RESUMEN
Arsenic-related oxidative stress and resultant diseases have attracted global concern, while longitudinal studies are scarce. To assess the relationship between arsenic exposure and systemic oxidative damage, we performed two repeated measures among 5236 observations (4067 participants) in the Wuhan-Zhuhai cohort at the baseline and follow-up after 3 years. Urinary total arsenic, biomarkers of DNA oxidative damage (8-hydroxy-2'-deoxyguanosine (8-OHdG)), lipid peroxidation (8-isoprostaglandin F2alpha (8-isoPGF2α)), and protein oxidative damage (protein carbonyls (PCO)) were detected for all observations. Here we used linear mixed models to estimate the cross-sectional and longitudinal associations between arsenic exposure and oxidative damage. Exposure-response curves were constructed by utilizing the generalized additive mixed models with thin plate regressions. After adjusting for potential confounders, arsenic level was significantly and positively related to the levels of global oxidative damage and their annual increased rates in dose-response manners. In cross-sectional analyses, each 1% increase in arsenic level was associated with a 0.406% (95% confidence interval (CI): 0.379% to 0.433%), 0.360% (0.301% to 0.420%), and 0.079% (0.055% to 0.103%) increase in 8-isoPGF2α, 8-OHdG, and PCO, respectively. More importantly, arsenic was further found to be associated with increased annual change rates of 8-isoPGF2α (ß: 0.147; 95% CI: 0.130 to 0.164), 8-OHdG (0.155; 0.118 to 0.192), and PCO (0.050; 0.035 to 0.064) in the longitudinal analyses. Our study suggested that arsenic exposure was not only positively related with global oxidative damage to lipid, DNA, and protein in cross-sectional analyses, but also associated with annual increased rates of these biomarkers in dose-dependent manners.
Asunto(s)
Arsénico , Exposición a Riesgos Ambientales , Estrés Oxidativo , Adulto , Femenino , Humanos , Masculino , Persona de Mediana Edad , 8-Hidroxi-2'-Desoxicoguanosina , Arsénico/toxicidad , Biomarcadores/orina , China , Estudios Transversales , Daño del ADN , Pueblos del Este de Asia , Exposición a Riesgos Ambientales/efectos adversos , Contaminantes Ambientales/toxicidad , Peroxidación de Lípido/efectos de los fármacos , Estudios Longitudinales , Estrés Oxidativo/efectos de los fármacosRESUMEN
Cigarette smoke, a complex mixture produced by tobacco combustion, contains a variety of carcinogens and can trigger DNA damage. Overactivation of c-MET, a receptor tyrosine kinase, may cause cancer and cellular DNA damage, but the underlying mechanisms are unknown. In this work, we investigated the mechanisms of cigarette smoke extract (CSE) induced malignant transformation and DNA damage in human bronchial epithelial cells (BEAS-2B). The results demonstrated that CSE treatment led to up-regulated mRNA expression of genes associated with the c-MET signaling pathway, increased expression of the DNA damage sensor protein γ-H2AX, and uncontrolled proliferation in BEAS-2B cells. ATR, ATR, and CHK2, which are involved in DNA damage repair, as well as the phosphorylation of c-MET and a group of kinases (ATM, ATR, CHK1, CHK2) involved in the DNA damage response were all activated by CSE. In addition, CSE activation promotes the phosphorylation modification of ATR, CHK1 proteins associated with DNA damage repair. The addition of PHA665752, a specific inhibitor of c-MET, or knock-down with c-MET both attenuated DNA damage, while overexpression of c-MET exacerbated DNA damage. Thus, c-MET phosphorylation may be involved in CSE-induced DNA damage, providing a potential target for intervention in the prevention and treatment of smoking-induced lung diseases.
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Bronquios , Daño del ADN , Células Epiteliales , Nicotiana , Proteínas Proto-Oncogénicas c-met , Humo , Humanos , Proteínas Proto-Oncogénicas c-met/metabolismo , Fosforilación/efectos de los fármacos , Células Epiteliales/efectos de los fármacos , Bronquios/efectos de los fármacos , Bronquios/citología , Humo/efectos adversos , Transformación Celular Neoplásica/efectos de los fármacos , Transformación Celular Neoplásica/inducido químicamente , Línea Celular , Transducción de Señal/efectos de los fármacos , Productos de TabacoRESUMEN
Collisions of the transcription and replication machineries on the same DNA strand can pose a significant threat to genomic stability. These collisions occur in part due to the formation of RNA-DNA hybrids termed R-loops, in which a newly transcribed RNA molecule hybridizes with the DNA template strand. This study investigated the role of RAD52, a known DNA repair factor, in preventing collisions by directing R-loop formation and resolution. We show that RAD52 deficiency increases R-loop accumulation, exacerbating collisions and resulting in elevated DNA damage. Furthermore, RAD52's ability to interact with the transcription machinery, coupled with its capacity to facilitate R-loop dissolution, highlights its role in preventing collisions. Lastly, we provide evidence of an increased mutational burden from double-strand breaks at conserved R-loop sites in human tumor samples, which is increased in tumors with low RAD52 expression. In summary, this study underscores the importance of RAD52 in orchestrating the balance between replication and transcription processes to prevent collisions and maintain genome stability.
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Replicación del ADN , Inestabilidad Genómica , Estructuras R-Loop , Proteína Recombinante y Reparadora de ADN Rad52 , Transcripción Genética , Proteína Recombinante y Reparadora de ADN Rad52/metabolismo , Proteína Recombinante y Reparadora de ADN Rad52/genética , Replicación del ADN/genética , Estructuras R-Loop/genética , Humanos , Daño del ADN , Roturas del ADN de Doble Cadena , ADN/metabolismo , ADN/genética , Reparación del ADN , Mutación , Neoplasias/genética , Neoplasias/metabolismoRESUMEN
Embryo quality assessment by optical imaging is increasing in popularity. Among available optical techniques, light sheet microscopy has emerged as a superior alternative to confocal microscopy due to its geometry, enabling faster image acquisition with reduced photodamage to the sample. However, previous assessments of photodamage induced by imaging may have failed to measure more subtle impacts. In this study, we employed DNA damage as a sensitive indicator of photodamage. We use light sheet microscopy with excitation at a wavelength of 405 nm for imaging embryo autofluorescence and compare its performance to laser scanning confocal microscopy. At an equivalent signal-to-noise ratio for images acquired with both modalities, light sheet microscopy reduced image acquisition time by ten-fold, and did not induce DNA damage when compared to non-imaged embryos. In contrast, imaging with confocal microscopy led to significantly higher levels of DNA damage within embryos and had a higher photobleaching rate. Light sheet imaging is also capable of inducing DNA damage within the embryo but requires multiple cycles of volumetric imaging. Collectively, this study confirms that light sheet microscopy is faster and safer than confocal microscopy for imaging live embryos, indicating its potential as a label-free diagnostic for embryo quality.
Asunto(s)
Daño del ADN , Embrión de Mamíferos , Microscopía Confocal , Microscopía Confocal/métodos , Animales , Ratones , Femenino , Imagen Óptica/métodosRESUMEN
The recA gene, encoding Recombinase A (RecA) is one of three Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb) genes encoding an in-frame intervening protein sequence (intein) that must splice out of precursor host protein to produce functional protein. Ongoing debate about whether inteins function solely as selfish genetic elements or benefit their host cells requires understanding of interplay between inteins and their hosts. We measured environmental effects on native RecA intein splicing within Mtb using a combination of western blots and promoter reporter assays. RecA splicing was stimulated in bacteria exposed to DNA damaging agents or by treatment with copper in hypoxic, but not normoxic, conditions. Spliced RecA was processed by the Mtb proteasome, while free intein was degraded efficiently by other unknown mechanisms. Unspliced precursor protein was not observed within Mtb despite its accumulation during ectopic expression of Mtb recA within E. coli. Surprisingly, Mtb produced free N-extein in some conditions, and ectopic expression of Mtb N-extein activated LexA in E. coli. These results demonstrate that the bacterial environment greatly impacts RecA splicing in Mtb, underscoring the importance of studying intein splicing in native host environments and raising the exciting possibility of intein splicing as a novel regulatory mechanism in Mtb.
Asunto(s)
Proteínas Bacterianas , Escherichia coli , Inteínas , Mycobacterium tuberculosis , Empalme de Proteína , Rec A Recombinasas , Mycobacterium tuberculosis/genética , Mycobacterium tuberculosis/metabolismo , Rec A Recombinasas/metabolismo , Rec A Recombinasas/genética , Inteínas/genética , Proteínas Bacterianas/genética , Proteínas Bacterianas/metabolismo , Escherichia coli/genética , Escherichia coli/metabolismo , Exteínas/genética , Daño del ADN , Complejo de la Endopetidasa Proteasomal/metabolismo , Complejo de la Endopetidasa Proteasomal/genética , Regulación Bacteriana de la Expresión Génica , Regiones Promotoras Genéticas , Serina EndopeptidasasRESUMEN
BACKGROUND: The histone variant macroH2A (mH2A), the most deviant variant, is about threefold larger than the conventional histone H2A and consists of a histone H2A-like domain fused to a large Non-Histone Region responsible for recruiting PARP-1 to chromatin. The available data suggest that the histone variant mH2A participates in the regulation of transcription, maintenance of heterochromatin, NAD+ metabolism, and double-strand DNA repair. RESULTS: Here, we describe a novel function of mH2A, namely its implication in DNA oxidative damage repair through PARP-1. The depletion of mH2A affected both repair and cell survival after the induction of oxidative lesions in DNA. PARP-1 formed a specific complex with mH2A nucleosomes in vivo. The mH2A nucleosome-associated PARP-1 is inactive. Upon oxidative damage, mH2A is ubiquitinated, PARP-1 is released from the mH2A nucleosomal complex, and is activated. The in vivo-induced ubiquitination of mH2A, in the absence of any oxidative damage, was sufficient for the release of PARP-1. However, no release of PARP-1 was observed upon treatment of the cells with either the DNA alkylating agent MMS or doxorubicin. CONCLUSIONS: Our data identify a novel pathway for the repair of DNA oxidative lesions, requiring the ubiquitination of mH2A for the release of PARP-1 from chromatin and its activation.
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Daño del ADN , Reparación del ADN , Histonas , Poli(ADP-Ribosa) Polimerasa-1 , Ubiquitinación , Histonas/metabolismo , Histonas/genética , Humanos , Poli(ADP-Ribosa) Polimerasa-1/metabolismo , Poli(ADP-Ribosa) Polimerasa-1/genética , Estrés Oxidativo , Nucleosomas/metabolismoRESUMEN
BACKGROUND: Atherosclerosis, serving as the primary pathological mechanism at the core of cardiovascular disease, is now widely acknowledged to be associated with DNA damage and repair, contributing to atherosclerotic plaque formation. Therefore, molecules involved in the DNA repair process may play an important role in the progression of atherosclerosis. Our research endeavors to explore the contributions of specific and interrelated molecules involved in DNA repair (APE1, BRCA1, ERCC2, miR-221-3p, miR-145-5p, and miR-155-5p) to the development of atherosclerotic plaque and their interactions with each other. METHODS & RESULTS: Gene expression study was conducted using the real-time polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR) method on samples from carotid artery atherosclerotic plaques and nonatherosclerotic internal mammary arteries obtained from 50 patients diagnosed with coronary artery disease and carotid artery disease. Additionally, 50 healthy controls were included for the determination of 8-hydroxy-2'-deoxyguanosine (8-OHdG). Although no difference was observed in mRNA gene expressions, we noted a decrease in miR-155-5p gene expression (p = 0.003) and an increase in miR-221-3p gene expression (p = 0.015) in plaque samples, while miR-145-5p gene expression remained unchanged (p = 0.57). Regarding serum 8-OHdG levels, patients exhibited significantly higher levels (1111.82 ± 28.64) compared to controls (636.23 ± 24.23) (p < 0.0001). CONCLUSIONS: In our study demonstrating the role of miR-155-5p and miR-221-3p in atherosclerosis, we propose that these molecules are potential biomarkers and therapeutic targets for coronary artery diseases and carotid artery disease.
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Reparación del ADN , MicroARNs , Placa Aterosclerótica , Humanos , Placa Aterosclerótica/genética , Placa Aterosclerótica/metabolismo , Femenino , Masculino , Persona de Mediana Edad , Reparación del ADN/genética , MicroARNs/genética , MicroARNs/metabolismo , Anciano , Estudios Transversales , Aterosclerosis/genética , Aterosclerosis/metabolismo , Enfermedad de la Arteria Coronaria/genética , Enfermedad de la Arteria Coronaria/metabolismo , Daño del ADN/genética , Regulación de la Expresión Génica/genética , Enfermedades de las Arterias Carótidas/genética , Enfermedades de las Arterias Carótidas/metabolismo , Arterias Carótidas/metabolismo , Arterias Carótidas/patología , 8-Hidroxi-2'-Desoxicoguanosina/metabolismoRESUMEN
BACKGROUND: Premature ovarian insufficiency (POI) is a condition characterized by a substantial decline or loss of ovarian function in women before the age of 40. However, the pathogenesis of POI remains to be further elucidated, and specific targeted drugs which could delay or reverse ovarian reserve decline are urgently needed. Abnormal DNA damage repair (DDR) and cell senescence in granulosa cells are pathogenic mechanisms of POI. Ubiquitin-specific protease 14 (USP14) is a key enzyme that regulates the deubiquitylation of DDR-related proteins, but whether USP14 participates in the pathogenesis of POI remains unclear. METHODS: We measured USP14 mRNA expression in granulosa cells from biochemical POI (bPOI) patients. In KGN cells, we used IU1 and siRNA-USP14 to specifically inhibit USP14 and constructed a cell line stably overexpressing USP14 to examine its effects on DDR function and cellular senescence in granulosa cells. Next, we explored the therapeutic potential of IU1 in POI mouse models induced by D-galactose. RESULTS: USP14 expression in the granulosa cells of bPOI patients was significantly upregulated. In KGN cells, IU1 treatment and siUSP14 transfection decreased etoposide-induced DNA damage levels, promoted DDR function, and inhibited cell senescence. USP14 overexpression increased DNA damage, impaired DDR function, and promoted cell senescence. Moreover, IU1 treatment and siUSP14 transfection increased nonhomologous end joining (NHEJ), upregulated RNF168, Ku70, and DDB1, and increased ubiquitinated DDB1 levels in KGN cells. Conversely, USP14 overexpression had the opposite effects. Intraperitoneal IU1 injection alleviated etoposide-induced DNA damage in granulosa cells, ameliorated the D-galactose-induced POI phenotype, promoted DDR, and inhibited cell senescence in ovarian granulosa cells in vivo. CONCLUSIONS: Upregulated USP14 in ovarian granulosa cells may play a role in POI pathogenesis, and targeting USP14 may be a potential POI treatment strategy. Our study provides new insights into the pathogenesis of POI and a novel POI treatment strategy.
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Senescencia Celular , Daño del ADN , Reparación del ADN , Células de la Granulosa , Insuficiencia Ovárica Primaria , Ubiquitina Tiolesterasa , Femenino , Insuficiencia Ovárica Primaria/patología , Insuficiencia Ovárica Primaria/metabolismo , Insuficiencia Ovárica Primaria/genética , Células de la Granulosa/metabolismo , Células de la Granulosa/efectos de los fármacos , Células de la Granulosa/patología , Senescencia Celular/efectos de los fármacos , Animales , Humanos , Ubiquitina Tiolesterasa/metabolismo , Ubiquitina Tiolesterasa/genética , Reparación del ADN/efectos de los fármacos , Ratones , Adulto , Ratones Endogámicos C57BL , Línea CelularRESUMEN
The Ames test is used worldwide to initially screen the mutagenic potential of new chemicals. In the standard Ames test, S. typhimurium strains (TA100, TA98, TA1535, and TA1537) and Escherichia coli (WP2uvrA) are treated with substances with/without cytochrome P450s (CYPs)-induced rat S9 fractions for identifying mutagens and pro-mutagens. However, many substances show completely different toxicity patterns depending on whether the liver S9 fraction belongs to rats or humans. The natural product Polygoni Multiflori Radix (PMR) can also show bacterial reverse mutation, followed by the rat or human liver S9 fraction. While PMR elicits reverse mutations in the TA1537 strain in rat liver S9 but not in human liver S9, this mechanism has not been verified yet. To explain this, the differences in metabolic enzymes compositions commonly observed between rats and humans have been implicated. This study aimed to explore the key factors that cause differences in the genotoxicity of PMR between rat and human liver S9 metabolic enzymes. The results of next-generation sequencing (NGS) analysis showed that both rat and human metabolic enzymes caused similar mutations in TA1537. However, when the metabolic enzymes in each S9 fraction were analyzed using ion mobility tandem mass spectrometry (IM-MS), rat- and human-specific enzymes were identified among the cytochrome (CYP) family, especially aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AHR)-related CYPs. These findings suggest that CYP1A1 isoforms contribute to the mechanism of PMR in the Ames test. Therefore, an in vitro Ames test might be more reliable in predicting genotoxicity for both rodents and humans. This will also help overcome the limitations of laboratory animal-based toxicity evaluations, which provide unreliable results due to interspecies differences between humans and rodents.
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Pruebas de Mutagenicidad , Mutágenos , Salmonella typhimurium , Animales , Humanos , Pruebas de Mutagenicidad/métodos , Ratas , Salmonella typhimurium/efectos de los fármacos , Salmonella typhimurium/genética , Mutágenos/toxicidad , Hígado/efectos de los fármacos , Hígado/metabolismo , Activación Metabólica , Escherichia coli/genética , Escherichia coli/efectos de los fármacos , Escherichia coli/metabolismo , Sistema Enzimático del Citocromo P-450/metabolismo , Sistema Enzimático del Citocromo P-450/genética , Mutación , Daño del ADN/efectos de los fármacos , Fallopia multiflora/química , MasculinoRESUMEN
DNA data storage is a potential alternative to magnetic tape for archival storage purposes, promising substantial gains in information density. Critical to the success of DNA as a storage media is an understanding of the role of environmental factors on the longevity of the stored information. In this paper, we evaluate the effect of exposure to ionizing particle radiation, a cause of data loss in traditional magnetic media, on the longevity of data in DNA data storage pools. We develop a mass action kinetics model to estimate the rate of damage accumulation in DNA strands due to neutron interactions with both nucleotides and residual water molecules, then utilize the model to evaluate the effect several design parameters of a typical DNA data storage scheme have on expected data longevity. Finally, we experimentally validate our model by exposing dried DNA samples to different levels of neutron irradiation and analyzing the resulting error profile. Our results show that particle radiation is not a significant contributor to data loss in DNA data storage pools under typical storage conditions.
Asunto(s)
ADN , ADN/efectos de la radiación , Neutrones/efectos adversos , Daño del ADN/efectos de la radiación , Almacenamiento y Recuperación de la Información/métodos , Radiación Ionizante , CinéticaRESUMEN
Microphthalmia-associated transcription factor (MITF) is a master regulator of melanocyte function, development and plays a significant role in melanoma pathogenesis. MITF genomic amplification promotes melanoma development, and it can facilitate resistance to multiple therapies. Here, we show that MITF regulates a global antioxidant program that increases survival of melanoma cell lines by protecting the cells from reactive oxygen species (ROS)-induced damage. In addition, this redox program is correlated with MITF expression in human melanoma cell lines and patient-derived melanoma samples. Using a zebrafish melanoma model, we show that MITF decreases ROS-mediated DNA damage in vivo. Some of the MITF target genes involved, such as IDH1 and NNT, are regulated through direct MITF binding to canonical enhancer box (E-BOX) sequences proximal to their promoters. Utilizing functional experiments, we demonstrate the role of MITF and its target genes in reducing cytosolic and mitochondrial ROS. Collectively, our data identify MITF as a significant driver of the cellular antioxidant state.
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Regulación Neoplásica de la Expresión Génica , Isocitrato Deshidrogenasa , Melanoma , Factor de Transcripción Asociado a Microftalmía , Especies Reactivas de Oxígeno , Pez Cebra , Factor de Transcripción Asociado a Microftalmía/metabolismo , Factor de Transcripción Asociado a Microftalmía/genética , Especies Reactivas de Oxígeno/metabolismo , Melanoma/genética , Melanoma/metabolismo , Melanoma/patología , Animales , Humanos , Isocitrato Deshidrogenasa/genética , Isocitrato Deshidrogenasa/metabolismo , Línea Celular Tumoral , Proteínas de Pez Cebra/genética , Proteínas de Pez Cebra/metabolismo , Daño del ADN , Transcripción GenéticaRESUMEN
The formation of nuclear biomolecular condensates is often associated with local accumulation of proteins at a site of DNA damage. The key role in the formation of DNA repair foci belongs to PARP1, which is a sensor of DNA damage and catalyzes the synthesis of poly(ADP-ribose) attracting repair factors. We show here that biogenic cations such as Mg2+, Ca2+, Mn2+, spermidine3+, or spermine4+ can induce liquid-like assembly of poly(ADP-ribosyl)ated [PARylated] PARP1 into multimolecular associates (hereafter: self-assembly). The self-assembly of PARylated PARP1 affects the level of its automodification and hydrolysis of poly(ADP-ribose) by poly(ADP-ribose) glycohydrolase (PARG). Furthermore, association of PARylated PARP1 with repair proteins strongly stimulates strand displacement DNA synthesis by DNA polymerase ß (Pol ß) but has no noticeable effect on DNA ligase III activity. Thus, liquid-like self-assembly of PARylated PARP1 may play a critical part in the regulation of i) its own activity, ii) PARG-dependent hydrolysis of poly(ADP-ribose), and iii) Pol ß-mediated DNA synthesis. The latter can be considered an additional factor influencing the choice between long-patch and short-patch DNA synthesis during repair.
Asunto(s)
Poli(ADP-Ribosa) Polimerasa-1 , Poli ADP Ribosilación , Poli(ADP-Ribosa) Polimerasa-1/metabolismo , Poli(ADP-Ribosa) Polimerasa-1/genética , Humanos , Poli Adenosina Difosfato Ribosa/metabolismo , Glicósido Hidrolasas/metabolismo , Glicósido Hidrolasas/genética , Cationes Bivalentes/metabolismo , Reparación del ADN , ADN Polimerasa beta/metabolismo , Cationes/metabolismo , Daño del ADNRESUMEN
Cellular oxidative stress mediated by intrinsic and/or extrinsic reactive oxygen species (ROS) is associated with disease pathogenesis. Oxidative DNA damage can naturally be substituted by mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA), leading to base lesion/strand break formation, copy number changes, and mutations. In this study, we devised a single test for the sensitive quantification of acute mtDNA damage, repair, and copy number changes using supercoiling-sensitive quantitative PCR (ss-qPCR) and examined how oxidative stress-related mtDNA damage responses occur in oral cancer cells. We observed that exogenous hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) induced dynamic mtDNA damage responses, as reflected by early structural DNA damage, followed by DNA repair if damage did not exceed a particular threshold. However, high oxidative stress levels induced persistent mtDNA damage and caused a 5-30-fold depletion in mtDNA copy numbers over late responses. This dramatic depletion was associated with significant growth arrest and apoptosis, suggesting persistent functional consequences. Moreover, oral cancer cells responded differentially to oxidative injury when compared with normal cells, and different ROS species triggered different biological consequences under stress conditions. In conclusion, we developed a new method for the sensitive detection of mtDNA damage and copy number changes, with exogenous H2O2 inducing dynamic mtDNA damage responses associated with functional changes in stressed cancer cells. Finally, our method can help characterize oxidative DNA damage in cancer and other human diseases.
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Daño del ADN , ADN Mitocondrial , Peróxido de Hidrógeno , Neoplasias de la Boca , Estrés Oxidativo , Especies Reactivas de Oxígeno , ADN Mitocondrial/genética , ADN Mitocondrial/metabolismo , Estrés Oxidativo/efectos de los fármacos , Humanos , Neoplasias de la Boca/genética , Neoplasias de la Boca/patología , Neoplasias de la Boca/metabolismo , Peróxido de Hidrógeno/farmacología , Línea Celular Tumoral , Especies Reactivas de Oxígeno/metabolismo , Reparación del ADN , Apoptosis/efectos de los fármacos , Variaciones en el Número de Copia de ADNRESUMEN
Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) is an adult-onset neurodegenerative disease leading to motor neuron loss. Currently mutations in > 40 genes have been linked to ALS, but the contribution of many genes and genetic mutations to the ALS pathogenic process remains poorly understood. Therefore, we first performed comparative interactome analyses of five recently discovered ALS-associated proteins (C21ORF2, KIF5A, NEK1, TBK1, and TUBA4A) which highlighted many novel binding partners, and both unique and shared interactors. The analysis further identified C21ORF2 as a strongly connected protein. The role of C21ORF2 in neurons and in the nervous system, and of ALS-associated C21ORF2 variants is largely unknown. Therefore, we combined human iPSC-derived motor neurons with other models and different molecular cell biological approaches to characterize the potential pathogenic effects of C21ORF2 mutations in ALS. First, our data show C21ORF2 expression in ALS-relevant mouse and human neurons, such as spinal and cortical motor neurons. Further, the prominent ALS-associated variant C21ORF2-V58L caused increased apoptosis in mouse neurons and movement defects in zebrafish embryos. iPSC-derived motor neurons from C21ORF2-V58L-ALS patients, but not isogenic controls, show increased apoptosis, and changes in DNA damage response, mitochondria and neuronal excitability. In addition, C21ORF2-V58L induced post-transcriptional downregulation of NEK1, an ALS-associated protein implicated in apoptosis and DDR. In all, our study defines the pathogenic molecular and cellular effects of ALS-associated C21ORF2 mutations and implicates impaired post-transcriptional regulation of NEK1 downstream of mutant C21ORF72 in ALS.
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Esclerosis Amiotrófica Lateral , Células Madre Pluripotentes Inducidas , Mitocondrias , Neuronas Motoras , Quinasa 1 Relacionada con NIMA , Pez Cebra , Humanos , Esclerosis Amiotrófica Lateral/genética , Esclerosis Amiotrófica Lateral/metabolismo , Esclerosis Amiotrófica Lateral/patología , Quinasa 1 Relacionada con NIMA/genética , Quinasa 1 Relacionada con NIMA/metabolismo , Animales , Neuronas Motoras/metabolismo , Neuronas Motoras/patología , Células Madre Pluripotentes Inducidas/metabolismo , Ratones , Mitocondrias/metabolismo , Mitocondrias/patología , Reparación del ADN/genética , Daño del ADN , MutaciónRESUMEN
Recently, the mounting integration of probiotics into human health strategies has gathered considerable attention. Although the benefits of probiotics have been widely recognized in patients with gastrointestinal disorders, immune system modulation, and chronic-degenerative diseases, there is a growing need to evaluate their potential risks. In this context, new concerns have arisen regarding the safety of probiotics as some strains may have adverse effects in humans. Among these strains, Escherichia coli Nissle 1917 (EcN) exhibited traits of concern due to a pathogenic locus in its genome that produces potentially genotoxic metabolites. As the use of probiotics for therapeutic purposes is increasing, the effects of potentially harmful probiotics must be carefully evaluated. To this end, in this narrative review article, we reported the findings of the most relevant in vitro and in vivo studies investigating the expanding applications of probiotics and their impact on human well-being addressing concerns arising from the presence of antibiotic resistance and pathogenic elements, with a focus on the polyketide synthase (pks) pathogenic island of EcN. In this context, the literature data here discussed encourages a thorough profiling of probiotics to identify potential harmful elements as done for EcN where potential genotoxic effects of colibactin, a secondary metabolite, were observed. Specifically, while some studies suggest EcN is safe for gastrointestinal health, conflicting findings highlight the need for further research to clarify its safety and optimize its use in therapy. Overall, the data here presented suggest that a comprehensive assessment of the evolving landscape of probiotics is essential to make evidence-based decisions and ensure their correct use in humans.
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Escherichia coli , Péptidos , Policétidos , Probióticos , Escherichia coli/genética , Escherichia coli/metabolismo , Humanos , Policétidos/metabolismo , Péptidos/metabolismo , Péptidos/genética , Animales , Mutágenos/metabolismo , Mutágenos/toxicidad , Daño del ADN , Sintasas Poliquetidas/genética , Sintasas Poliquetidas/metabolismoRESUMEN
The rapid variation of influenza challenges vaccines and treatments, which makes an urgent task to develop the high-efficiency and low-toxicity new anti-influenza virus drugs. Selenium is one of the essential trace elements for the human body that possesses a good antiviral activity. In this study, we assessed anti-influenza A virus (H1N1) activity of polyethylene glycol (PEG)-modified gray selenium nanoparticles (PEG-SeNPs) on Madin-Darby Canine Kidney (MDCK) cells in vitro. CCK-8 assay showed that PEG-SeNPs had a protective effect on H1N1-infected MDCK cells. Moreover, PEG-SeNPs significantly reduced the mRNA level of H1N1. TUNEL-DAPI test showed that DNA damage reached a high level but effectively prevented after PEG-SeNPs treatment. Meanwhile, JC-1, Annexin V-FITC and cell cycle assay demonstrated the apoptosis induced by H1N1 was reduced greatly when treated with PEG-SeNPs. Furthermore, the downregulation of p-ATM, p-ATR and P53 protein, along with the upregualation of AKT protein indicated that PEG-SeNPs could inhibit H1N1-induced cell apoptosis through reactive oxygen species (ROS)-mediated related signaling pathways. Finally, Cytokine detection demonstrated PEG-SeNPs inhibited the production of pro-inflammatory factors after infection, including IL-1ß, IL-5, IL-6, and TNF-α. To sum up, PEG-SeNPs might become a new potential anti-H1N1 influenza virus drug due to its antiviral and anti-inflammatory activity.
Asunto(s)
Apoptosis , Subtipo H1N1 del Virus de la Influenza A , Polietilenglicoles , Subtipo H1N1 del Virus de la Influenza A/efectos de los fármacos , Animales , Apoptosis/efectos de los fármacos , Perros , Células de Riñón Canino Madin Darby , Polietilenglicoles/química , Polietilenglicoles/farmacología , Inflamación/tratamiento farmacológico , Antivirales/farmacología , Selenio/farmacología , Selenio/química , Especies Reactivas de Oxígeno/metabolismo , Nanopartículas/química , Humanos , Daño del ADN/efectos de los fármacosRESUMEN
Cold atmospheric plasma (CAP) devices generate reactive oxygen and nitrogen species, have antimicrobial and antiviral properties, but also affect the molecular and cellular mechanisms of eukaryotic cells. The aim of this study is to investigate CAP treatment in the upper respiratory tract (URT) to reduce the incidence of ventilator-associated bacterial pneumonia (especially superinfections with multi-resistant pathogens) or viral infections (e.g., COVID-19). For this purpose, the surface-microdischarge-based plasma intensive care (PIC) device was developed by terraplasma medical GmbH. This study analyzes the safety aspects using in vitro assays and molecular characterization of human oral keratinocytes (hOK), human bronchial-tracheal epithelial cells (hBTE), and human lung fibroblasts (hLF). A 5 min CAP treatment with the PIC device at the "throat" and "subglottis" positions in the URT model did not show any significant differences from the untreated control (ctrl.) and the corresponding pressurized air (PA) treatment in terms of cell morphology, viability, apoptosis, DNA damage, and migration. However, pro-inflammatory cytokines (MCP-1, IL-6, and TNFα) were induced in hBTE and hOK cells and profibrotic molecules (collagen-I, FKBP10, and αSMA) in hLF at the mRNA level. The use of CAP in the oropharynx may make an important contribution to the recovery of intensive care patients. The results indicate that a 5 min CAP treatment in the URT with the PIC device does not cause any cell damage. The extent to which immune cell activation is induced and whether it has long-term effects on the organism need to be carefully examined in follow-up studies in vivo.
Asunto(s)
Gases em Plasma , Humanos , Gases em Plasma/farmacología , COVID-19 , Queratinocitos/efectos de los fármacos , Queratinocitos/metabolismo , Citocinas/metabolismo , Fibroblastos/efectos de los fármacos , Fibroblastos/metabolismo , Apoptosis/efectos de los fármacos , SARS-CoV-2/efectos de los fármacos , Supervivencia Celular/efectos de los fármacos , Células Epiteliales/efectos de los fármacos , Células Epiteliales/metabolismo , Sistema Respiratorio/efectos de los fármacos , Sistema Respiratorio/patología , Pulmón/patología , Pulmón/efectos de los fármacos , Daño del ADNRESUMEN
In this study, we report a novel platinum-doxorubicin conjugate that demonstrates superior therapeutic indices to cisplatin, doxorubicin, or their combination, which are commonly used in cancer treatment. This new molecular structure (1) was formed by conjugating an amphiphilic Pt(IV) prodrug of cisplatin with doxorubicin. Due to its amphiphilic nature, the Pt(IV)-doxorubicin conjugate effectively penetrates cell membranes, delivering both cisplatin and doxorubicin payloads intracellularly. The intracellular accumulation of these payloads was assessed using graphite furnace atomic absorption spectrometry and fluorescence imaging. Since the therapeutic effects of cisplatin and doxorubicin stem from their ability to target nuclear DNA, we hypothesized that the amphiphilic Pt(IV)-doxorubicin conjugate (1) would effectively induce nuclear DNA damage toward killing cancer cells. To test this hypothesis, we used flow the cytometric analysis of phosphorylated H2AX (γH2AX), a biomarker of nuclear DNA damage. The Pt(IV)-doxorubicin conjugate (1) markedly induced γH2AX in treated MDA-MB-231 breast cancer cells, showing higher levels than cells treated with either cisplatin or doxorubicin alone. Furthermore, MTT cell viability assays revealed that the enhanced DNA-damaging capability of complex 1 resulted in superior cytotoxicity and selectivity against human cancer cells compared to cisplatin, doxorubicin, or their combination. Overall, the development of this amphiphilic Pt(IV)-doxorubicin conjugate represents a new form of combination therapy with improved therapeutic efficacy.
Asunto(s)
Cisplatino , Doxorrubicina , Cisplatino/farmacología , Humanos , Doxorrubicina/farmacología , Doxorrubicina/química , Línea Celular Tumoral , Daño del ADN/efectos de los fármacos , Supervivencia Celular/efectos de los fármacos , Antineoplásicos/farmacología , Antineoplásicos/química , Platino (Metal)/química , Platino (Metal)/farmacología , Profármacos/farmacología , Profármacos/química , HistonasRESUMEN
The increase in industrial production of multi-walled carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs) raises concerns about their potential adverse effects associated to environmental releases, especially in aquatic environments where they are likely to accumulate. This study focuses on the environmental impact of MWCNTs, specifically on a benthic freshwater diatom (Nitzschia linearis), which plays a major role in the primary production of water bodies. The obtained results indicate that exposure to MWCNTs in the presence of natural organic matter (NOM) inhibits diatom's growth in a dose-dependent manner after 72 h of exposure. Interestingly, the photosystem II quantum yield (PSIIQY) in diatoms remains unaffected even after exposure to MWCNTs at 10 mg/L. After 48 h of exposure, MWCNTs are found to bind preferentially to extracellular polymeric substances (EPS) produced by diatoms, which could decrease their toxicity by limiting their interaction with this organism. However, measurement of genotoxicity and teratogenicity in diatoms exposed to MWCNTs revealed that the exposure to MWCNTs increased the occurrence of cells with micronuclei and abnormal frustules. Microscopy analyses including two-photon excitation microscopy (TPEM) revealed the internalization of MWCNTs. Investigations of the diatom's frustule structure using Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) indicated that the presence of pore structures constitutes a pathway allowing MWCNTs uptake. The presence in the diatom's cytoplasm of MWCNTs might possibly induce disturbances of the cellular components, leading to the observed genotoxic and teratogenic effects. In view of previous studies, this work underscores the need for further studies on the interaction between nanomaterials and different diatom species, given the species-specific nature of the interactions.
Asunto(s)
Diatomeas , Nanotubos de Carbono , Contaminantes Químicos del Agua , Diatomeas/efectos de los fármacos , Nanotubos de Carbono/toxicidad , Contaminantes Químicos del Agua/toxicidad , Agua Dulce , Teratógenos/toxicidad , Complejo de Proteína del Fotosistema II/metabolismo , Daño del ADNRESUMEN
Food contamination with Aflatoxin B1 (AFB1) is a worldwide concern that adversely affects animal and human health. The study aimed to evaluate the protective effect of alpha lipoic acid (ALA) and/or co-enzyme Q10 (CQ10) against the harmful effects of AFB1 on the liver and kidneys. Fifty-six mature male Wistar Albino rats (180-200 g) were divided into seven groups, each with eight rats: (1) saline was given as a control, (2) ALA (100 mg/kg bw/day) was given by stomach gavage for fifteen days, and (3) CQ10 (10 mg/kg bw/day) was given by stomach gavage for fifteen days. Group (4) orally given AFB1 (2.5 mg/kg bw) on days 12th and 14th, (5) received AFB1 and ALA, (6) received AFB1 and CQ10, and (7) received AFB1, ALA, and CQ10, as previously described in the ALA, CQ10, and AFB1 groups. After the exposure to AFB1, a significant increase in liver markers (AST, ALT, ALP, and LDH) and renal function tests (BUN and creatinine) was observed compared with the control. ALA and/or CQ10 significantly reduced enzymes of liver and renal functions, as compared with AFB1. AFB1 exposure threw off the balance between oxidants and antioxidants. Still, ALA and/or CQ10 made oxidative stress (MDA, NO, and 8-OHdG) much lower and antioxidant activities (GSH, GSH-Px, SOD, and CAT) much higher. When we used the two together, the activities matched the control levels. Interestingly, this study shows that ALA and CQ10 significantly lowered IL-1ß, IL-6, and TNF-α levels compared to the control values when used together after AFB1 exposure caused robust inflammation. Some CQ10 treatment parameters significantly outperformed those of ALA. ALA and CQ10 together worked better than either one alone to protect against AFB1-induced toxicity in the hepatic and renal parenchyma in terms of reducing inflammation, preventing DNA damage, and fighting free radicals.