RESUMEN
Regulatory roles of hydrogen sulfide (H2S) under saline-alkaline and/or aniline stress have not been studied yet. In this study, we investigated the insights into saline-alkaline and/or aniline stresses-induced toxicity in artichoke plants and its alleviation by H2S priming. Individual saline-alkaline or aniline stress and their combination reduced plant growth and photosynthetic pigments. Principal component analysis (PCA) revealed that these detrimental impacts were caused by the higher oxidative damage and disruption of osmolyte homeostasis. Interestingly, only aniline stress (25 mg L-1) caused neither oxidative nor osmotic stress thus almost slight growth retarding effects had ensued. On the other hand, the presence of aniline in saline-alkaline conditions exacerbated stress-induced deleterious effects on plants, as evidenced by PCA and heatmap. However, H2S priming markedly eased the stress-induced deleteriousness as evident by enhanced chlorophyll, soluble proteins, soluble carbohydrates and up-regulated water relation in H2S-primmed plants compared with only stressed plants resulting in improved plant phenotypic features. Furthermore, H2S priming enhanced endogenous H2S content, phenylalanine ammonia-lyase, non-enzymatic antioxidants (ascorbic acid, flavonoids, glutathione, α-tocopherol, and anthocyanins) and enzymatic antioxidants (superoxide dismutase, catalase, and ascorbate peroxidase), whereas reduced oxidative stress markers (superoxide, hydrogen peroxide, hydroxyl radical, malondialdehyde, and methylglyoxal) compared with only stressed plants, indicating a protective function of H2S against oxidative damage. The PCA also clarified that H2S-mediated saline-alkaline and/or aniline stress tolerance strongly connected with the improved antioxidant system. Overall, our finding proposed that H2S priming could be an effective technique to mitigate saline-alkaline and/or aniline stress in artichoke, and perhaps in other crop plants.
Asunto(s)
Cynara scolymus , Sulfuro de Hidrógeno , Estrés Salino , Plantones , Estrés Fisiológico , Compuestos de Anilina/toxicidad , Cynara scolymus/efectos de los fármacos , Sulfuro de Hidrógeno/farmacología , Estrés Oxidativo/efectos de los fármacos , Estrés Salino/efectos de los fármacos , Plantones/efectos de los fármacos , Estrés Fisiológico/efectos de los fármacosRESUMEN
The effects of methyl jasmonate (MeJa) treatment as an elicitor of artichoke plants [Cynara cardunculus var. scolymus (L.) Fiori] on the yield and quality attributes of artichokes, especially those related to individual phenolic content and antioxidant activity, at two harvest dates and along storage were analyzed in this research. Plants treated gave a higher yield of artichokes in comparison to control plants, with 0.55 kg more per plant. MeJa treatment also increased artichoke quality and phenolic content in the edible fraction at harvest and during storage at 2 °C for 28 days as a result of the accumulation of hydroxycinnamic acids and luteolin derivatives. In addition, antioxidant activity was enhanced by MeJa treatment and correlated with the total phenolic content. Results suggest that MeJa foliar application could be a simple and practical tool to improve the yield and phytochemical content on artichokes, with elicitation being a cheap and environmentally friendly procedure to improve the health-beneficial effects of artichoke consumption.
Asunto(s)
Acetatos/farmacología , Ciclopentanos/farmacología , Cynara scolymus/efectos de los fármacos , Cynara scolymus/crecimiento & desarrollo , Oxilipinas/farmacología , Fenoles/análisis , Reguladores del Crecimiento de las Plantas/farmacología , Antioxidantes/análisis , Ácidos Cumáricos/análisis , Cynara scolymus/química , Almacenamiento de Alimentos , Fitoquímicos/análisisRESUMEN
BACKGROUND: Leaves of artichoke (Cynara cardunculus L. subsp. scolymus (L.) Hegi) and cardoon (Cynara cardunculus L. var. altilis DC) are traditionally used as herbal medicine. Moderate salt stress could enhance antioxidant activity and phytochemicals in leaves. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of chloride salts (NaCl, KCl and CaCl2) on biomass production, mineral composition, phenolic and flavonoid contents and antioxidant activity in leaves of artichoke and cardoon grown in a floating system. RESULTS: In both crops, NaCl and KCl treatments reduced biomass production, while similar values were recorded in CaCl2 and control treatments. In both crops, KCl treatment enhanced total phenolic and flavonoid contents, antioxidant activity and target polyphenols in leaves harvested at 48, 82 and 105 days after sowing (DAS), while leaf quality was improved by NaCl and CaCl2 treatments only at 82 and 105 DAS. Irrespective of salinity, leaves of cardoon had higher total phenolic and flavonoid contents, antioxidant activity and target polyphenols than those of artichoke. CONCLUSION: The results showed that application of KCl can be considered an effective way to produce high-quality leaves of artichoke and cardoon during the whole cropping cycle, although resulting in a 30% reduction in plant biomass.
Asunto(s)
Cloruro de Calcio/farmacología , Cynara scolymus/efectos de los fármacos , Hojas de la Planta/efectos de los fármacos , Polifenoles/metabolismo , Cloruro de Potasio/farmacología , Salinidad , Cloruro de Sodio/farmacología , Antioxidantes/metabolismo , Antioxidantes/farmacología , Acuicultura/métodos , Biomasa , Cynara , Cynara scolymus/crecimiento & desarrollo , Cynara scolymus/metabolismo , Dieta , Flavonoides/metabolismo , Flavonoides/farmacología , Humanos , Minerales/metabolismo , Fenoles/metabolismo , Fenoles/farmacología , Hojas de la Planta/crecimiento & desarrollo , Hojas de la Planta/metabolismo , Polifenoles/farmacología , Sales (Química)/farmacología , Estrés FisiológicoRESUMEN
Leaf extracts from globe artichoke ( Cynara cardunculus L. var. scolymus) have been widely used in medicine as hepatoprotectant and choleretic agents. Globe artichoke leaves represent a natural source of phenolic acids with dicaffeoylquinic acids, such as cynarin (1,3-dicaffeoylquinic acid), along with its biosynthetic precursor chlorogenic acid (5-caffeoylquinic acid) as the most abundant molecules. This paper reports the development of an experimental system to induce caffeoylquinic acids. This system may serve to study the regulation of the biosynthesis of (poly)phenolic compounds in globe artichoke and the genetic basis of this metabolic regulation. By means of HPLC-PDA and accurate mass LC-QTOF MS and MS/MS analyses, the major phenolic compounds in globe artichoke leaves were identified: four isomers of dicaffeoylquinic acid, three isomers of caffeoylquinic acid, and the flavone luteolin 7-glucoside. Next, plant material was identified in which the concentration of phenolic compounds was comparable in the absence of particular treatments, with the aim to use this material to test the effect of stress application on the regulation of biosynthesis of caffeoylquinic acids. Using this material, the effect of UV-C, methyl jasmonate, and salicylic acid treatments on (poly)phenolic compounds was tested in different globe artichoke genotypes. UV-C exposure consistently increased the levels of dicaffeoylquinic acids in all genotypes, whereas the effect on compounds from the same biosynthetic pathway, for example, chlorogenic acid and luteolin-7-glucoside, was much less pronounced and was not statistically significant. No effect of methyl jasmonate or salicylic acid was found. Time-response experiments indicated that the level of dicaffeoylquinic acids reached a maximum at 24 h after UV radiation. On the basis of these results a role of dicaffeoylquinic acids in UV protection in globe artichoke is hypothesized.
Asunto(s)
Acetatos/farmacología , Ciclopentanos/farmacología , Cynara scolymus/metabolismo , Oxilipinas/farmacología , Ácido Quínico/análogos & derivados , Ácido Salicílico/farmacología , Rayos Ultravioleta , Antioxidantes/análisis , Cynara scolymus/efectos de los fármacos , Cynara scolymus/efectos de la radiación , Fenoles/análisis , Hojas de la Planta/química , Ácido Quínico/análisis , Ácido Quínico/metabolismoRESUMEN
AIM: Optimal conditions for chlorine application to obtain a reasonable decrease in the microbial counts without damaging the appearance of artichoke and borage have been established. METHODS AND RESULTS: The influence of chlorine concentration (0-200 mg l(-1)), pH, addition of organic acids, contact time and presence of protective structures on the microflora and vegetal appearance were studied. When pH was not controlled the effect of chlorine depended on its concentration until the pH increase caused by addition of chlorine reached 8.8. Any further increase in chlorine concentration was nullified by the pH increase. When pH was adjusted to 4.5 with acetic acid, the effectiveness increased with concentration. However, the use of citric acid to control pH caused a sharp decrease in effectiveness at concentration about 250 mg l(-1). The higher effectiveness of chlorine on homogenized plant extracts compared with the whole plant showed the impact of the vegetal structures on the resistance of the microorganisms. For artichoke, a relationship between the effectiveness of chlorine disinfection and its structures was also found. Extended washing times did not affect the total counts. However, in both vegetables, the appearance was affected by the extended contact times. CONCLUSIONS: The solutions rendering the highest microbial reduction with minimum damages were: 50 mg l(-1) free chlorine without pH control for artichoke and 100 mg l(-1) free chlorine at pH 7.0 for borage. SIGNIFICANCE AND IMPACT OF THE STUDY: Specific conditions for chlorine disinfection of artichoke and borage were determined to reduce the microorganisms in minimally processed artichoke and borage without damaging their appearance.
Asunto(s)
Borago/efectos de los fármacos , Cloro , Cynara scolymus/efectos de los fármacos , Desinfección/métodos , Microbiología de Alimentos , Ácido Acético , Borago/microbiología , Recuento de Colonia Microbiana , Cynara scolymus/microbiología , Concentración de Iones de Hidrógeno , GustoRESUMEN
Ozone concentrations rise to phytotoxic levels from spring to autumn at western Mediterranean basin coastal sites, where artichoke is one of the most important crops. Simultaneously, from year to year and especially since the early 1980s, resprouting of the stumps has been decreasing in Valencian Community artichoke plantations. To see if ozone might be playing a role in this decrease, a number of plants were exposed to different levels of ozone. Results of the ozone treatments showed reduced biomass in the offshoots of plants exposed to the highest ozone treatment. The exposure to ambient ozone during the stump-establishment period, when compared to filtered-air conditions, resulted in a reduction in yield when plants were transplanted in the field under ambient ozone concentrations. And when plants were exposed to acute short picks, typical ozone visual injury appeared in the older leaves.