RESUMEN
This is a fatal case of fungaemia due to Cryptococcus albidus in an elderly woman with type 2 diabetes mellitus who presented pleural effusion as the only clinical presentation. Not only infections of the pleura are uncommon presentations of pulmonary cryptococcosis, but these infections due to non-C. neoformans species are extremely rare. This report places C. albidus on the growing number of disseminated mycosis-causing agents in diabetic patients.
Asunto(s)
Cryptococcus/aislamiento & purificación , Diabetes Mellitus Tipo 2/microbiología , Fungemia/microbiología , Derrame Pleural/microbiología , Anciano de 80 o más Años , Resultado Fatal , Femenino , Humanos , Derrame Pleural/diagnóstico por imagen , Tomografía Computarizada por Rayos XRESUMEN
OBJECTIVE: To evaluate culture-independent procedures (immunochromatography and quantitative polymerase chain reaction [qPCR]) in the detection and susceptibility of Streptococcus pneumoniae directly from culture-negative pleural fluid (PF) in children. METHOD: Detection of S. pneumoniae in PF of children with parapneumonic effusion and/or empyema by using two culture-independent methods: an immunochromatographic membrane test (IMT) which identifies the pneumococcal C antigen, and a real-time PCR test to detect pneumococcal genes lytA and pbp2b, a marker of susceptibility of ß-lactam agents, in PF samples. RESULTS: We tested 36 PF specimens and recorded the previous use of antimicrobials. In the final analysis, 34 samples were included. IMT and qPCR presented positive results in 23 (67.6%) and 24 (70.6%) of the samples, respectively, showing a moderate agreement (k = 0.518) between the two methods. From the 36 children included, 34 (94.4%) had antibiotic data available by the time when PFs were collected. Thirty-four (100%) children had been given treatment before PF sampling, with 33 (97%) receiving ß-lactam antibiotics administered empirically. Of the 24 lytA real-time positive samples, 21 (87.5%) were also positive for pbp2b, a marker of ß-lactam susceptibility. CONCLUSION: The reduced sensitivity of culture for pneumococcal detection can be improved through the addition of IMT and qPCR analysis. The utility of qPCR combining detection of lytA and a marker of ß-lactam susceptibility should be explored further.
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Derrame Pleural/diagnóstico , Streptococcus pneumoniae , Antibacterianos , Niño , Preescolar , Pruebas Diagnósticas de Rutina , Empiema , Femenino , Humanos , Lactante , Masculino , Derrame Pleural/microbiología , Reacción en Cadena en Tiempo Real de la Polimerasa , Sensibilidad y EspecificidadRESUMEN
ASTRACT Objective: To describe eight cases of invasive non-type b Haemophilus influenzae disease in children admitted to Hospital de Clínicas of Universidade Estadual de Campinas. Cases description: In 2015, there were eight cases of invasive non-type b H. influenzae disease. We tested the ampicillin sensitivity and beta-lactamase production of the strains identified and performed the genotyping. Molecular typing was determined by Pulsed-Field Gel Electrophoresis. Four patients were diagnosed with bacteremia; in two cases, H. influenzae was detected in the pleural fluid, and two patients had meningitis. Patients with comorbidities represented 37.5% of cases. Except for the strain of one patient - not sent to the reference laboratory -, all were ampicillin-sensitive and non-beta-lactamase-producing. Genotyping identified four non-capsular, one type c, and two type a strains. Molecular typing ruled out nosocomial transmission since all serotypes were distinct regarding genotype. Comments: The rise in cases of invasive non-type b H. influenzae infection was real. There was no nosocomial transmission, and we found no justification for the increase. These data indicate the need for surveillance to correctly diagnose, monitor, and understand the spectrum of non-type b H. influenzae disease.
ABSTRACT Objetivo: Descrever oito casos de doença invasiva por Haemophilus influenzae não tipo b em crianças internadas no Hospital de Clínicas da Universidade Estadual de Campinas. Descrição dos casos: Em 2015, ocorreram oito casos de doença invasiva por H. influenzae não tipo b. Nas cepas identificadas, testou-se a sensibilidade à ampicilina e a produção de betalactamase, e realizou-se a genotipagem. A tipagem molecular foi feita por Pulsed Field Gel Electrophoresis. Em quatro pacientes, o diagnóstico foi de bacteremia; em dois casos, H. influenzae foi identificado em líquido pleural, e dois pacientes tiveram meningite. Comorbidades foram encontradas em 37,5% dos pacientes. Com exceção da cepa de um dos pacientes (que não foi enviada ao laboratório de referência), todas eram sensíveis à ampicilina e não produtoras de betalactamase. A genotipagem identificou quatro cepas não capsulares, uma cepa tipo c e duas cepas tipo a. A tipagem molecular descartou a transmissão intra-hospitalar, já que todos os sorotipos eram distintos quanto ao genótipo. Comentários: O aumento dos casos de infecção invasiva por H. influenzae não tipo b foi real. Não houve transmissão intra-hospitalar e não foi encontrada justificativa para o aumento. Esses dados indicam a necessidade de vigilância para diagnosticar corretamente, monitorar e entender o espectro da doença causada por H. influenzae não tipo b.
Asunto(s)
Humanos , Masculino , Femenino , Lactante , Preescolar , Niño , Pruebas de Sensibilidad Microbiana , Derrame Pleural/diagnóstico , Derrame Pleural/microbiología , Brasil/epidemiología , Haemophilus influenzae/aislamiento & purificación , Haemophilus influenzae/clasificación , Haemophilus influenzae/genética , Estudios Retrospectivos , Técnicas de Tipificación Bacteriana , Bacteriemia/diagnóstico , Bacteriemia/microbiología , Infecciones por Haemophilus/complicaciones , Infecciones por Haemophilus/microbiología , Infecciones por Haemophilus/tratamiento farmacológico , Infecciones por Haemophilus/epidemiología , Meningitis por Haemophilus/diagnóstico , Meningitis por Haemophilus/etiologíaRESUMEN
CD8+T cells contribute to tuberculosis (TB) infection control by inducing death of infected macrophages. Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb) infection is associated with increased PD-1/PD-L1 expression and alternative activation of macrophages. We aimed to study the role of PD-1 pathway and macrophage polarization on Mtb-specific CD8+T cell-induced macrophage death. We observed that both PD-L1 on CD14+ cells and PD-1 on CD8+T cells were highly expressed at the site of infection in pleurisy TB patients' effusion samples (PEMC). Moreover, a significant increase in CD8+T cells' Mtb-specific degranulation from TB-PEMC vs. TB-PBMC was observed, which correlated with PD-1 and PDL-1 expression. In an in vitro model, M1 macrophages were more susceptible to Mtb-specific CD8+T cells' cytotoxicity compared to M2a macrophages and involved the transfer of cytolytic effector molecules from CD8+T lymphocytes to target cells. Additionally, PD-L1 blocking significantly increased the in vitro Ag-specific CD8+T cell cytotoxicity against IFN-γ-activated macrophages but had no effect over cytotoxicity on IL-4 or IL-10-activated macrophages. Interestingly, PD-L1 blocking enhanced Mtb-specific CD8+ T cell killing of CD14+ cells from human tuberculous pleural effusion samples. Our data indicate that PD-1/PD-L1 pathway modulates antigen-specific cytotoxicity against M1 targets in-vitro and encourage the exploration of checkpoint blockade as new adjuvant for TB therapies.
Asunto(s)
Antígeno B7-H1/metabolismo , Linfocitos T CD8-positivos/inmunología , Muerte Celular , Macrófagos/microbiología , Mycobacterium tuberculosis/inmunología , Receptor de Muerte Celular Programada 1/metabolismo , Recolección de Muestras de Sangre , Linfocitos T CD8-positivos/microbiología , Humanos , Macrófagos/patología , Derrame Pleural/microbiología , Linfocitos T Citotóxicos/inmunología , Tuberculosis/inmunología , Tuberculosis/prevención & controlRESUMEN
OBJECTIVE: To describe eight cases of invasive non-type b Haemophilus influenzae disease in children admitted to Hospital de Clínicas of Universidade Estadual de Campinas. CASES DESCRIPTION: In 2015, there were eight cases of invasive non-type b H. influenzae disease. We tested the ampicillin sensitivity and beta-lactamase production of the strains identified and performed the genotyping. Molecular typing was determined by Pulsed-Field Gel Electrophoresis. Four patients were diagnosed with bacteremia; in two cases, H. influenzae was detected in the pleural fluid, and two patients had meningitis. Patients with comorbidities represented 37.5% of cases. Except for the strain of one patient - not sent to the reference laboratory -, all were ampicillin-sensitive and non-beta-lactamase-producing. Genotyping identified four non-capsular, one type c, and two type a strains. Molecular typing ruled out nosocomial transmission since all serotypes were distinct regarding genotype. COMMENTS: The rise in cases of invasive non-type b H. influenzae infection was real. There was no nosocomial transmission, and we found no justification for the increase. These data indicate the need for surveillance to correctly diagnose, monitor, and understand the spectrum of non-type b H. influenzae disease.
Asunto(s)
Infecciones por Haemophilus , Haemophilus influenzae , Meningitis por Haemophilus , Derrame Pleural , Bacteriemia/diagnóstico , Bacteriemia/microbiología , Técnicas de Tipificación Bacteriana , Brasil/epidemiología , Niño , Preescolar , Femenino , Infecciones por Haemophilus/complicaciones , Infecciones por Haemophilus/tratamiento farmacológico , Infecciones por Haemophilus/epidemiología , Infecciones por Haemophilus/microbiología , Haemophilus influenzae/clasificación , Haemophilus influenzae/genética , Haemophilus influenzae/aislamiento & purificación , Humanos , Lactante , Masculino , Meningitis por Haemophilus/diagnóstico , Meningitis por Haemophilus/etiología , Pruebas de Sensibilidad Microbiana , Derrame Pleural/diagnóstico , Derrame Pleural/microbiología , Estudios RetrospectivosRESUMEN
OBJECTIVES: Tuberculosis is one of the most prevalent infections in humans. Although culture is the reference for diagnosis, its sensitivity is compromised, especially in paucibacillary samples. Because polymerase chain reaction (PCR) amplifies mycobacterial DNA, it is more sensitive than culture for the diagnosis of Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb). However, its performance can be affected by intrinsic sample inhibitors and by the extraction/detection techniques used. METHODS: We evaluated the influence of preanalytical conditions on Mtb detection in samples of sputum (SPU), bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL), and pleural fluid (PF) using combinations of extraction/detection methods. Respiratory samples were prepared to contain different concentrations of red blood cells and nucleated cells to which increasing amounts of Mtb colonies were inoculated and submitted to PCR. RESULTS: Up to 102 CFU/ml of Mtb were detected in the SPU in all methods, except for the Roche extraction/detection method, regardless of the preanalytical sample condition. In BAL samples, medium and high concentrations of cells and high concentrations of red blood cells contributed to a lower Mtb detection, regardless of the extraction method used. In PF, red blood cells were the variable that most interfered with Mtb detection, with better recovery (102 CFU/ml) observed with the Qiagen/Nanogen combination. CONCLUSION: The choice of Mtb extraction and detection method is of fundamental importance for PCR analytical sensitivity, especially when paucibacillary samples and/or samples containing potential PCR inhibitors are analyzed.
Asunto(s)
Líquido del Lavado Bronquioalveolar/microbiología , Mycobacterium tuberculosis/aislamiento & purificación , Derrame Pleural/microbiología , Reacción en Cadena de la Polimerasa/métodos , Esputo/microbiología , Recuento de Colonia Microbiana , ADN Bacteriano/aislamiento & purificación , Eritrocitos/microbiología , Humanos , Sensibilidad y Especificidad , Tuberculosis Pleural/microbiologíaRESUMEN
Coccidioides is a fungus that is frequently found in dry places of sparse storms, with warm temperatures during most of the year. Two species are known to infect the human being: C. immitis and C. posadasii.It is endemic in northern Mexico, southern United States, as well as in some regions of Central America and South America. It is a highly contagious organism, but mostly it generates self-limited and asymptomatic diseases. Only 10 percent of cases with pulmonary symptoms are severe and may manifest as lobar pneumonia. Some cases of multiple foci and pleural effusion are diagnosed through biopsy with molecular methods. The treatment in many cases includes the use of azole antifungals for 3-6 months and follow-up with antibody titres
El Coccidioides es un hongo que se encuentra de manera frecuente en lugares secos, con temperaturas cálidas durante la mayoría del año. Son dos especies las que se conoce que infectan al ser humano la C. Immitis y C. Posadasii. Es endémico del norte de México, sur de Estados Unidos, así como algunas pequeñas regiones de centro y Sudamérica. Es un organismo altamente contagioso, pero en su mayoría genera enfermedades autolimitadas y de tipo asintomático, los pacientes con manifestaciones pulmonares solamenteen 10 por ciento son de presentación grave. Esta puede ser como una neumonía lobar, pero en algunos casos de focos múltiples y con derrame pleural, el diagnóstico es mediante biopsia en a fechas recientes con métodos moleculares. Los tratamientos en muchos casos requieren únicamente vigilancia. De requerir tratamiento se usa antimicótico 3-6 meses con azoles y seguimientos con títulos de anticuerpos
Asunto(s)
Humanos , Masculino , Niño , Derrame Pleural/diagnóstico , Derrame Pleural/microbiología , Coccidioidomicosis/complicaciones , Coccidioidomicosis/diagnóstico , Derrame Pleural/patología , Derrame Pleural/diagnóstico por imagen , Radiografía Torácica , Coccidioidomicosis/patología , Coccidioidomicosis/diagnóstico por imagen , Enfermedades EndémicasRESUMEN
OBJECTIVES: Tuberculosis is one of the most prevalent infections in humans. Although culture is the reference for diagnosis, its sensitivity is compromised, especially in paucibacillary samples. Because polymerase chain reaction (PCR) amplifies mycobacterial DNA, it is more sensitive than culture for the diagnosis of Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb). However, its performance can be affected by intrinsic sample inhibitors and by the extraction/detection techniques used. METHODS: We evaluated the influence of preanalytical conditions on Mtb detection in samples of sputum (SPU), bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL), and pleural fluid (PF) using combinations of extraction/detection methods. Respiratory samples were prepared to contain different concentrations of red blood cells and nucleated cells to which increasing amounts of Mtb colonies were inoculated and submitted to PCR. RESULTS: Up to 102 CFU/ml of Mtb were detected in the SPU in all methods, except for the Roche extraction/detection method, regardless of the preanalytical sample condition. In BAL samples, medium and high concentrations of cells and high concentrations of red blood cells contributed to a lower Mtb detection, regardless of the extraction method used. In PF, red blood cells were the variable that most interfered with Mtb detection, with better recovery (102 CFU/ml) observed with the Qiagen/Nanogen combination. CONCLUSION: The choice of Mtb extraction and detection method is of fundamental importance for PCR analytical sensitivity, especially when paucibacillary samples and/or samples containing potential PCR inhibitors are analyzed.
Asunto(s)
Humanos , Derrame Pleural/microbiología , Esputo/microbiología , Líquido del Lavado Bronquioalveolar/microbiología , Reacción en Cadena de la Polimerasa/métodos , Mycobacterium tuberculosis/aislamiento & purificación , Tuberculosis Pleural/microbiología , ADN Bacteriano/aislamiento & purificación , Recuento de Colonia Microbiana , Sensibilidad y Especificidad , Eritrocitos/microbiologíaRESUMEN
OBJECTIVES: Diagnosis of pleural tuberculosis (PT) is still a challenge, particularly in resource-constrained settings. Alternative diagnostic tools are needed. We aimed at evaluating the utility of Clinical Prediction Rules (CPRs) for diagnosis of pleural tuberculosis in Peru. METHODS: We identified CPRs for diagnosis of PT through a structured literature search. CPRs using high-complexity tests, as defined by the FDA, were excluded. We applied the identified CPRs to patients with pleural exudates attending two third-level hospitals in Lima, Peru, a setting with high incidence of tuberculosis. Besides pleural fluid analysis, patients underwent closed pleural biopsy for reaching a final diagnosis through combining microbiological and histopathological criteria. We evaluated the performance of the CPRs against this composite reference standard using classic indicators of diagnostic test validity. RESULTS: We found 15 eligible CPRs, of which 12 could be validated. Most included ADA, age, lymphocyte proportion and protein in pleural fluid as predictive findings. A total of 259 patients were included for their validation, of which 176 (67%) had PT and 50 (19%) malignant pleural effusion. The overall accuracy of the CPRs varied from 41% to 86%. Two had a positive likelihood ratio (LR) above 10, but none a negative LR below 0.1. ADA alone at a cut-off of ≥40 IU attained 87% diagnostic accuracy and had a positive LR of 6.6 and a negative LR of 0.2. CONCLUSION: Many CPRs for PT are available. In addition to ADA alone, none of them contributes significantly to diagnosis of PT.
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Adenosina Desaminasa/análisis , Derrame Pleural/microbiología , Tuberculosis Pleural/diagnóstico , Biomarcadores/análisis , Biopsia con Aguja , Pruebas Enzimáticas Clínicas , Técnicas de Apoyo para la Decisión , Humanos , Incidencia , Mycobacterium/aislamiento & purificación , Perú/epidemiología , Derrame Pleural/diagnóstico por imagen , Valor Predictivo de las Pruebas , Radiografía Torácica , Esputo/microbiología , Toracocentesis/métodos , Tuberculosis Pleural/enzimología , Tuberculosis Pleural/epidemiología , Tuberculosis Pleural/microbiología , UltrasonografíaRESUMEN
INTRODUCTION: The etiological diagnosis of pleural effusion is a difficult task because the diagnostic tools can only establish a definitive etiological diagnosis in at most 76% of cases. OBJECTIVES: To verify the diagnostic accuracy of the latex agglutination test (LAT) for the etiological diagnosis of pleural effusions caused by Streptococcus pneumoniae and Haemophilus influenzae type b. METHODS: After thoracocentesis, paired fresh samples of pleural fluid from 418 children and adolescents were included in this investigation. They were tested blindly and simultaneously through counterimmunoelectrophoresis (CIE) and LAT for both bacteria. Sensitivity, specificity, predictive values and likelihood ratios (LR) were calculated taking CIE as a reference standard. RESULTS: The sensitivity and specificity of LAT was 100% (95% confidence interval, 94.4%-100%) and 83.3% (95% confidence interval, 79.0%-87.0%), respectively, whereas the positive (calculated from Bayes' theorem) and negative predictive values were, respectively, lower than 1% and 100% (95% confidence interval, 98.8%-100%). Positive and negative LR were 6.0 (95% confidence interval, 4.7-7.6) and zero, respectively. CONCLUSIONS: Our results suggest that LAT is a useful tool for the etiological diagnosis of pleural effusion. It is a reliable, rapid, simple to perform and shows an excellent yield in our studied population, helping to prescribe appropriate antibiotics for this clinical condition.
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Contrainmunoelectroforesis/métodos , Exudados y Transudados/inmunología , Pruebas de Fijación de Látex/métodos , Derrame Pleural/diagnóstico , Adolescente , Brasil/epidemiología , Niño , Preescolar , Exudados y Transudados/microbiología , Femenino , Haemophilus influenzae tipo b/aislamiento & purificación , Humanos , Lactante , Recién Nacido , Masculino , Derrame Pleural/etiología , Derrame Pleural/microbiología , Derrame Pleural/virología , Valor Predictivo de las Pruebas , Estudios Prospectivos , Streptococcus pneumoniae/aislamiento & purificación , Toracocentesis/métodosRESUMEN
OBJECTIVES: Delay in the treatment of pleural infection may contribute to its high mortality. In this retrospective study, we aimed to evaluate the diagnostic accuracy of pleural adenosine deaminase in discrimination between Gram-negative and Gram-positive bacterial infections of the pleural space prior to selecting antibiotics. METHODS: A total of 76 patients were enrolled and grouped into subgroups according to Gram staining: 1) patients with Gram-negative bacterial infections, aged 53.2±18.6 years old, of whom 44.7% had empyemas and 2) patients with Gram-positive bacterial infections, aged 53.5±21.5 years old, of whom 63.1% had empyemas. The pleural effusion was sampled by thoracocentesis and then sent for adenosine deaminase testing, biochemical testing and microbiological culture. The Mann-Whitney U test was used to examine the differences in adenosine deaminase levels between the groups. Correlations between adenosine deaminase and specified variables were also quantified using Spearman's correlation coefficient. Moreover, receiver operator characteristic analysis was performed to evaluate the diagnostic accuracy of pleural effusion adenosine deaminase. RESULTS: Mean pleural adenosine deaminase levels differed significantly between Gram-negative and Gram-positive bacterial infections of the pleural space (191.8±32.1 U/L vs 81.0±16.9 U/L, p<0.01). The area under the receiver operator characteristic curve was 0.689 (95% confidence interval: 0.570, 0.792, p<0.01) at the cutoff value of 86 U/L. Additionally, pleural adenosine deaminase had a sensitivity of 63.2% (46.0-78.2%); a specificity of 73.7% (56.9-86.6%); positive and negative likelihood ratios of 2.18 and 0.50, respectively; and positive and negative predictive values of 70.6% and 66.7%, respectively. CONCLUSIONS: Pleural effusion adenosine deaminase is a helpful alternative biomarker for early and quick discrimination of Gram-negative from Gram-positive bacterial infections of the pleural space, which is useful for the selection of antibiotics.
Asunto(s)
Adenosina Desaminasa/análisis , Pruebas Enzimáticas Clínicas , Infecciones por Bacterias Gramnegativas/diagnóstico , Infecciones por Bacterias Grampositivas/diagnóstico , Derrame Pleural/enzimología , Adulto , Anciano , Biomarcadores/análisis , Diagnóstico Diferencial , Femenino , Infecciones por Bacterias Gramnegativas/microbiología , Infecciones por Bacterias Grampositivas/microbiología , Humanos , Masculino , Persona de Mediana Edad , Derrame Pleural/microbiología , Valor Predictivo de las Pruebas , Estudios Retrospectivos , Sensibilidad y EspecificidadRESUMEN
OBJECTIVES: Delay in the treatment of pleural infection may contribute to its high mortality. In this retrospective study, we aimed to evaluate the diagnostic accuracy of pleural adenosine deaminase in discrimination between Gram-negative and Gram-positive bacterial infections of the pleural space prior to selecting antibiotics. METHODS: A total of 76 patients were enrolled and grouped into subgroups according to Gram staining: 1) patients with Gram-negative bacterial infections, aged 53.2±18.6 years old, of whom 44.7% had empyemas and 2) patients with Gram-positive bacterial infections, aged 53.5±21.5 years old, of whom 63.1% had empyemas. The pleural effusion was sampled by thoracocentesis and then sent for adenosine deaminase testing, biochemical testing and microbiological culture. The Mann-Whitney U test was used to examine the differences in adenosine deaminase levels between the groups. Correlations between adenosine deaminase and specified variables were also quantified using Spearman’s correlation coefficient. Moreover, receiver operator characteristic analysis was performed to evaluate the diagnostic accuracy of pleural effusion adenosine deaminase. RESULTS: Mean pleural adenosine deaminase levels differed significantly between Gram-negative and Gram-positive bacterial infections of the pleural space (191.8±32.1 U/L vs 81.0±16.9 U/L, p<0.01). The area under the receiver operator characteristic curve was 0.689 (95% confidence interval: 0.570, 0.792, p<0.01) at the cutoff value of 86 U/L. Additionally, pleural adenosine deaminase had a sensitivity of 63.2% (46.0-78.2%); a specificity of 73.7% (56.9-86.6%); positive and negative likelihood ratios of 2.18 and 0.50, respectively; and positive and negative predictive values of 70.6% and 66.7%, respectively. CONCLUSIONS: Pleural effusion adenosine deaminase is a helpful alternative biomarker for early and quick discrimination of Gram-negative from Gram-positive bacterial infections of the pleural space, which is useful for the selection of antibiotics.
Asunto(s)
Humanos , Masculino , Femenino , Adulto , Persona de Mediana Edad , Anciano , Adenosina Desaminasa/análisis , Pruebas Enzimáticas Clínicas , Infecciones por Bacterias Gramnegativas/diagnóstico , Infecciones por Bacterias Grampositivas/diagnóstico , Derrame Pleural/enzimología , Biomarcadores/análisis , Diagnóstico Diferencial , Infecciones por Bacterias Gramnegativas/microbiología , Infecciones por Bacterias Grampositivas/microbiología , Derrame Pleural/microbiología , Valor Predictivo de las Pruebas , Estudios Retrospectivos , Sensibilidad y EspecificidadRESUMEN
In order to diagnose TB infection, tuberculin skin test and interferon gamma release assay are available. The tuberculin test has a sensitivity of 99 % and a specificity of 95 %. For the detection of interferon gamma in blood there are currently two tests available: TBGold QuantiFERON-In-Tube (with a sensitivity of 0.70 and a specificity of 0.90), and T-SPOT-TB (sensitivity 0.90 and specificity 0.93). To diagnose the disease, a microscopy of direct smears for acid-fast bacilli is used if the physician is facing an extensive cavitary lung disease due to M. tuberculosis (this test has a high sensitivity: 80-90 %). The most common staining techniques used are Ziehl-Neelsen and Kinyoun, and the fluorescent technique, auramine-rhodamine. The culture is the gold standard and it has a sensitivity of 80 % and a specificity over 90 %, but the results take weeks. The nucleic acid amplification test has an overall sensitivity and specificity of 0.85 and 0.97, respectively. In the presence of a pleural effusion is necessary to perform a pleural biopsy for culture with a sensitivity of 85 % if it is percutaneous and 98 % if it was taken by thoracoscopy. The adenosine deaminase can be determined in pleural fluid with a sensitivity and specificity of 95 %.
Para determinar la infección tuberculosa se dispone de pruebas como la tuberculina y el interferón gama. La prueba de la tuberculina tiene una sensibilidad de 99 % y una especificidad de 95 %. Para la detección de interferón gamma en sangre se dispone de 2 pruebas comercializadas: QuantiFERON-TBGold In-Tube (sensibilidad 0.70 y especificidad 0.90) y T-SPOT-TB (sensibilidad 0.90 y especificidad 0.93). Para el diagnóstico de la enfermedad se utiliza la baciloscopia en esputo (BAAR) con una sensibilidad elevada (80-90 %) si se está ante una tuberculosis con patrón cavitario. Las técnicas de tinción más empleadas son las clásicas (Ziehl-Neelsen y Kinyoun) y la fluorescente (Auramina-Rodamina). El cultivo es el estándar de oro y tiene una sensibilidad del 80 % y una especificidad de más del 90 %, pero sus resultados toman semanas. La técnica de amplificación de ácido nucleico (PCR) tiene una sensibilidad y especificidad global de 0.85 y 0.97, respectivamente. Ante la presencia de un derrame pleural, es necesario realizar una biopsia pleural para cultivo con una sensibilidad del 85 % si es percutánea y del 98 % si es tomada por toracoscopia. Se puede determinar en líquido pleural la ADA con una sensibilidad y especificidad del 95 %.
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Tuberculosis/diagnóstico , Algoritmos , Toma de Decisiones Clínicas , Técnicas de Cultivo , Hospitales Generales , Humanos , Ensayos de Liberación de Interferón gamma , México , Derrame Pleural/microbiología , Sensibilidad y Especificidad , Esputo/microbiología , Prueba de Tuberculina , Tuberculosis/complicaciones , Tuberculosis/microbiologíaRESUMEN
En el estudio diagnóstico del paciente con derrame pleural se deben considerar la historia clínica y el análisis de las imágenes para acotar el diagnóstico diferencial. El uso adecuado de las técnicas de imágenes contribuye a realizar procedimientos en forma segura. Se debe realizar una toracocentesis diagnóstica y/o evacuadora y se debe analizar completamente el líquido pleural. A veces es necesario realizar biopsia pleural para lo cual existen diversas técnicas disponibles. En los pacientes con pleuritis crónica inespecífica se debe hacer seguimiento por dos años para evaluar el desarrollo de malignidad.
The diagnostic approach in patients with pleural effusion must begin considering clinical aspects and image interpretation. Different imaging techniques can safely guide invasive procedures. Diagnostic or therapeutic thoracentesis must be performed and pleural fluid must be completely analyzed. Some patient will require pleural biopsy, and different techniques are available. Patients with chronic unspecific pleuritis histological diagnosis after pleural biopsy, must be followed for two years long to be sure no malignancy is developed.
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Humanos , Derrame Pleural/diagnóstico , Derrame Pleural/clasificación , Derrame Pleural/etiología , Derrame Pleural/microbiología , Derrame Pleural/diagnóstico por imagen , Toracoscopía , Biopsia , Biomarcadores , Adenosina Desaminasa/análisis , Diagnóstico Diferencial , Exudados y Transudados , Toracocentesis , Concentración de Iones de HidrógenoRESUMEN
BACKGROUND: Data on the etiologies of pneumonia among children are inadequate, especially in developing countries. The principal objective is to undertake a multicenter incident case-control study of <5-year-old children hospitalized with pneumonia in developing and emerging countries, aiming to identify the causative agents involved in pneumonia while assessing individual and microbial factors associated with the risk of severe pneumonia. METHODS/DESIGN: A multicenter case-control study, based on the GABRIEL network, is ongoing. Ten study sites are located in 9 countries over 3 continents: Brazil, Cambodia, China, Haiti, India, Madagascar, Mali, Mongolia, and Paraguay. At least 1,000 incident cases and 1,000 controls will be enrolled and matched for age and date. Cases are hospitalized children <5 years with radiologically confirmed pneumonia, and the controls are children without any features suggestive of pneumonia. Respiratory specimens are collected from all enrolled subjects to identify 19 viruses and 5 bacteria. Whole blood from pneumonia cases is being tested for 3 major bacteria. S. pneumoniae-positive specimens are serotyped. Urine samples from cases only are tested for detection of antimicrobial activity. The association between procalcitonin, C-reactive protein and pathogens is being evaluated. A discovery platform will enable pathogen identification in undiagnosed samples. DISCUSSION: This multicenter study will provide descriptive results for better understanding of pathogens responsible for pneumonia among children in developing countries. The identification of determinants related to microorganisms associated with pneumonia and its severity should facilitate treatment and prevention.
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Protocolos Clínicos , Países en Desarrollo , Neumonía/etiología , Antibacterianos/orina , Bacterias/aislamiento & purificación , Brasil , Proteína C-Reactiva/metabolismo , Calcitonina/sangre , Péptido Relacionado con Gen de Calcitonina , Cambodia , Estudios de Casos y Controles , Preescolar , China , Femenino , Haití , Humanos , India , Lactante , Madagascar , Masculino , Malí , Mongolia , Paraguay , Derrame Pleural/microbiología , Neumonía/sangre , Neumonía/metabolismo , Neumonía/orina , Precursores de Proteínas/sangre , Virus/aislamiento & purificaciónRESUMEN
INTRODUCTION: This study evaluated the performance of an in-house nested-PCR system for the detection of the Mycobacterium tuberculosis complex in pleural fluid, blood and urine samples from pleural effusion tuberculosis patients by health services physicians in Pernambuco, Brazil. METHODS: A prospective double-blind study with 37 hospitalized patients of both sexes, aged over 15, was used to investigate the diagnosis of pleural effusion. The criteria used to define the cases included the demonstration of bacillus in biological samples by smear or culture or by a granulomatous finding in the histopathological examination, associated with an evident response to specific treatments to each clinical situation. Pleural fluid, blood and urine samples were collected and subjected to routine tests and the nested PCR technique to assess for M. tuberculosis amplification. RESULTS: In total, 37 pleural effusion patients took part in the study, of whom 19 (51.3%) had tubercular etiologies and 18 (48.7%) had etiologies from other causes. When the pleural fluid, blood and/or urine sample in-house nested-PCR sensitivities were evaluated simultaneously, the results were positive regardless of the biological specimen (the sensitivity was 84.2%); however, when the blood and/or urine samples were analyzed together, the sensitivity was 72.2%. When the pleural fluid samples were evaluated alone, the sensitivity was only 33.3%. CONCLUSIONS: The performance of the diagnostic pleural tuberculosis nested-PCR was directly related to the diversity of the samples collected from the same patient. Additionally, this study may identify a need to prioritize non-invasive blood and urine collection for this diagnosis.
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Mycobacterium tuberculosis/genética , Reacción en Cadena de la Polimerasa/métodos , Tuberculosis Pleural/diagnóstico , Adolescente , Adulto , Anciano , ADN Bacteriano/análisis , Método Doble Ciego , Femenino , Humanos , Masculino , Persona de Mediana Edad , Derrame Pleural/microbiología , Valor Predictivo de las Pruebas , Estudios Prospectivos , Reproducibilidad de los Resultados , Sensibilidad y Especificidad , Tuberculosis Pleural/sangre , Tuberculosis Pleural/orina , Adulto JovenRESUMEN
Introduction This study evaluated the performance of an in-house nested-PCR system for the detection of the Mycobacterium tuberculosis complex in pleural fluid, blood and urine samples from pleural effusion tuberculosis patients by health services physicians in Pernambuco, Brazil. Methods A prospective double-blind study with 37 hospitalized patients of both sexes, aged over 15, was used to investigate the diagnosis of pleural effusion. The criteria used to define the cases included the demonstration of bacillus in biological samples by smear or culture or by a granulomatous finding in the histopathological examination, associated with an evident response to specific treatments to each clinical situation. Pleural fluid, blood and urine samples were collected and subjected to routine tests and the nested PCR technique to assess for M. tuberculosis amplification. Results In total, 37 pleural effusion patients took part in the study, of whom 19 (51.3%) had tubercular etiologies and 18 (48.7%) had etiologies from other causes. When the pleural fluid, blood and/or urine sample in-house nested-PCR sensitivities were evaluated simultaneously, the results were positive regardless of the biological specimen (the sensitivity was 84.2%); however, when the blood and/or urine samples were analyzed together, the sensitivity was 72.2%. When the pleural fluid samples were evaluated alone, the sensitivity was only 33.3%. Conclusions The performance of the diagnostic pleural tuberculosis nested-PCR was directly related to the diversity of the samples collected from the same patient. Additionally, this study may identify a need to prioritize non-invasive blood and urine collection for this diagnosis. .