RESUMEN
Rumen-protected choline (RPC) supplementation in the periparturient period has in some instances prevented and alleviated fatty liver disease in dairy cows. Mechanistically, however, it is unclear how choline prevents the accumulation of lipid droplets (LD) in liver cells. In this study, primary liver cells isolated from liver tissue obtained via puncture biopsy from 3 nonpregnant mid-lactation multiparous Holstein cows (â¼160 d postpartum) were used. Analyses of LD via oil red O staining, protein abundance via Western blotting, and phospholipid content and composition measured by thin-layer chromatography and HPLC/mass spectrometry were performed in liver cells cultured in choline-deficient medium containing 150 µmol/L linoleic acid for 24 h. In a subsequent experiment, lipophagy was assessed in liver cells cultured with 30, 60, or 90 µmol/L choline-chloride. All data were analyzed statistically using SPSS 20.0 via t-tests or one-way ANOVA. Compared with liver cells cultured in Dulbecco's Modified Eagle Medium alone, choline deficiency increased the average diameter of LD (1.59 vs. 2.10 µm), decreased the proportion of small LD (<2 µm) from 75.3% to 56.6%, and increased the proportion of large LD (>4 µm) from 5.6% to 15.0%. In addition, the speed of LD fusion was enhanced by the absence of choline. Among phospholipid species, the phosphatidylcholine (PC) content of liver cells decreased by 34.5%. Seventeen species of PC (PC [18:2_22:6], PC [15:0_16:1], PC [14:0_20:4], and so on) and 6 species of lysophosphatidylcholine (LPC; LPC [15:0/0:0]), PC (22:2/0:0), LPC (20:2/0:0), and so on] were decreased, while PC (14:1_16:1) and LPC (0:0/20:1) were increased. Choline deficiency increased the triglyceride (TAG) content (0.57 vs. 0.39 µmol/mg) in liver cells and increased the protein abundance of sterol regulatory element binding protein 1, sterol regulatory element binding protein cleavage activation protein, and fatty acid synthase by 23.5%, 17%, and 36.1%, respectively. Upon re-supplementation with choline, the phenotype of LD (TAG content, size, proportion, and phospholipid profile) was reversed, and the ratio of autophagy marker LC3II/LC3I protein was significantly upregulated in a dose-dependent manner. Overall, at least in vitro in mid-lactation cows, these data demonstrated that PC synthesis is necessary for normal LD formation, and both rely on choline availability. According to the limitation of the source of liver cells used, further work should be conducted to ascertain that these effects are applicable to liver cells from postpartum cows, the physiological stage where the use of RPC has been implemented for the prevention and treatment of fatty liver.
Asunto(s)
Enfermedades de los Bovinos , Deficiencia de Colina , Femenino , Bovinos , Animales , Deficiencia de Colina/metabolismo , Deficiencia de Colina/veterinaria , Gotas Lipídicas/metabolismo , Colina/farmacología , Colina/metabolismo , Lactancia/fisiología , Hígado/metabolismo , Fosfolípidos/análisis , Suplementos Dietéticos/análisis , Dieta/veterinaria , Rumen/metabolismo , Leche/química , Enfermedades de los Bovinos/metabolismoRESUMEN
This study aimed to investigate the effects of choline deficiency on intestinal inflammation of fish after Aeromonas hydrophila infection and the potential molecular mechanisms. Juvenile Jian carp (Cyprinus carpio var. Jian) were fed two diets containing choline at 165 (deficient group) and 607 mg/kg diet respectively for 65 days. Choline deficiency decreased intestinal lysozyme activity, C3 and IgM contents, increased acid phosphatase activity, downregulated mRNA levels of antimicrobial peptides [liver-expressed antimicrobial peptide (LEAP) 2A, LEAP-2B, hepcidin and defensin], cytokines [interleukin (IL) 6a, tumor necrosis factor α (TNF-α), interferon γ2b (IFN-γ2b), IL-6b and transforming growth factor ß2 (TGF-ß2) only in proximal intestine, IL-10 in mid and distal intestine], immune-related signaling molecules [Toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4), myeloid differentiation primary response 88 (MyD88), nuclear factor kappa B (NF-κB), inhibitor of NF-κB (IκB), Janus kinase 3 (JAK3), and signal transducers and activators of transcription 5 (STAT5)], tight junction proteins (claudin 3b, claudin 3c, claudin 11 and occludin), and mitogen-activated protein kinases p38 (p38MAPK) in proximal and distal intestine of juvenile Jian carp after A. hydrophila challenge. In contrast, choline deficiency upregulated mRNA levels of antimicrobial peptides (LEAP-2A, LEAP-2B, hepcidin and defensin), cytokines (IL-6b, IFN-γ2b and TGF-ß2), immune-related signaling molecules (TLR4, MyD88, NF-κB, IκB, JAK3, STAT4 in three intestinal segments, and STAT6), claudin 11, and p38MAPK in mid intestine of fish. This study provides new finding that choline deficiency-induced immune responses against A. hydrophila infection were varied among three intestinal segments in fish.
Asunto(s)
Carpas , Deficiencia de Colina/veterinaria , Colina/farmacología , Enteritis/veterinaria , Enfermedades de los Peces/inmunología , Infecciones por Bacterias Gramnegativas/veterinaria , Inmunidad Innata/efectos de los fármacos , Aeromonas hydrophila , Alimentación Animal/análisis , Animales , Colina/administración & dosificación , Deficiencia de Colina/complicaciones , Deficiencia de Colina/inmunología , Citocinas/genética , Citocinas/metabolismo , Dieta/veterinaria , Suplementos Dietéticos/análisis , Relación Dosis-Respuesta a Droga , Enteritis/complicaciones , Enteritis/tratamiento farmacológico , Enteritis/inmunología , Enfermedades de los Peces/tratamiento farmacológico , Enfermedades de los Peces/microbiología , Proteínas de Peces/genética , Proteínas de Peces/metabolismo , Infecciones por Bacterias Gramnegativas/complicaciones , Infecciones por Bacterias Gramnegativas/inmunología , Intestinos/efectos de los fármacos , Intestinos/inmunología , ARN Mensajero/genética , ARN Mensajero/metabolismo , Distribución Aleatoria , Proteínas de Uniones Estrechas/genética , Proteínas de Uniones Estrechas/metabolismoRESUMEN
BACKGROUND: Choline is essential for synthesis of phospholipids, neurodevelopment, and DNA methylation. It is unknown whether dietary perinatal choline deficiency affects maternal milk composition. OBJECTIVE: We examined whether perinatal maternal dietary choline deficiency influences porcine-milk composition. METHODS: Yorkshire sows were fed choline-deficient (CD) or choline-sufficient (CS) gestation diets [544 or 1887 mg choline/kg dry matter (DM), respectively] from 65 d before to 48 h after parturition and then fed lactation diets (517 or 1591 mg choline/kg DM, respectively) through day 19 of lactation. Milk was collected from 7 sows fed each diet at days 0 (colostrum), 7-9 (mature milk), and 17-19 (preweaning) of lactation. Sow plasma was collected 65 d before and 19 d after parturition. Milk was analyzed for choline metabolite, fatty acid (FA), and amino acid composition. All outcomes were analyzed to assess main and interactive effects of choline intake and time. RESULTS: Plasma choline metabolites did not differ before treatment, but free choline, betaine, and dimethylglycine concentrations were lower in CD-fed than in CS-fed sows at day 19 of lactation (interaction; P < 0.05). Milk betaine concentrations responded similarly, with no differences due to choline intake at day 0 of lactation, but lower concentrations in CD-fed than in CS-fed sows at day 18 of lactation (interaction; P < 0.001). Certain milk long-chain FAs also exhibited no differences at day 0 of lactation but higher concentrations in CD-fed than in CS-fed sows at day 18 of lactation (P < 0.05). CONCLUSIONS: These data indicate that, in pigs, dietary choline deficiency induces alterations in plasma choline metabolites that are evident at the end of lactation. Betaine and select FAs in milk are sensitive to maternal dietary choline deficiency and day of lactation. Alterations in concentrations of these nutrients may affect early-life neonatal development.
Asunto(s)
Aminoácidos/metabolismo , Deficiencia de Colina/veterinaria , Colina/administración & dosificación , Ácidos Grasos/metabolismo , Enfermedades de los Porcinos/metabolismo , Porcinos/fisiología , Aminoácidos/química , Alimentación Animal/análisis , Fenómenos Fisiológicos Nutricionales de los Animales , Animales , Colina/metabolismo , Dieta/veterinaria , Ácidos Grasos/química , Femenino , Lactancia/fisiología , Leche/química , Periodo Periparto , EmbarazoRESUMEN
Few studies have evaluated the impact of dietary choline on the health and well-being of swine, and those pivotal papers were aimed at determining dietary requirements for sows and growing pigs. This is of importance as the piglet is becoming a widely accepted model for human infant nutrition, but little is known about the impacts of perinatal choline status on overall health and metabolism of the growing piglet. In the present study, sows were provided either a choline deficient (CD, 625 mg choline/kg dry matter) or choline sufficient (CS, 1306 mg choline/kg dry matter) diet for the last 65 d of gestation (prenatal intervention). Piglets were weaned from the sow 48 h after farrowing and provided either a CD (477 mg choline/kg dry matter) or CS (1528 mg choline/kg dry matter) milk replacer (postnatal intervention) for 29 ± 2 d, resulting in a factorial arrangement of 4 treatment (prenatal/postnatal) groups: CS/CS, CS/CD, CD/CS, and CD/CD. Piglet growth was normal for artificially-reared piglets, and was not impacted by perinatal choline status. Piglets receiving the postnatal CD treatment had lower (P < 0.01) plasma choline and choline-containing phospholipid concentrations and higher (P < 0.05) liver enzyme (alkaline phosphatase and gamma-glutamyl transferase) values compared with piglets receiving the postnatal CS treatment. Hepatic lipid content of piglets receiving the postnatal CD treatment was higher (P < 0.01) compared with piglets receiving the postnatal CS treatment. Additionally, postnatally CD piglets had lower (P = 0.01) plasma cholesterol than postnatally CS piglets. Brain development was also impacted by perinatal choline status, with brains of piglets exposed to prenatal CD being smaller (P = 0.01) than those of prenatally CS piglets. These findings support the hypothesis that the piglet is a sensitive model for choline deficiency during the perinatal period. In the present study, piglets exhibited similarities in health markers and metabolomic profiles to rodents and humans when exposed to moderate choline deficiency.
Asunto(s)
Deficiencia de Colina/veterinaria , Metaboloma , Fosfatasa Alcalina/metabolismo , Animales , Encéfalo/crecimiento & desarrollo , Encéfalo/metabolismo , Colesterol/sangre , Deficiencia de Colina/metabolismo , Deficiencia de Colina/fisiopatología , Hígado/crecimiento & desarrollo , Hígado/metabolismo , Fosfolípidos/metabolismo , Porcinos , gamma-Glutamiltransferasa/metabolismoRESUMEN
Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease is the most common reason for abnormal liver chemistries in the United States. The factors that lead from benign steatosis to nonalcoholic steatohepatitis are poorly understood. Transthyretin-Abcb11 (TTR-Abcb11) transgenic mice overexpress the bile salt transporter Abcb11 and hypersecrete biliary lipids. Thus the aim of this study is to employ feeding of the methionine-choline-deficient (MCD) diet to TTR-Abcb11 transgenic mice to further determine the mechanisms responsible for the development of steatohepatitis. FVB/NJ and TTR-Abcb11 mice were fed control or MCD diets for up to 30 days. Serum aminotransferase levels, serum and hepatic triglyceride content, cytokines, markers of oxidative stress, and expression of selective genes were examined. MCD diet-fed TTR-Abcb11, but not wild-type, mice have elevated serum aminotransferase levels when compared after 7 days. They also have significantly lower hepatic triglyceride levels at all time points studied. After 14 days on the MCD diet, TTR-Abcb11 mice have 3-fold increases in TNF-alpha mRNA and 3.9-fold increases in IL-6 mRNA compared with FVB/NJ mice. TTR-Abcb11 mice also had a greater increase in cytochrome P-450 2E1 expression. A greater decrease in sterol regulatory element binding protein-1c and fatty acid synthase mRNA expression was also seen in TTR-Abcb11 compared with wild-type mice fed an MCD diet. They also have enhanced TNF-alpha, IL-6, and cytochrome P-450 2E1 expression. We conclude that TTR-Abcb11 mice develop a more rapid hepatitis with less steatosis.
Asunto(s)
Transportadoras de Casetes de Unión a ATP/genética , Deficiencia de Colina/complicaciones , Hígado Graso/genética , Hígado Graso/fisiopatología , Metionina/deficiencia , Prealbúmina/genética , Miembro 11 de la Subfamilia B de Transportador de Casetes de Unión al ATP , Transportadoras de Casetes de Unión a ATP/farmacología , Animales , Deficiencia de Colina/veterinaria , Citocromo P-450 CYP2E1/farmacología , Dieta , Masculino , Ratones , Ratones Transgénicos , Prealbúmina/farmacologíaRESUMEN
The various roles of the water-soluble vitamins (including choline and vitamin C) in diseases of swine are outlined. The most important role is in the prevention of deficiency disease; another important role is in relation to the immune response. Deficiency signs relating to each vitamin are described and the metabolism of each vitamin is outlined. Recent estimates of requirements are set out, together with suggestions on supplementation of practical diets for swine.
Asunto(s)
Enfermedades de los Porcinos , Vitaminas , Animales , Ácido Ascórbico/metabolismo , Deficiencia de Ácido Ascórbico/veterinaria , Biotina/deficiencia , Biotina/metabolismo , Colina/metabolismo , Deficiencia de Colina/veterinaria , Ácido Fólico/metabolismo , Deficiencia de Ácido Fólico/veterinaria , Niacina/deficiencia , Niacina/metabolismo , Necesidades Nutricionales , Ácido Pantoténico/deficiencia , Ácido Pantoténico/metabolismo , Piridoxina/metabolismo , Riboflavina/metabolismo , Deficiencia de Riboflavina/veterinaria , Solubilidad , Porcinos , Enfermedades de los Porcinos/metabolismo , Tiamina/metabolismo , Deficiencia de Tiamina/veterinaria , Deficiencia de Vitamina B 12/veterinaria , Deficiencia de Vitamina B 6/veterinaria , Vitaminas/metabolismo , AguaRESUMEN
Experiments were conducted with young Bobwhite quail (Colinus virginianus) to investigate the effect of differing dietary protein levels and nondetrimental amounts of excess methionine on choline needs. Growth and feed consumption of quail fed an adequate (27.3%) protein purified diet supplemented with 2000 mg/kg of choline were unaffected by increasing the level of excess methionine to 1.75%; however, greater amounts (2.0%, 2.25%) of excess methionine depressed growth (P less than .01), reduced feed consumption (P less than .01), and decreased feed utilization (P less than .05). Quail fed a purified diet containing 13.85% protein and 515 mg/kg of choline grew poorly. Growth was unaffected by additional choline in this diet. Growth was suboptimal among quail fed purified diets containing adequate or high (41.55%) levels of protein in which choline was limiting; however, a high level of protein did not in itself affect performance. Growth was improved by supplemental choline in these diets. Growth of quail fed purified diets with up to 1.35% excess methionine which were limiting (531 mg/kg) in choline was less than that of groups fed 2000 mg/kg of added dietary choline (P less than .01); however, excess methionine did not significantly influence growth of quail fed choline-deficient diets. These experiments indicate that neither high dietary protein nor excess methionine, fed at non-growth-depressing levels, increases dietary choline needs for young Bobwhite quail.
Asunto(s)
Colina/metabolismo , Colinus/metabolismo , Proteínas en la Dieta/administración & dosificación , Metionina/administración & dosificación , Codorniz/metabolismo , Animales , Peso Corporal , Colina/administración & dosificación , Deficiencia de Colina/metabolismo , Deficiencia de Colina/veterinaria , Colinus/crecimiento & desarrollo , Proteínas en la Dieta/metabolismo , Femenino , Masculino , Metionina/metabolismo , Necesidades Nutricionales , Enfermedades de las Aves de Corral/metabolismoAsunto(s)
Metabolismo de los Lípidos , Hígado/metabolismo , Oviposición , Enfermedades de las Aves de Corral/prevención & control , Codorniz/metabolismo , Alimentación Animal , Animales , Deficiencia de Colina/veterinaria , Enfermedades Carenciales/veterinaria , Estrógenos/metabolismo , Hígado Graso/prevención & control , Hígado Graso/veterinaria , Femenino , Hemorragia/veterinaria , Enfermedades de las Aves de Corral/etiologíaRESUMEN
Summers et al., 1978, described an experiment in which performance and leg conditions of birds fed diets devoid of synthetic biotin, choline, folic acid, manganese, and miacin were observed and recoreded. This is a report on birds from the same experiment. Dyschondroplasia of the tibia was documented and the distal end of each tibia examined histologically. Metatarsal length and condyle depth of the distal tibia were also determined. Metatarsal length was influenced by vitamin deficiencies as well as the type of floor on which binds were raised. The depth of the intercondyle space was affected more by a manganese deficiency than by vitamin deficiencies and, in this case, was greater on plastic and litter as opposed to wire floors. There did not appear to be a correlation between the space depth and slipping of the tendons; however, a large number of birds should be examined to provide more data. Dyschondroplasia was more prevalent in choline deficient birds, particularly those birds raised on litter or plastic floors. Histology changes in relation to nutrient deficiencies were comparable to those reported previously.