RESUMEN
Tuberculosis (TB) continues to be the world's leading killer of infectious diseases. Despite global efforts to gradually reduce the number of annual deaths and the incidence of this disease, the coronavirus disease 19 (COVID-19) pandemic caused decreased in TB detection and affected the prompt treatment TB which led to a setback to the 2019 rates. However, the development and testing of new TB vaccines has not stopped and now presents the possibility of implanting in the next five years a new vaccine that is affordable and might be used in the various key vulnerable populations affected by TB. Then, this assay aimed to discuss the main vaccines developed against TB that shortly could be selected and used worldwide, and additionally, evidence the Brazilian potential candidates' vaccines in developing in Brazil that could be considered among those in level advanced to TB end.
Asunto(s)
Vacunas contra la Tuberculosis , Tuberculosis , Desarrollo de Vacunas , Humanos , Brasil , COVID-19/prevención & control , Pandemias/prevención & control , Tuberculosis/prevención & control , Tuberculosis/epidemiologíaRESUMEN
Chagas disease, caused by the protozoan parasite Trypanosoma cruzi, presents a substantial global health burden, affecting millions of individuals worldwide and posing a continual risk of infection. Despite the high mortality and morbidity rates, effective vaccines to prevent infection by the parasite remain elusive, and the drugs currently available are suboptimal. Understanding the intricate dynamics of parasite-host interactions and the resulting immune responses, which contribute to both protection and pathology, is crucial for the development of effective vaccines and therapies against Chagas disease. In this Series paper, we discuss the challenges associated with discovering and translating prophylactic and therapeutic strategies from the laboratory bench to clinical application. We highlight ongoing efforts in vaccine and new drug development, with a focus on more advanced candidates for vaccines and drugs. We also discuss potential solutions, emphasising the importance of collaborative research efforts, sustained funding, and a comprehensive understanding of host-parasite interactions and immunopathology to advance the development of new vaccines and therapies against Chagas disease.
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Enfermedad de Chagas , Interacciones Huésped-Parásitos , Vacunas Antiprotozoos , Trypanosoma cruzi , Enfermedad de Chagas/inmunología , Enfermedad de Chagas/prevención & control , Enfermedad de Chagas/tratamiento farmacológico , Enfermedad de Chagas/parasitología , Humanos , Trypanosoma cruzi/inmunología , Vacunas Antiprotozoos/inmunología , Vacunas Antiprotozoos/uso terapéutico , Interacciones Huésped-Parásitos/inmunología , Animales , Desarrollo de VacunasRESUMEN
INTRODUCTION: Chickens with Necrotic Enteritis (NE), caused by Clostridium perfringens, exhibit acute and chronic symptoms that are difficult to diagnose, leading to significant economic losses. Vaccination is the best method for controlling and preventing NE. However, only two vaccines based on the CPA and NetB toxins have been commercialized, offering partial protection, highlighting the urgent need for more effective vaccines. OBJECTIVE: This review aimed to identify promising antigens for NE vaccine formulation and discuss factors affecting their effectiveness. METHODS: A systematic review using five scientific databases identified 30 eligible studies through the Rayyan tool, which were included for quality review. RESULTS: We identified 25 promising antigens, including CPA, NetB, FBA, ZMP, CnaA, FimA, and FimB, categorized by their role in disease pathogenesis. This review discusses the biochemical, physiological, and genetic traits of recombinant antigens used in vaccine prototypes, their expression systems, and immunization potential in chickens challenged with virulent C. perfringens strains. Market supply challenges, immunogenic potential, vaccine platforms, adjuvants, and factors related to vaccination schedules-such as administration routes, dosing intervals, and age at immunization-are also addressed. Additionally, the study notes that vaccine formulations tested under mild challenges may not offer adequate field-level protection due to issues replicating aggressive conditions, strain virulence loss, and varied methodologies. CONCLUSIONS: An ideal NE vaccine should incorporate multiple antigens, molecular adjuvants, and delivery systems via in ovo and oral routes. The review underscores the challenges in developing and validating NE vaccines and the urgent need for a standardized protocol to replicate aggressive challenges accurately.
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Vacunas Bacterianas , Pollos , Infecciones por Clostridium , Clostridium perfringens , Enteritis , Enfermedades de las Aves de Corral , Animales , Antígenos Bacterianos/inmunología , Vacunas Bacterianas/inmunología , Vacunas Bacterianas/administración & dosificación , Pollos/inmunología , Pollos/microbiología , Infecciones por Clostridium/prevención & control , Infecciones por Clostridium/veterinaria , Infecciones por Clostridium/inmunología , Clostridium perfringens/inmunología , Clostridium perfringens/genética , Enteritis/prevención & control , Enteritis/veterinaria , Enteritis/microbiología , Enteritis/inmunología , Necrosis/veterinaria , Enfermedades de las Aves de Corral/prevención & control , Enfermedades de las Aves de Corral/microbiología , Vacunación/veterinaria , Vacunación/métodos , Desarrollo de Vacunas/métodosRESUMEN
Acute respiratory infections are the leading cause of death and illness in children under 5 years old and represent a significant burden in older adults. Primarily caused by viruses infecting the lower respiratory tract, symptoms include cough, congestion, and low-grade fever, potentially leading to bronchiolitis and pneumonia. Messenger ribonucleic acid (mRNA)-based vaccines are biopharmaceutical formulations that employ mRNA molecules to induce specific immune responses, facilitating the expression of viral or bacterial antigens and promoting immunization against infectious diseases. Notably, this technology had significant relevance during the COVID-19 pandemic, as these formulations helped to limit SARS-CoV-2 virus infections, hospitalizations, and deaths. Importantly, mRNA vaccines promise to be implemented as new alternatives for fighting other respiratory viruses, such as influenza, human respiratory syncytial virus, and human metapneumovirus. This review article analyzes mRNA-based vaccines' main contributions, perspectives, challenges, and implications against respiratory viruses.
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Infecciones del Sistema Respiratorio , Vacunas de ARNm , Humanos , Infecciones del Sistema Respiratorio/prevención & control , Infecciones del Sistema Respiratorio/virología , Infecciones del Sistema Respiratorio/inmunología , Desarrollo de Vacunas , COVID-19/prevención & control , COVID-19/inmunología , COVID-19/virología , SARS-CoV-2/inmunología , SARS-CoV-2/genética , Vacunas Sintéticas/inmunología , Vacunas Virales/inmunología , Animales , Vacunas contra la COVID-19/inmunología , ARN Mensajero/genética , ARN Mensajero/inmunologíaRESUMEN
A maternal vaccine to protect newborns against invasive Streptococcus agalactiae infection is a developing medical need. The vaccine should be offered during the third trimester of pregnancy and induce strong immune responses and placental transfer of protective antibodies. Polysaccharide vaccines against S. agalactiae conjugated to protein carriers are in advanced stages of development. Additionally, protein-based vaccines are also in development, showing great promise as they can provide protection regardless of serotype. Furthermore, safety concerns regarding a new vaccine are the main barriers identified. Here, we present vaccines in development and identified safety, cost, and efficacy concerns, especially in high-need, low-income countries.
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Infecciones Estreptocócicas , Vacunas Estreptocócicas , Streptococcus agalactiae , Streptococcus agalactiae/inmunología , Humanos , Infecciones Estreptocócicas/inmunología , Infecciones Estreptocócicas/prevención & control , Infecciones Estreptocócicas/microbiología , Vacunas Estreptocócicas/inmunología , Embarazo , Femenino , Animales , Complicaciones Infecciosas del Embarazo/inmunología , Complicaciones Infecciosas del Embarazo/prevención & control , Complicaciones Infecciosas del Embarazo/microbiología , Desarrollo de Vacunas , Recién Nacido , Anticuerpos Antibacterianos/inmunologíaRESUMEN
BACKGROUND: Venereal syphilis, caused by the spirochete Treponema pallidum subsp. pallidum (TPA), is surging worldwide, underscoring the need for a vaccine with global efficacy. Vaccine development requires an understanding of syphilis epidemiology and clinical presentation as well as genomic characterization of TPA strains circulating within at-risk populations. The aim of this study was to describe the clinical, demographic, and molecular features of early syphilis cases in Cali, Colombia. METHODS AND FINDINGS: We conducted a cross-sectional study to identify individuals with early syphilis (ES) in Cali, Colombia through a city-wide network of public health centers, private sector HIV clinics and laboratory databases from public health institutions. Whole blood (WB), skin biopsies (SB), and genital and oral lesion swabs were obtained for measurement of treponemal burdens by polA quantitative polymerase chain reaction (qPCR) and for whole-genome sequencing (WGS). Among 1,966 individuals screened, 128 participants met enrollment criteria: 112 (87%) with secondary (SS), 15 (12%) with primary (PS) and one with early latent syphilis; 66/128 (52%) self-reported as heterosexual, while 48 (38%) were men who have sex with men (MSM). Genital ulcer swabs had the highest polA copy numbers (67 copies/µl) by qPCR with a positivity rate (PR) of 73%, while SS lesions had 42 polA copies/µl with PR of 62%. WB polA positivity was more frequent in SS than PS (42% vs 7%, respectively; p = 0.009). Isolation of TPA from WB by rabbit infectivity testing (RIT) was achieved in 5 (56%) of 9 ES WB samples tested. WGS from 33 Cali patient samples, along with 10 other genomic sequences from South America (9 from Peru, 1 from Argentina) used as comparators, confirmed that SS14 was the predominant clade, and that half of all samples had mutations associated with macrolide (i.e., azithromycin) resistance. Variability in the outer membrane protein (OMP) and vaccine candidate BamA (TP0326) was mapped onto the protein's predicted structure from AlphaFold. Despite the presence of mutations in several extracellular loops (ECLs), ECL4, an immunodominant loop and proven opsonic target, was highly conserved in this group of Colombian and South American TPA isolates. CONCLUSIONS: This study offers new insights into the sociodemographic and clinical features of venereal syphilis in a highly endemic area of Colombia and illustrates how genomic sequencing of regionally prevalent TPA strains can inform vaccine development.
Asunto(s)
Sífilis , Treponema pallidum , Humanos , Treponema pallidum/genética , Treponema pallidum/inmunología , Treponema pallidum/aislamiento & purificación , Colombia/epidemiología , Sífilis/epidemiología , Sífilis/microbiología , Estudios Transversales , Masculino , Adulto , Femenino , Vacunas Bacterianas/inmunología , Variación Genética , Desarrollo de Vacunas , Adulto Joven , Persona de Mediana Edad , Secuenciación Completa del Genoma , AnimalesRESUMEN
Yellow fever outbreaks are prevalent, particularly in endemic regions. Given the lack of an established treatment for this disease, significant attention has been directed toward managing this arbovirus. In response, we developed a multiepitope vaccine designed to elicit an immune response, utilizing advanced immunoinformatic and molecular modeling techniques. To achieve this, we predicted B- and T-cell epitopes using the sequences from all structural (E, prM, and C) and nonstructural proteins of 196 YFV strains. Through comprehensive analysis, we identified 10 cytotoxic T-lymphocyte (CTL) and 5T-helper (Th) epitopes that exhibited overlap with B-lymphocyte epitopes. These epitopes were further evaluated for their affinity to a wide range of human leukocyte antigen system alleles and were rigorously tested for antigenicity, immunogenicity, allergenicity, toxicity, and conservation. These epitopes were linked to an adjuvant ( ß -defensin) and to each other using ligands, resulting in a vaccine sequence with appropriate physicochemical properties. The 3D structure of this sequence was created, improved, and quality checked; then it was anchored to the Toll-like receptor. Molecular Dynamics and Quantum Mechanics/Molecular Mechanics simulations were employed to enhance the accuracy of docking calculations, with the QM portion of the simulations carried out utilizing the density functional theory formalism. Moreover, the inoculation model was able to provide an optimal codon sequence that was inserted into the pET-28a( +) vector for in silico cloning and could even stimulate highly relevant humoral and cellular immunological responses. Overall, these results suggest that the designed multi-epitope vaccine can serve as prophylaxis against the yellow fever virus.
Asunto(s)
Epítopos de Linfocito T , Vacuna contra la Fiebre Amarilla , Fiebre Amarilla , Virus de la Fiebre Amarilla , Vacuna contra la Fiebre Amarilla/inmunología , Virus de la Fiebre Amarilla/inmunología , Virus de la Fiebre Amarilla/genética , Humanos , Fiebre Amarilla/prevención & control , Fiebre Amarilla/inmunología , Epítopos de Linfocito T/inmunología , Epítopos de Linfocito B/inmunología , Vacunología/métodos , Modelos Moleculares , Desarrollo de Vacunas , Simulación de Dinámica Molecular , Linfocitos T Citotóxicos/inmunologíaRESUMEN
Enteropathogenic Escherichia coli (EPEC) produce a capsule of polysaccharides identical to those composing the O-antigen polysaccharide of its LPS (lipopolysaccharide) molecules. In light of this, the impact of O26 polysaccharides on the immune evasion mechanisms of capsulated O26 EPEC compared to non-capsulated enterohemorrhagic Escherichia coli (EHEC) was investigated. Our findings reveal that there was no significant difference between the levels in EPEC and EHEC of rhamnose (2.8:2.5), a molecule considered to be a PAMP (Pathogen Associated Molecular Patterns). However, the levels of glucose (10:1.69), heptose (3.6:0.89) and N-acetylglucosamine (4.5:2.10), were significantly higher in EPEC than EHEC, respectively. It was also observed that the presence of a capsule in EPEC inhibited the deposition of C3b on the bacterial surface and protected the pathogen against lysis by the complement system. In addition, the presence of a capsule also protected EPEC against phagocytosis by macrophages. However, the immune evasion provided by the capsule was overcome in the presence of anti-O26 polysaccharide antibodies, and additionally, these antibodies were able to inhibit O26 EPEC adhesion to human epithelial cells. Finally, the results indicate that O26 polysaccharides can generate an effective humoral immune response, making them promising antigens for the development of a vaccine against capsulated O26 E. coli.
Asunto(s)
Escherichia coli Enterohemorrágica , Escherichia coli Enteropatógena , Infecciones por Escherichia coli , Proteínas de Escherichia coli , Humanos , Evasión Inmune , Infecciones por Escherichia coli/microbiología , Proteínas de Escherichia coli/farmacología , Lipopolisacáridos/farmacología , Desarrollo de VacunasRESUMEN
The swine industry across the globe is recently facing a devastating situation imparted by a highly contagious and deadly viral disease, African swine fever. The disease is caused by a DNA virus, the African swine fever virus (ASFV) of the genus Asfivirus. ASFV affects both wild boars and domestic pigs resulting in an acute form of hemorrhagic fever. Since the first report in 1921, the disease remains endemic in some of the African countries. However, the recent occurrence of ASF outbreaks in Asia led to a fresh and formidable challenge to the global swine production industry. Culling of the infected animals along with the implementation of strict sanitary measures remains the only options to control this devastating disease. Efforts to develop an effective and safe vaccine against ASF began as early as in the mid-1960s. Different approaches have been employed for the development of effective ASF vaccines including inactivated vaccines, subunit vaccines, DNA vaccines, virus-vectored vaccines, and live attenuated vaccines (LAVs). Inactivated vaccines are a non-feasible strategy against ASF due to their inability to generate a complete cellular immune response. However genetically engineered vaccines, such as subunit vaccines, DNA vaccines, and virus vector vaccines, represent tailored approaches with minimal adverse effects and enhanced safety profiles. As per the available data, gene deleted LAVs appear to be the most potential vaccine candidates. Currently, a gene deleted LAV (ASFV-G-∆I177L), developed in Vietnam, stands as the sole commercially available vaccine against ASF. The major barrier to the goal of developing an effective vaccine is the critical gaps in the knowledge of ASFV biology and the immune response induced by ASFV infection. The precise contribution of various hosts, vectors, and environmental factors in the virus transmission must also be investigated in depth to unravel the disease epidemiology. In this review, we mainly focus on the recent progress in vaccine development against ASF and the major gaps associated with it.
Asunto(s)
Virus de la Fiebre Porcina Africana , Fiebre Porcina Africana , Vacunas de ADN , Vacunas Virales , Porcinos , Animales , Fiebre Porcina Africana/prevención & control , Fiebre Porcina Africana/epidemiología , Virus de la Fiebre Porcina Africana/genética , Vacunas de ADN/genética , Sus scrofa , Vacunas Virales/genética , Vacunas Atenuadas/genética , Desarrollo de Vacunas , Vacunas de Productos Inactivados , Vacunas de SubunidadRESUMEN
Self-assembly involves a set of molecules spontaneously interacting in a highly coordinated and dynamic manner to form a specific supramolecular structure having new and clearly defined properties. Many examples of this occur in nature and many more came from research laboratories, with their number increasing every day via ongoing research concerning complex biomolecules and the possibility of harnessing it when developing new applications. As a phenomenon, self-assembly has been described on very different types of molecules (biomolecules including), so this review focuses on what is known about peptide self-assembly, its origins, the forces behind it, how the properties of the resulting material can be tuned in relation to experimental considerations, some biotechnological applications (in which the main protagonists are peptide sequences capable of self-assembly) and what is yet to be tuned regarding their research and development.
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Biotecnología , Péptidos , Péptidos/química , Biotecnología/métodos , Desarrollo de VacunasRESUMEN
INTRODUCTION: Fungal infections are caused by a broad range of pathogenic fungi that are found worldwide with different geographic distributions, incidences, and mortality rates. Considering that there are relatively few approved medications available for combating fungal diseases and no vaccine formulation commercially available, multiple groups are searching for new antifungal drugs, examining drugs for repurposing and developing antifungal vaccines, in order to control deaths, sequels, and the spread of these complex infections. AREAS COVERED: This review provides a summary of advances in fungal vaccine studies and the different approaches under development, such as subunit vaccines, whole organism vaccines, and DNA vaccines, as well as studies that optimize the use of adjuvants. We conducted a literature search of the PubMed with terms: fungal vaccines and genus of fungal pathogens (Cryptococcus spp. Candida spp. Coccidioides spp. Aspergillus spp. Sporothrix spp. Histoplasma spp. Paracoccidioides spp. Pneumocystis spp. and the Mucorales order), a total of 177 articles were collected from database. EXPERT OPINION: Problems regarding the immune response development in an immunocompromised organism, the similarity between fungal and mammalian cells, and the lack of attention by health organizations to fungal infections are closely related to the fact that, at present, there are no fungal vaccines available for clinical use.
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Micosis , Vacunas , Animales , Humanos , Antifúngicos/uso terapéutico , Hongos , Micosis/prevención & control , Micosis/tratamiento farmacológico , Micosis/epidemiología , Vacunas/uso terapéutico , Desarrollo de Vacunas , MamíferosRESUMEN
Venezuelan equine encephalitis (VEE) is a zoonotic infectious disease caused by the Venezuelan equine encephalitis virus (VEEV), which can lead to severe central nervous system infections in both humans and animals. At present, the medical community does not possess a viable means of addressing VEE, rendering the prevention of the virus a matter of paramount importance. Regarding the prevention and control of VEEV, the implementation of a vaccination program has been recognized as the most efficient strategy. Nevertheless, there are currently no licensed vaccines or drugs available for human use against VEEV. This imperative has led to a surge of interest in vaccine research, with VEEV being a prime focus for researchers in the field. In this paper, we initially present a comprehensive overview of the current taxonomic classification of VEEV and the cellular infection mechanism of the virus. Subsequently, we provide a detailed introduction of the prominent VEEV vaccine types presently available, including inactivated vaccines, live attenuated vaccines, nucleic acid, and virus-like particle vaccines. Moreover, we emphasize the challenges that current VEEV vaccine development faces and suggest urgent measures that must be taken to overcome these obstacles. Notably, based on our latest research, we propose the feasibility of incorporation codon usage bias strategies to create the novel VEEV vaccine. Finally, we prose several areas that future VEEV vaccine development should focus on. Our objective is to encourage collaboration between the medical and veterinary communities, expedite the translation of existing vaccines from laboratory to clinical applications, while also preparing for future outbreaks of new VEEV variants.
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Virus de la Encefalitis Equina Venezolana , Encefalomielitis Equina Venezolana , Vacunas Virales , Animales , Caballos , Humanos , Virus de la Encefalitis Equina Venezolana/genética , Encefalomielitis Equina Venezolana/prevención & control , Vacunas de Productos Inactivados , Desarrollo de VacunasRESUMEN
Rational design of new vaccines against pulmonary tuberculosis is imperative. Early secreted antigens (Esx) G and H are involved in metal uptake, drug resistance, and immune response evasion. These characteristics make it an ideal target for rational vaccine development. The aim of this study is to show the rational design of epitope-based peptide vaccines by using bioinformatics and structural vaccinology tools. A total of 4.15 µs of Molecular Dynamics simulations were carried out to describe the behavior in solution of heterodimer, single epitopes, and epitopes loaded into MHC-II complexes. In order to predict T and B cell epitopes for antigenic activation, bioinformatic tools were used. Hence, we propose three epitopes with the potential to design pulmonary tuberculosis vaccines. The possible use of the proposed epitopes includes subunit vaccines, as a booster in BCG vaccination to improve its immune response, as well as the generation of antibodies that interfere with the Mycobacterium tuberculosis homeostasis, affecting its survival.
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Mycobacterium tuberculosis , Tuberculosis Pulmonar , Humanos , Tuberculosis Pulmonar/prevención & control , Metales , Epítopos de Linfocito B , Desarrollo de Vacunas , Epítopos de Linfocito T , Biología Computacional , Vacunas de Subunidad , Simulación del Acoplamiento MolecularRESUMEN
Introduction: The Human T-lymphotropic virus type 1 (HTLV-1) was the first described human retrovirus. It is currently estimated that around 5 to 10 million people worldwide are infected with this virus. Despite its high prevalence, there is still no preventive vaccine against the HTLV-1 infection. It is known that vaccine development and large-scale immunization play an important role in global public health. To understand the advances in this field we performed a systematic review regarding the current progress in the development of a preventive vaccine against the HTLV-1 infection. Methods: This review followed the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-analyses (PRISMA®) guidelines and was registered at the International Prospective Register of Systematic Reviews (PROSPERO). The search for articles was performed in PubMed, Lilacs, Embase and SciELO databases. From the 2,485 articles identified, 25 were selected according to the inclusion and exclusion criteria. Results: The analysis of these articles indicated that potential vaccine designs in development are available, although there is still a paucity of studies in the human clinical trial phase. Discussion: Although HTLV-1 was discovered almost 40 years ago, it remains a great challenge and a worldwide neglected threat. The scarcity of funding contributes decisively to the inconclusiveness of the vaccine development. The data summarized here intends to highlight the necessity to improve the current knowledge of this neglected retrovirus, encouraging for more studies on vaccine development aiming the to eliminate this human threat. Systematic review registration: https://www.crd.york.ac.uk/prospero, identifier (CRD42021270412).
Asunto(s)
Infecciones por HTLV-I , Virus Linfotrópico T Tipo 1 Humano , Humanos , Infecciones por HTLV-I/prevención & control , Bases de Datos Factuales , Inmunización , Desarrollo de VacunasRESUMEN
Leptospirosis is a public health concern with lethality around 15% of the total cases. The current vaccines against Leptospira infection based on bacterins have several limitations, which require urgent development of new ones. In this context, groundbreaking approaches such as peptide-vaccines could be used to come around with promising results. Our goal was to identify conserved and immunogenic epitopes from the lipoprotein LruC that could interact with Major Histocompatibility Complex (MHC) I and II. LruC is a conserved lipoprotein expressed during leptospirosis that is considered among vaccine candidates and can be used as source for development of peptide-based vaccines. We searched for peptides that would be recognized by antibodies from either serum of hamsters previously immunized with low-LPS bacterin vaccines or from serum of patients diagnosed with leptospirosis. Immuno properties of seven peptides from LruC protein were evaluated in silico and by Dot Blot assay, and validate by ELISA. Preliminary results pointed one promising peptide that was recognized by the sera. In conclusion, the immunoinformatic approach helps the search and screening of peptides, while the Dot Blot assay, a simple and effective tool, helps to test and validate them. Thus, these prospective techniques together were validated to identify and validate potential peptides for further investigation as peptide-based vaccines or diagnostic methods.
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Leptospira , Leptospirosis , Animales , Cricetinae , Humanos , Estudios Prospectivos , Leptospirosis/diagnóstico , Leptospirosis/prevención & control , Antígenos Bacterianos , Péptidos/metabolismo , Vacunas Bacterianas , Anticuerpos Antibacterianos , Lipoproteínas/metabolismo , Desarrollo de VacunasRESUMEN
Este ensaio propõe que a Covid-19 pode operar como um analisador, dentro da perspectiva da análise institucional, iluminando um determinado modo de organização social que promove profundas desigualdades e ameaça a vida em diversos níveis e revelando as condições sociais, institucionais e políticas de produção de sofrimento no corpo profissional de Enfermagem. A pandemia desvelou um conjunto de marcas relacionadas à profissão, agravadas pela crise sanitária, reforçando a naturalização das relações de cuidado atribuídas ao feminino, bem como um conjunto de clivagens e hierarquias internas à profissão a partir da sinergia de marcadores da diferença, como gênero, cor/raça, classe e geração. Além disso, este trabalho mostra a presença de uma necropolítica nas respostas à pandemia que banaliza a vida e permite morrer determinados grupos sociais. A ideia de "profissionais de linha de frente" é criticada em suas metáforas bélicas, mas tomada como figura de linguagem em sua potência para afirmar que existem corpos que, pelas marcas sociais e históricas e pela interdependência do cuidado, são mais presentes e exigidos e, portanto, mais vulneráveis à doença e ao sofrimento dela decorrente.(AU)
The essay proposes that Covid-19 can operate as an analyzer, within the perspective of institutional analysis, illuminating a certain mode of social organization that promotes profound inequalities and threatens life at various levels, revealing the social, institutional and political conditions for the production of suffering in the professional nursing body. The pandemic would unveil a set of marks related to the profession, aggravated by the sanitary crisis, reinforcing the naturalization of the care relations attributed to the feminine, as well as a set of cleavages and internal hierarchies to the profession from the synergy of markers of difference as gender, color/race, class and generation. The work shows the presence of necropolitics in responses to the pandemic, which trivializes life and allows certain social groups to die. The idea of "front-line professionals" is criticized in its war metaphors, but taken as a figure of speech in its potency to affirm that there are bodies that by social and historical marks, and by the interdependence of care, are more present and demanded, and therefore more vulnerable to disease and the resulting suffering.(AU)
El ensayo propone que el Covid-19 puede funcionar como analizador, desde la perspectiva del análisis institucional, revelando las condiciones sociales, institucionales y políticas de producción de sufrimiento de enfermeras. La pandemia revela algunas marcas relacionadas con la profesión, agravadas por la crisis de salud, reforzando la naturalización de la atribución del cuidado a lo femenino y un conjunto de jerarquías internas de la profesión. El trabajo también muestra la presencia de una necropolítica en las respuestas a la pandemia. La idea de "profesionales de primera línea" es criticada, pero tomada como una figura del lenguaje en su potencia para afirmar que hay cuerpos que, por las marcas sociales e históricas y por la interdependencia del cuidado, están más presentes y demandados, y por lo tanto más vulnerables a la enfermedad.(AU)
Asunto(s)
Humanos , Femenino , Enfermería , Distrés Psicológico , Identidad de Género , Autoevaluación , COVID-19 , Terapia por Inhalación de Oxígeno , Dolor , Grupo de Atención al Paciente , Alta del Paciente , Pacientes , Política , Atención Primaria de Salud , Psicología , Garantía de la Calidad de Atención de Salud , Calidad de Vida , Relaciones Raciales , Salarios y Beneficios , Cambio Social , Aislamiento Social , Ciencias Sociales , Factores Socioeconómicos , Trastornos por Estrés Postraumático , Mujeres Trabajadoras , Conducta y Mecanismos de Conducta , Características de la Población , Teoría de Enfermería , Riesgos Laborales , Agotamiento Profesional , Virosis , Vacunas , Investigación en Enfermería , Accidentes de Trabajo , Portador Sano , Salud Mental , Mortalidad , Modelos de Enfermería , Salud Laboral , Carga de Trabajo , Autonomía Profesional , Cuidados a Largo Plazo , Calidad, Acceso y Evaluación de la Atención de Salud , Programas de Inmunización , Transmisión de Enfermedad Infecciosa , Continuidad de la Atención al Paciente , Feminismo , Cuidados Críticos , Vulnerabilidad ante Desastres , Riesgo a la Salud , Acceso a la Información , Atención a la Salud , Contaminación del Aire , Economía y Organizaciones para la Atención de la Salud , Urgencias Médicas , Empleo , Medio Ambiente y Salud Pública , Funciones Esenciales de la Salud Pública , Disparidades en el Estado de Salud , Ética Profesional , Vigilancia de la Salud del Trabajador , Programa de Prevención de Riesgos en el Ambiente de Trabajo , Efectos de la Contaminación del Aire , Enfermería Basada en la Evidencia , Miedo , Remuneración , Intervención Médica Temprana , Medicalización , Atención Ambulatoria , Equipo de Protección Personal , Sistemas de Apoyo Psicosocial , Estrés Laboral , Agotamiento Psicológico , Atención al Paciente , Carga del Cuidador , Modelos Biopsicosociales , Prueba Serológica para COVID-19 , Equidad de Género , Desarrollo de Vacunas , Recursos Comunitarios , Marco Interseccional , Racismo Sistemático , Vulnerabilidad Social , Crisis Humanitaria , Condiciones de Trabajo , Síndrome Post Agudo de COVID-19 , Prevención de Accidentes , Empleos en Salud , Servicios de Salud , Accesibilidad a los Servicios de Salud , Conducta de Ayuda , Jerarquia Social , Hospitalización , Hospitales , Humanismo , Cuidados para Prolongación de la Vida , Máscaras , Tono Muscular , Cuidados Nocturnos , Atención de Enfermería , Enfermería Práctica , Grupo de Enfermería , Enfermedades ProfesionalesRESUMEN
Este protocolo teve como objetivo estruturar as etapas de elaboração de um Scoping Review que pretende estudar as experiências de desenvolvimento e produção de vacinas em 5 países selecionados, comparando com o Brasil. Sendo assim, a introdução buscou contextualizar a questão de desenvolvimento e produção de vacinas no mundo. Posteriormente, foi apresentado o método do trabalho que, neste caso perpassa por uma explanação da escolha prévia dos 5 países selecionados, além de uma busca em 5 repositórios, seguida de busca manual. A pergunta de pesquisa e as palavras chaves foram apresentadas em conjunto com descrição dos critérios de inclusão e exclusão, que levaram a uma seleção final de 25 documentos completos. Por fim, foram apresentados os resultados esperados, quanto ao que se espera encontrar na análise de atores e ações realizadas nos países investigados
This protocol aimed to structure the steps of a Scoping Review that intends to study the experiences of vaccine development and production in 5 selected countries, comparing with Brazil. Thus, the introduction sought to contextualize the issue of vaccine development and production in the world. Afterwards, the method of the work was presented, which in this case involves an explanation of the previous choice of the 5 selected countries, besides a search in 5 repositories, followed by a manual search. The research question and the key words were presented together with a narrative of the inclusion and exclusion criteria, which led to a total selection of 25 full documents. Finally, the expected results were presented, which indicates what is expected to be found in the analysis of actors and actions taken in the countries in question
Asunto(s)
Humanos , Masculino , Femenino , Gastos en Investigación , Vacunas contra la COVID-19/provisión & distribución , Desarrollo de Vacunas , Estados Unidos , Brasil , China , Federación de Rusia , Reino UnidoRESUMEN
Se relata el nacimiento, auge y decadencia, de la producción de vacunas en el antiguo Instituto Bacteriológico de Chile, desde su fundación en 1929 hasta su fin en 1980, por boca de quien fuera por diecisiete años primero encargado de la fabricación de vacunas bacterianas y luego director de la institución. Las vicisitudes de la vacuna BCG, la introducción del toxoide tetánico, el fin de la vacuna antivariólica y el triunfo de vacuna antirrábica de Fuenzalida y Palacios, se narran a menudo con comentarios de quienes participaron en estos hechos.
The birth, rise and decline, of vaccine production at the Bacteriological Institute of Chile is recounted by mouth of who was for seventeen years first in charge of manufacturing and then director of the institution. The vicissitudes of the BCG vaccine, the introduction of tetanus toxoid, the end of smallpox vaccine, and the triumph of the rabies vaccine are often related with comments from those who participated in the events.