL AND METHODS: Saliva and tongue coating pH of 50 patients allocated in 5 groups were measured respectively by a digital pHmeter and color pH indicators, before, immediately after and 30 min after rinsing 5 different mouthrinses: cetilpiridine chloride associated with sodium chloride, triclosan, enzymatic solution, essential oil and distilled water. RESULTS: Only triclosan and essential oil increased salivary pH immediately after rising. The enzymatic solution decreased salivary and tongue coating pH immediately after rinsing. CONCLUSIONS: Salivary pH tended to be acidic while tongue coating pH tended to be alkaline, even after rising. Triclosan and essential oil mouthrinses increased salivary pH immediately after rinsing. Enzymatic solution decreased saliva and tongue coating pH immediately after rising.
Asunto(s)
Halitosis/tratamiento farmacológico , Antisépticos Bucales/farmacología , Saliva/química , Lengua/química , Análisis de Varianza , Antiinfecciosos Locales/farmacología , Estudios de Casos y Controles , Compuestos de Cloro/farmacología , Desinfectantes Dentales/farmacología , Humanos , Concentración de Iones de Hidrógeno/efectos de los fármacos , Óxidos/farmacología , Saliva/efectos de los fármacos , Cloruro de Sodio/farmacología , Factores de Tiempo , Lengua/efectos de los fármacos , Triclosán/farmacologíaRESUMEN
OBJECTIVES: The aim of this work was to evaluate saliva and tongue coating pH in oral healthy patients with morning bad breath before and after use of different oral mouthrinses. MATERIAL AND METHODS: Saliva and tongue coating pH of 50 patients allocated in 5 groups were measured respectively by a digital pHmeter and color pH indicators, before, immediately after and 30 min after rinsing 5 different mouthrinses: cetilpiridine chloride associated with sodium chloride, triclosan, enzymatic solution, essential oil and distilled water. RESULTS: Only triclosan and essential oil increased salivary pH immediately after rising. The enzymatic solution decreased salivary and tongue coating pH immediately after rinsing. CONCLUSIONS: Salivary pH tended to be acidic while tongue coating pH tended to be alkaline, even after rising. Triclosan and essential oil mouthrinses increased salivary pH immediately after rinsing. Enzymatic solution decreased saliva and tongue coating pH immediately after rising.
Asunto(s)
Humanos , Halitosis/tratamiento farmacológico , Antisépticos Bucales/farmacología , Saliva/química , Lengua/química , Análisis de Varianza , Antiinfecciosos Locales/farmacología , Estudios de Casos y Controles , Compuestos de Cloro/farmacología , Desinfectantes Dentales/farmacología , Concentración de Iones de Hidrógeno/efectos de los fármacos , Óxidos/farmacología , Saliva/efectos de los fármacos , Cloruro de Sodio/farmacología , Factores de Tiempo , Lengua/efectos de los fármacos , Triclosán/farmacologíaRESUMEN
OBJECTIVE: The aim of this study was to investigate the effectiveness of two alternatives methods for the disinfection of oral cleaning devices. METHODS: One type of toothbrush and two types of tongue scrapers (steel and plastic) were tested in this study. Sixteen specimens of each group were cut with standardized dimensions, contaminated separately with Candida albicans, Streptococcus mutans and Staphylococcus aureus and incubated for 24 h. After this, oral cleaning devices were washed in saline solution to remove non-adhered cells and divided into two groups (n = 8), one irradiated in microwave and other immersed in 3.78% sodium perborate solution, and evaluated for microbial recovery. The values of cfu of each group of microorganism after disinfection were compared by Kruskal-Wallis and Dunn non-parametric test, considering 95% of confidence. RESULTS: The toothbrush harboured a significant larger number of viable organisms than the tongue scrapers. The steel tongue scraper was less susceptible to adhesion of the three oral microorganisms. The time required to inactivate all contaminating microorganisms using microwave oven was 1 min and, for the immersion in 3.78% sodium perborate solution, was 2 and 3 h, respectively, for C. albicans and S. mutans/S. aureus. CONCLUSION: Microwave irradiation proved to be an effective alternative method to the disinfection of tongue cleaners and toothbrushes.
Asunto(s)
Dispositivos para el Autocuidado Bucal/microbiología , Desinfectantes Dentales/farmacología , Desinfección/métodos , Microondas , Cepillado Dental/instrumentación , Biopelículas/efectos de los fármacos , Biopelículas/efectos de la radiación , Boratos/farmacología , Candida albicans/efectos de los fármacos , Candida albicans/efectos de la radiación , Recuento de Colonia Microbiana , Diseño de Equipo , Viabilidad Microbiana/efectos de los fármacos , Viabilidad Microbiana/efectos de la radiación , Plásticos , Acero Inoxidable , Staphylococcus aureus/efectos de los fármacos , Staphylococcus aureus/efectos de la radiación , Streptococcus mutans/efectos de los fármacos , Streptococcus mutans/efectos de la radiación , Lengua , Blanqueadores Dentales/farmacologíaRESUMEN
STATEMENT OF PROBLEM: Although new materials have emerged as options to fabricate removable dental prostheses, the development of Candida biofilms on these materials and the effectiveness of methods to control these pathogenic biofilms are poorly understood. PURPOSE: The purpose of this study was to evaluate the efficacy of denture cleansers on Candida single- and dual-species biofilms formed on polyamide resin. MATERIAL AND METHODS: Polymethyl methacrylate (PMMA) resin (Acron MC) and polyamide resin (Flexite M.P.) specimens (n=116) were prepared, and their surface roughness was standardized (0.34 ±0.02 µm). Surface free energy (SFE) was measured for some specimens (n=20 per resin), while the remainder were randomly divided by lottery into 24 groups (n=8) for biofilm assay. C. albicans and/or C. glabrata biofilm was formed for 72 hours, and then specimens were treated with an enzymatic cleanser solution (Polident 3 Minutes), a cleanser solution (Corega Tabs), or 0.5% sodium hypochlorite (NaOCl) solution. Water served as the negative control. Remaining adherent microorganisms were removed from the treated specimens by ultrasonic waves, and colony-forming units (CFU) of each microorganism were calculated. SFE data were analyzed by 1-way ANOVA, and Candida species data were analyzed by 3-way ANOVA followed by the Tukey-Kramer test (P=.05). RESULTS: All tested biofilms displayed significantly higher growth on polyamide resin (P<.001), which presented the lowest SFE. Denture cleansers significantly decreased Candida levels; however, the 0.5% NaOCl solution was the only effective cleanser. C. glabrata revealed significantly higher CFU counts under all experimental conditions (P<.001). CONCLUSIONS: The highest Candida spp. biofilm growth was shown to occur on polyamide resin when compared with PMMA. Denture cleansers were able to remove Candida spp. biofilm formed on both denture base resins.
Asunto(s)
Biopelículas/efectos de los fármacos , Candida/efectos de los fármacos , Materiales Dentales/química , Limpiadores de Dentadura/farmacología , Nylons/química , Polimetil Metacrilato/química , Resinas Acrílicas/química , Biopelículas/crecimiento & desarrollo , Boratos/farmacología , Candida/fisiología , Candida albicans/efectos de los fármacos , Candida albicans/fisiología , Candida glabrata/efectos de los fármacos , Candida glabrata/fisiología , Recuento de Colonia Microbiana , Desinfectantes Dentales/farmacología , Humanos , Humedad , Ensayo de Materiales , Micología/métodos , Método Simple Ciego , Hipoclorito de Sodio/farmacología , Sulfatos/farmacología , Propiedades de Superficie , Temperatura , Factores de Tiempo , HumectabilidadRESUMEN
OBJECTIVE: Chemical solutions have been widely used for disinfection of dentures, but their effect on color stability of denture tooth acrylic resins after repeated procedures is still unclear. The aim of this in vitro study was to evaluate whether repeated cycles of chemical disinfectants affected the color stability of two denture tooth acrylic resins. MATERIAL AND METHODS: Sixty disc-shaped specimens (40 mm x 3 mm) were fabricated from two different brands (Artiplus and Trilux) of denture tooth acrylic resin. The specimens from each brand (n=30) were randomly divided into 6 groups (n=5) and immersed in the following solutions: distilled water (control group) and 5 disinfecting solutions (1% sodium hypochlorite, 2% sodium hypochlorite, 5.25% sodium hypochlorite, 2% glutaraldehyde, and 4% chlorhexidine gluconate). Tooth color measurements were made by spectrophotometry. Before disinfection, the initial color of each tooth was recorded. Further color measurements were determined after subjecting the specimens to 7, 21, 30, 45, 60, and 90 immersion cycles in each tested solution. Color differences (ΔE*) were determined using the CIE L*a*b* color system. Data were analyzed using two-way repeated measures analysis of variance (ANOVA) followed by Tukey tests. The significance level was set at 5%. RESULTS: There were statistically significant differences in ΔE* among the 5 disinfectants and water during the 90 cycles of immersion for both denture tooth acrylic resins. Distilled water promoted the greatest color change in both denture tooth acrylic resins, nevertheless none of tested disinfectants promoted ΔE* values higher than 1.0 on these acrylic materials during the 90 cycles of disinfection. CONCLUSIONS: Repeated immersion cycles in disinfecting solutions alter ΔE* values, however these values do not compromise the color of the tested denture tooth acrylic resins because they are imperceptible to the human eye.
Asunto(s)
Resinas Acrílicas/química , Desinfectantes Dentales/farmacología , Dentadura Completa , Inmersión , Coloración de Prótesis , Análisis de Varianza , Clorhexidina/análogos & derivados , Clorhexidina/química , Clorhexidina/farmacología , Color , Desinfectantes Dentales/química , Desinfectantes/química , Glutaral/química , Glutaral/farmacología , Humanos , Ensayo de Materiales/métodos , Distribución Aleatoria , Hipoclorito de Sodio/química , Hipoclorito de Sodio/farmacología , Espectrofotometría , Factores de TiempoRESUMEN
This study assessed a new experimental model to analyze the effects of sodium hypochlorite solution 2.5% for 10 min and chlorhexidine 2% for 15 s on cones surface alterations. Twenty five gutta-percha and 25 thermoplastic synthetic polymer-based cones had their last 1 mm from the tapered end examined by scanning electron microscopy (SEM) before and after being exposed to the disinfectant solutions. To allow the surfaces to be compared, the samples were not metalized, a voltage of 1 kV was used and the images were captured within standardized angles. The samples were immersed on the test solutions. The comparison of the alterations of the cones was performed using the software program Adobe Photoshop CS. A measurement was taken of the standard deviations of the pixel intensity in this area, higher standard deviations represent more irregular areas. Differences in standard deviation before and after disinfection for each cone were compared between groups by means of analysis of variance supplemented by the Tukey test. Gutta-percha cones showed higher standard deviations than Resilon cones (P < 0.001). In the gutta-percha cones, sodium hypochlorite generated more irregular areas than chlorhexidine and the control group (P < 0.001). The present study has demonstrated the feasibility of using a modified SEM method. This opens opportunities to the use of new and precise tools for evaluating a sample in different moments.
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Desinfectantes Dentales/farmacología , Desinfección , Materiales de Obturación del Conducto Radicular/química , Clorhexidina/farmacología , Gutapercha/química , Ensayo de Materiales , Microscopía Electrónica de Rastreo , Hipoclorito de Sodio/farmacología , Propiedades de SuperficieRESUMEN
The disinfection of dental impression materials has become an essential topic of universal concern, as it may be the first instance of microbial contamination during dental care. The purpose of this study is twofold: To determine the effectiveness of disinfection with 0.5 percent sodium hypochlorite and 2 percent glutaraldehyde solutions in irreversible hydrocolloid (alginate) and silicone impressions and to analyze the effect of disinfection on surface quality with a scanning electronic microscope. Atotal of 32 impressions (16 made of irreversible hydrocolloid and 16 made of silicone) were taken from maxillary dentate patients. Samples of 1cm2 (80 , irreversible hydrocolloid, 80 silicone) were obtained and distributed in ten groups: alginate in no disinfectant (control group 1, AL), alginate in 0.5 percent sodium hypochlorite (NaOCl) for 5 (AH5) and 10 minutes (AH10), alginate in 2 percent glutaraldehyde for 5 (AG5) and 10 minutes (AG10), silicone in no disinfectant (control group 2), silicone in 0.5 percent NaOCl for5 (SH5) and 10 minutes (SH10), and silicone in 2 percent glutaraldehyde for 5 (SG5) and 10 minutes (SG10). Each sample was divided into two segments (one for the microbiological and one for the SEM study). Microbiological samples were planted on blood agar, Mac Conkey agar, and Sabouraud agar, and identification was made by Gram´s stain. The samples were then processed by an SEM. Immersion in the 5 percent NaOCl and 2 percent glutaraldehyde for 10 minutes completely eliminated bacteria in the impressions, compared with the control group (P=0.000004). Immersion in 0.5 percent NaOCl and 2 percent glutaraldehyde for 5 and 10 minutes significantly inhibited bacterial growth in both the irreversible hydrocolloid and silicone impressions compared with control group (P<0.05). However, in the SEM study, immersion in both disinfectant solutions for 5 and 10 minutes did not significantly affect the surface quality of the irreversible hydrocolloid...
La desinfección de los materiales de impresión dental se ha convertido en un tema esencial, ya que puede ser el primer caso de contaminación microbiana durante la atención dental. El propósito de este estudio es doble: determinar la eficacia de la desinfección con hipoclorito sódico al 0,5 por ciento y 2 por ciento de glutaraldehído en soluciones de hidrocoloide irreversible (alginato) y las impresiones de silicona, para analizar el efecto de la desinfección en la calidad de la superficie con un microscopio electrónico de barrido. Un total de 32 impresiones (16 hechas de hidrocoloides irreversibles y 16 de silicona) superiores de pacientes dentados fueron estudiadas. Las muestras de 1cm2 (80, hidrocoloide irreversible, el 80 de silicona) fueron obtenidas y distribuidas en diez grupos: alginato sin desinfectante (grupo de control1, AL), alginato en el 0,5 por ciento de hipoclorito sódico (NaOCl) durante 5 (AH5) y 10 minutos (AH10), alginato en glutaraldehído al 2 por ciento durante 5 (GA5) y 10 minutos (AG10), silicona sin desinfectante (grupo de control 2), silicona en 0,5 por ciento de NaOCldurante 5 (SH5) y 10 minutos (SH10) y, en glutaraldehído al 2 por ciento durante 5 (SG5) y 10 minutos (SG10). Cada muestra se dividió en dos segmentos (uno para los análisis microbiológicos y uno para el estudio SEM). Las muestras microbiológicasse sembraron en agar sangre, agar MacConkey y agar Sabouraud, y la identificación se realizó por tinción de Gram. Las muestras fueron procesadas por un SEM. La inmersión en 5 por ciento NaOCl y 2 por ciento de glutaraldehído durante 10 minutos eliminó completamente las bacterias de las impresiones, en comparación con el grupo control (P = 0,000004). La inmersión en 0,5 por ciento de NaOCl y glutaraldehído al 2 por ciento durante 5 y 10 minutos, inhibió el crecimiento de bacterias, tanto en el hidrocoloide irreversible e impresiones de silicona en comparación con el grupo control (P <0,05). Sin embargo, en el estudio SEM...
Asunto(s)
Humanos , Materiales de Impresión Dental , Desinfección/métodos , Desinfectantes Dentales/farmacología , Glutaral/farmacología , Hipoclorito de Sodio/farmacología , Alginatos , Bacterias , Recuento de Colonia Microbiana , Contaminación de Equipos/prevención & control , Inmersión , Ensayo de Materiales , Microscopía Electrónica de Rastreo , Siliconas , Factores de TiempoRESUMEN
The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effect of 5% sodium bicarbonate on the adherence of Candida albicans to thermally activated acrylic resin. Fifty 4 mm(2) specimens of acrylic resin were obtained using a metallic matrix. The specimens received chemical polishing, were sterilized and then immersed in Sabouraud broth, inoculated with Candida albicans standardized suspension. After 24 hours of incubation at 37 degrees Celsius, the specimens were divided into four groups according to the substance used for disinfection (5% sodium bicarbonate, 0.12% digluconate chlorhexidine, vinegar and Corega Tabs). A control group was included, in which distilled water was used. The adhered microorganisms were dispersed, diluted and plated onto culture media to determine the number of colony-forming units (cfu/mL). The results were analyzed through the Mann-Whitney statistical test at the 5% level of significance. Only 0.12% digluconate chlorhexidine and 5% sodium bicarbonate presented a statistically significant difference (p = 0.0010 and p = 0.0156, respectively) compared to the control group, decreasing the number of cfu/mL. However, when the different disinfecting solutions were compared with each other, only 0.12% digluconate chlorhexidine presented a statistically significant difference in the reduction of cfu/mL. It was concluded that although 0.12% digluconate chlorhexidine was more effective in the reduction of Candida albicans adherence values to thermally activated acrylic resin, 5% sodium bicarbonate also proved to be a viable alternative.