RESUMEN
BACKGROUND/OBJECTIVES: The World Health Organization (WHO) recommends nutritionally adequate complementary feeding (CF) through the introduction of indigenous foodstuffs and local foods while breastfeeding for at least 2 years. To determine the adequacy of the contribution of CF to the diets of Guatemalan infants at the 7th-12th month of life receiving high-intensity continued breastfeeding. SUBJECTS/METHODS: Critical nutrient densities for CF were modelled using age- and sex-specific energy and protein requirements assuming children to be at the 50th weight percentile of local peers and 15th weight percentiles of the 2006 WHO standards. Nutrient requirements for the total diet were determined using the recommended nutrient intakes. Breast milk was assumed to provide 75% of total energy at the 7th-9th month and 50% at the 10th-12th month. Gaps between computed critical nutrient densities and the CF consumption of 128 Guatemalan infants based on data collected by means of three nonconsecutive 24-h quantitative intake recalls were examined. Locally consumed foods with nutrient densities above the modelled critical densities were identified. RESULTS: Observed non-breast milk complementation would result in total diets providing inadequate nutrient density for vitamin A, niacin and vitamin C in some age groups. Major gaps for calcium, iron and zinc were ubiquitous across all groups. Few foods commonly consumed among Guatemalan infants had adequate densities of 'problem nutrients'. CONCLUSIONS: The critical nutrient density concept is useful to evaluate the nutrient adequacy of the infant's diet. Fortified foods are essential sources of the main 'problem nutrients', namely calcium, iron and zinc, given that natural sources are scarce.
Asunto(s)
Lactancia Materna , Desarrollo Infantil , Calidad de los Alimentos , Fenómenos Fisiológicos Nutricionales del Lactante , Micronutrientes/administración & dosificación , Modelos Biológicos , Anemia Ferropénica/etnología , Anemia Ferropénica/etiología , Anemia Ferropénica/prevención & control , Deficiencia de Ácido Ascórbico/etnología , Deficiencia de Ácido Ascórbico/etiología , Deficiencia de Ácido Ascórbico/prevención & control , Lactancia Materna/etnología , Calcio/deficiencia , Femenino , Guatemala , Guías como Asunto , Humanos , Lactante , Fenómenos Fisiológicos Nutricionales del Lactante/etnología , Masculino , Micronutrientes/análisis , Micronutrientes/deficiencia , Leche Humana/química , Niacina/administración & dosificación , Niacina/análisis , Niacina/deficiencia , Necesidades Nutricionales , Valor Nutritivo , Deficiencia de Vitamina A/etnología , Deficiencia de Vitamina A/etiología , Deficiencia de Vitamina A/prevención & control , Organización Mundial de la Salud , Zinc/administración & dosificación , Zinc/análisis , Zinc/deficienciaRESUMEN
OBJETIVOS: Verificar adequação do consumo de vitamina C em crianças e adolescentes infectados pelo vírus da imunodeficiência humana (HIV), avaliar níveis séricos da vitamina e indicadores de estresse oxidativo, comparar ao grupo não infectado, correlacionar a vitamina sérica ao estresse oxidativo e associá-los segundo os valores de referência. MÉTODOS: Estudo seccional transversal comparativo. Dois grupos com 27 crianças e adolescentes cada, de 3 a 19 anos, sendo G1 infectados pelo HIV por transmissão vertical atendidos em ambulatório regional e G2 indivíduos convidados sem histórico de infecção pelo HIV. Foram pareados por sexo, idade e condição socioeconômica. Avaliou-se: antropometria (índice de massa corporal para idade), ingestão e consumo do micronutriente, análise sérica da vitamina C, proteína C reativa e albumina. RESULTADOS: Idade média encontrada de 12 anos, prevalência do sexo feminino (17 - 63%) e da classe econômica C (27 - 50%). Diagnóstico nutricional prevalente foi eutrofia em 20 (74,1%) em G1 e 21 (77,8%) em G2. O consumo de vitamina C foi significativamente maior em G1 (p = 0,006; t = 2,987) pelo método recordatório 24 horas. Houve diferença significativa da dosagem sérica de vitamina C, sendo menor em G1 (p = 0,000; t = -7,309). Em relação ao estresse oxidativo, os valores da proteína C reativa em G1 foram significativamente maiores (p = 0,007; t = 2,958). Não houve relação entre deficiência da vitamina, proteína C reativa e albumina. CONCLUSÃO: Os resultados encontrados mostram que indivíduos infectados pelo HIV apresentam baixos valores da vitamina C, não relacionados à alimentação, uma vez que o consumo desse micronutriente foi superior ao grupo comparativo, que não apresentou essa depleção. Existem peculiaridades nos indivíduos infectados que aumentam o estresse oxidativo, evidenciado pelo aumento da proteína C reativa.
OBJECTIVES: To assess adequacy of vitamin C intake in HIV-infected children and adolescents; to evaluate serum levels of vitamin C and indicators of oxidative stress; to compare with the uninfected group; to correlate serum vitamin C with oxidative stress and associate them according to the reference values. METHODS: Comparative cross-sectional study. Two groups of 27 children and adolescents each, aged between 3 to 19 years. Group 1 (G1) comprised individuals vertically infected with HIV seen at a regional outpatient clinic. Group 2 (G2) comprised invited individuals without history of HIV infection. The groups were matched for age, sex, and socioeconomic status. The following variables were analyzed: body mass index for age; micronutrient intake and consumption; and serum vitamin C, C-reactive protein (CRP), and albumin. RESULTS: The mean age was 12 years old. Most subjects were female (17, 63%), and there was prevalence of the economic class C (27, 50%). The most prevalent nutritional status was normal weight in 20 individuals (74.1%) in G1 and 21 (77.8%) in G2. The intake of vitamin C was significantly higher in G1 (p = 0.006; t = 2.987) according to the 24-hour dietary recall method. There were significant differences in serum vitamin C concentration between the groups, with a lower level in G1 (p = 0.000; t = -7.309). In relation to oxidative stress, values of CRP in G1 were significantly higher (p = 0.007; t = 2.958). There was no association between deficiency of vitamin, CRP, and albumin. CONCLUSION: Our findings show that HIV-infected individuals have low levels of vitamin C; however, this deficiency is not related to eating habits, since the intake of this nutrient was higher in this group than in the control group. HIV-infected individuals have specific characteristics that increase their oxidative stress, which is evidenced by increased CRP.
Asunto(s)
Adolescente , Niño , Preescolar , Femenino , Humanos , Masculino , Adulto Joven , Deficiencia de Ácido Ascórbico/patología , Ácido Ascórbico/sangre , Conducta Alimentaria/fisiología , Infecciones por VIH/sangre , Estrés Oxidativo/fisiología , Deficiencia de Ácido Ascórbico/etiología , Biomarcadores/sangre , Proteína C-Reactiva/análisis , Estudios de Casos y Controles , Estudios Transversales , Infecciones por VIH/fisiopatologíaRESUMEN
OBJECTIVES: To assess adequacy of vitamin C intake in HIV-infected children and adolescents; to evaluate serum levels of vitamin C and indicators of oxidative stress; to compare with the uninfected group; to correlate serum vitamin C with oxidative stress and associate them according to the reference values. METHODS: Comparative cross-sectional study. Two groups of 27 children and adolescents each, aged between 3 to 19 years. Group 1 (G1) comprised individuals vertically infected with HIV seen at a regional outpatient clinic. Group 2 (G2) comprised invited individuals without history of HIV infection. The groups were matched for age, sex, and socioeconomic status. The following variables were analyzed: body mass index for age; micronutrient intake and consumption; and serum vitamin C, C-reactive protein (CRP), and albumin. RESULTS: The mean age was 12 years old. Most subjects were female (17, 63%), and there was prevalence of the economic class C (27, 50%). The most prevalent nutritional status was normal weight in 20 individuals (74.1%) in G1 and 21 (77.8%) in G2. The intake of vitamin C was significantly higher in G1 (p = 0.006; t = 2.987) according to the 24-hour dietary recall method. There were significant differences in serum vitamin C concentration between the groups, with a lower level in G1 (p = 0.000; t = -7.309). In relation to oxidative stress, values of CRP in G1 were significantly higher (p = 0.007; t = 2.958). There was no association between deficiency of vitamin, CRP, and albumin. CONCLUSION: Our findings show that HIV-infected individuals have low levels of vitamin C; however, this deficiency is not related to eating habits, since the intake of this nutrient was higher in this group than in the control group. HIV-infected individuals have specific characteristics that increase their oxidative stress, which is evidenced by increased CRP.
Asunto(s)
Deficiencia de Ácido Ascórbico/patología , Ácido Ascórbico/sangre , Conducta Alimentaria/fisiología , Infecciones por VIH/sangre , Estrés Oxidativo/fisiología , Adolescente , Deficiencia de Ácido Ascórbico/etiología , Biomarcadores/sangre , Proteína C-Reactiva/análisis , Estudios de Casos y Controles , Niño , Preescolar , Estudios Transversales , Femenino , Infecciones por VIH/fisiopatología , Humanos , Masculino , Adulto JovenRESUMEN
Few studies have evaluated the relationship between drugs of abuse consumption and plasma levels of vitamin C. Because of the importance of vitamin C due to its role in prevention of acute and chronic diseases, this study was carried out with the purpose of testing the influence of consumption of drugs of abuse on the plasmatic levels of vitamin C (ascorbic acid) of 56 male chronic users of drugs of abuse with an age range of 16 to 40 years. The following was performed: 1) A survey of consumption to determine the kind, frequency and quantity of drug(s) used and 2) The plasmatic levels of vitamin C in fasting condition, using the Rue and Kuether method. The results obtained showed that 89% of the population under study used drugs for the first time before the age of 18, and 78.4% started with marijuana; 60.7% of them were mixed drug users. The average level of plasmatic ascorbic acid was 0.89 +/- 0.06 mg/dL, nevertheless, according to nutritional category, 76% have values greater than 0.4 mg/dL and 23.2% were at moderated risk (0.35 +/- 0.01 mg/dL) of vitamin C deficiency. Likewise, classifying them in the antioxidant category (according to the suggested values of Gey, 1993) it was obtained that 55.4% had suboptimal or inadequate concentrations to carry out its antioxidant protective function. The length of time of drug's consumption influenced on the ascorbic acid level too. It can be concluded that chronic consumption of drugs of abuse can negatively influence the plasmatic levels of ascorbic acid, leading these patients to a latent condition of vitamin C deficiency. Finally it is necessary to deepen the study of vitamin C levels of users of drugs of abuse.
Asunto(s)
Deficiencia de Ácido Ascórbico/etiología , Ácido Ascórbico/sangre , Trastornos Relacionados con Sustancias/sangre , Adolescente , Adulto , Deficiencia de Ácido Ascórbico/sangre , Deficiencia de Ácido Ascórbico/epidemiología , Enfermedad Crónica , Estudios Transversales , Humanos , Masculino , Trastornos Relacionados con Sustancias/complicaciones , Venezuela/epidemiologíaRESUMEN
La industria conoce las pérdidas de nutrientes en el proceso de fabricación de fórmulas artificiales pero se desconocen las consecuencias nutricionales de los tratamientos decalor a la que son sometidas las mezclas en los lactarios con el fin de evitar contaminaciones indeseables. Con el objetivo de conocer las pérdidas de proteínas y vitamina C posteriores a esterilización terminal en nuestro hospital, se tomó una muestra (n: 8), del total de fórmulas lácteas preparadas para una toma (N:120). Se analizaron cuatro fórmulas lácteas (Nan 1, Nan 2, Nan sin lactosa, Pregestimil) de uso frecuente. Se determinó el deterioro de proteínas a través de la determinación de lisina bloqueada (método calorimétrico con fluorodinitrobenceno) en muestras pre-ET y post-ET para cada tipo de fórmula láctea. Con igual procedimiento se analizó la pérdida de vitamina C (método potenciométrico). Los resultados muestran pérdidas de hasta el 10 por ciento y 78 por ciento para lisina y vitamina C respectivamente, cifras que no impedirían cubrir con la ingesta recomendada por FAO/1973 infantes: 1,03g/kg/día de lisina y 30mg/día de vitamina C (RDA 1989). Sin embargo las fórmulas lácteas que contienen lactosa como único carbohidrato desencadenan reacción Maillard temprana y bloqueo de lisina mayor queen las fórmulas lácteas con maltodextrinas y no hubo diferencias en las fórmulas con predominio de caseina o suero. La alimentación enteral en pediatría reviste vital importancia en la recuperación nutricional del paciente internado. Este trabajo preliminar establece una tendencia para conocer la brecha existente en el cumplimiento efectivo de lo indicado por el pediatra y el resultado posterior al manipuleo de fórmulas lácteas administradas a los pacientes internados. (AU)
Asunto(s)
Sustitutos de la Leche Humana , Deficiencia de Ácido Ascórbico/etiología , Desnutrición Proteico-Calórica/etiología , Reacción de Maillard , Lisina/deficiencia , Esterilización , Proteínas de la Leche , Nutrición Enteral , Apoyo Nutricional/efectos adversos , Productos Lácteos/efectos adversos , ArgentinaRESUMEN
La industria conoce las pérdidas de nutrientes en el proceso de fabricación de fórmulas artificiales pero se desconocen las consecuencias nutricionales de los tratamientos decalor a la que son sometidas las mezclas en los lactarios con el fin de evitar contaminaciones indeseables. Con el objetivo de conocer las pérdidas de proteínas y vitamina C posteriores a esterilización terminal en nuestro hospital, se tomó una muestra (n: 8), del total de fórmulas lácteas preparadas para una toma (N:120). Se analizaron cuatro fórmulas lácteas (Nan 1, Nan 2, Nan sin lactosa, Pregestimil) de uso frecuente. Se determinó el deterioro de proteínas a través de la determinación de lisina bloqueada (método calorimétrico con fluorodinitrobenceno) en muestras pre-ET y post-ET para cada tipo de fórmula láctea. Con igual procedimiento se analizó la pérdida de vitamina C (método potenciométrico). Los resultados muestran pérdidas de hasta el 10 por ciento y 78 por ciento para lisina y vitamina C respectivamente, cifras que no impedirían cubrir con la ingesta recomendada por FAO/1973 infantes: 1,03g/kg/día de lisina y 30mg/día de vitamina C (RDA 1989). Sin embargo las fórmulas lácteas que contienen lactosa como único carbohidrato desencadenan reacción Maillard temprana y bloqueo de lisina mayor queen las fórmulas lácteas con maltodextrinas y no hubo diferencias en las fórmulas con predominio de caseina o suero. La alimentación enteral en pediatría reviste vital importancia en la recuperación nutricional del paciente internado. Este trabajo preliminar establece una tendencia para conocer la brecha existente en el cumplimiento efectivo de lo indicado por el pediatra y el resultado posterior al manipuleo de fórmulas lácteas administradas a los pacientes internados.
Asunto(s)
Sustitutos de la Leche Humana , Lisina/deficiencia , Apoyo Nutricional/efectos adversos , Deficiencia de Ácido Ascórbico/etiología , Desnutrición Proteico-Calórica/etiología , Esterilización , Nutrición Enteral , Proteínas de la Leche , Reacción de Maillard , Argentina , Productos Lácteos/efectos adversosRESUMEN
The list of vitamins recognized as essential in human nutrition is extensive. Only some of them, however, are attributed an important role in public health. The present paper deals with three of these selected because their deficiencies still prevail in important sectors of population in the Latin American Region: vitamin A, vitamin C and vitamin D. For each vitamin the paper discusses the scientific bases for their requirements, as well as pragmatic considerations to be taken into account for the derivation of recommended dietary intakes. Reference is made to the logic of applying the concepts of nutrient density when developing guidelines for the design of diets for the family and the community. Adequate nutrient density means that when a diet is consumed in sufficient amounts to satisfy energy requirements, the needs for essential nutrients are also being met. For the above reasons, the principle of expressing the recommended levels of intake of vitamin A and C per 1,000 kilocalories has been followed. This is not the case with vitamin D which, in view of its special feature of being synthesized endogenously, is not really a vitamin in the strict sense of the term and, therefore, a rational and consistent relationship with the energy of the diet cannot be established.