RESUMEN
Cymbopogon citratus (D.C.) Stapf. is a medicinal plant source of lemon grass oils with multiple uses in the pharmaceutical and food industry. Conventional propagation in semisolid culture medium has become a fast tool for mass propagation of lemon grass, but the production cost must be lower. A solution could be the application of in vitro propagation methods based on liquid culture advantages and automation. This chapter provides two efficient protocols for in vitro propagation via organogenesis and somatic embryogenesis of this medicinal plant. Firstly, we report the production of shoots using a temporary immersion system (TIS). Secondly, a protocol for somatic embryogenesis using semisolid culture for callus formation and multiplication, and liquid culture in a rotatory shaker and conventional bioreactors for the maintenance of embryogenic culture, is described. Well-developed plants can be achieved from both protocols. Here we provide a fast and efficient technology for mass propagation of this medicinal plant taking the advantage of liquid culture and automation.
Asunto(s)
Cymbopogon/crecimiento & desarrollo , Técnicas de Embriogénesis Somática de Plantas/métodos , Aclimatación , Reactores Biológicos , Cymbopogon/embriología , Cymbopogon/fisiología , Germinación , Organogénesis de las Plantas , Brotes de la Planta/embriología , Brotes de la Planta/crecimiento & desarrollo , Brotes de la Planta/fisiología , Plantas Medicinales/embriología , Plantas Medicinales/crecimiento & desarrollo , Plantas Medicinales/fisiología , Esterilización/métodosRESUMEN
Devido às poucas informações sobre as práticas de cultivo do capim-limão (Cymbopogon citratus, DC.) objetivou-se avaliar o efeito de lâminas de irrigação sobre: a produção de biomassa, o rendimento e composição do óleo essencial. O experimento foi instalado em ambiente protegido para possibilitar o controle das lâminas de irrigação e avaliar a viabilidade para situações em que as condições climáticas normais sejam inadequadas. O delineamento experimental foi em blocos inteiramente casualizados com cinco tratamentos e três repetições. Os dados foram submetidos à análise de variância pelo tese F e as médias comparadas pelo teste de Tukey a 5% de probabilidade. Na etapa um, os tratamentos consistiram da aplicação de lâminas referentes a 50%, 75%, 100%, 125% da evapotranspiração da cultura (ETc), irrigando duas vezes por semana e de 100% da evapotranspiração da cultura (ETc), irrigando uma vez por semana, sendo denominados de T1, T2, T3, T4 e T5, respectivamente. Na etapa dois, os tratamentos consistiram da aplicação de lâminas referentes a 50%, 75%, 100%, 125% da ETc irrigando uma vez por semana e de 100% da ETc, irrigando a cada 14 dias, sendo denominados de T6, T7, T8, T9 e T10 respectivamente. O corte do capim-limão foi realizado após 60 dias do início dos tratamentos. Avaliou-se a altura de plantas, o número de perfilhos por touceira, a massa seca da parte aérea, o rendimento e a composição do óleo essencial. O T5, caracterizado por estresse hídrico e intervalo de irrigação moderado, foi o que apresentou a maior produção de matéria seca, maior produtividade do capim-limão e maior estimativa da produtividade de óleo essencial e maior concentração de citral, na primeira etapa. Na etapa dois, o T6, correspondente ao estresse hídrico crescente e acentuado, foi o que apresentou maior estimativa da produtividade de óleo essencial. De acordo com os resultados observados, não foi possível definir a melhor lâmina, porém, concluiu-se que uma única irrigação semanal, para as condições estudadas neste experimento promoveu o melhor resultado.
The aim of this work was to evaluate the effect of different irrigation depths on biomass production, yield and composition of lemongrass (Cymbopogon citratus)essential oil, because of poor information on cultivation practices. The experiment was set up in a protected environment to control irrigation and also to evaluate situations in which the normal climatic conditions are inadequate. A complete randomized block design was incorporated with five treatments and three replications, and averages were compared using the Tukey's test at 5% probability. In phase one, the treatments consisted of irrigation depths relating to 50%, 75%, 100%, 125% of crop evapotranspiration (ETc), irrigating twice a week, and irrigating only once a week for a sample supplied with 100% of the crop evapotranspiration (ETc); these were labeled T1, T2, T3, T4 and T5, respectively. In phase two, the treatments consisted of depths of 50%, 75%, 100%, 125% of the ETc, irrigating once a week, and another with 100% of the ETc, irrigating every 14 days, which were denominated T6, T7, T8, T9 and T10, respectively. Harvest of the lemon grass was done after 60 days of treatment. Plant height, number of tillers per plant, dry mass of the shoots, yield and composition of essential oil were evaluated. Treatment T5, characterized by water stress and a moderate irrigation interval, presented the highest dry matter production, lemongrass productivity, estimate of essential oil productivity and concentration of citral in the first phase. In phase two of this work, T6,characterized by a sharp increaseof water stress, presented the greatest estimate of essential oil productivity. According to the results observed, we could not define an optimal irrigation depth; however, we concluded that a single irrigation per week for the conditions of this experiment provided the best result.
Asunto(s)
Aceites Volátiles/farmacología , Cymbopogon/crecimiento & desarrollo , Eficiencia/clasificación , Deshidratación , Riego AgrícolaRESUMEN
O cultivo orgânico é preconizado para o capim-limão (Cymbopogon citratus (DC) Stapf.) como planta medicinal promissora ao desenvolvimento de fármacos no Brasil. Objetivou-se avaliar técnicas de controle de plantas invasoras sobre componentes de produção de capim limão em cultivos orgânico e convencional. Dois experimentos foram instalados sob delineamento inteiramente casualizado, com quatro repetições, em esquema fatorial 2x2x3, considerando-se duas áreas (orgânico e convencional) e os tratamentos combinando cobertura morta (presente e ausente) e técnicas de controle de plantas invasoras (capina manual, roçada e nenhuma). Altura, perfilhamento, teor e rendimento total de óleo essencial de capim-limão no cultivo orgânico foram superiores ao convencional, mas a produtividade de biomassa aérea seca não diferiu entre ambos. A capina, com ou sem cobertura morta, favoreceu o rendimento de óleo no cultivo orgânico.
Organic farming is recommended for lemongrass as a promising medicinal plant for drug development in Brazil. The purpose of this paper was to evaluate the effect of the techniques to control weed on the plant height, tillering, biomass productivity, content and yield of the essential oil of lemon grass in organic and conventional crops. Two experiments were set in a completely randomized design with four replications, at a 2x2x3 factorial scheme, considering two areas (organic and conventional) and treatments combining mulching (present and absent) and weed control techniques (hoeing, skimming and none). Plant height, tillering, content and yield of the essential oil of lemongrass were better in the organic crop, but the biomass productivity did not differ between both areas. The biomass production was better in the conventional crop as to weed control, with or without mulching, and for organic crop under hoeing or skimming with mulching. Hoeing or skimming with no mulching improved the oil content in organic crops. Hoeing or skimming with mulching was better than any other weed control technique with no mulching, and hoeing was better than skimming, justifying its recommendation as a technique for this crop system.
Asunto(s)
Cymbopogon/crecimiento & desarrollo , Agricultura/métodos , Agricultura Orgánica/métodos , Control de Malezas/instrumentaciónRESUMEN
Different parts of plant foods are generally discarded by consumers such as peel, stalk and leaves, which could however possess a nutritional value. However, few studies have analysed the composition of these marginal foods. The phenolic compound, flavonoid, polyamine, nitrate and pesticide contents of parts of vegetables that are usually discarded--but which were cultivated according to conventional and non-conventional procedures--were analysed to provide suggestions on how to improve the consumption of these parts and to reduce the production of urban solid waste. Few, but significant, differences between the two manuring procedures were observed. Higher nitrate content and the presence of organochlorine pesticides were found in conventional cultivated papaya peel, lemon balm leaves, jack fruit pulp, and beet stalk and peel. Discarded parts of plant foods such as stalk, leaves and peels can be used as a source of antioxidant compounds, such as phenolic compounds.
Asunto(s)
Antioxidantes/análisis , Productos Agrícolas/química , Fertilizantes , Contaminación de Alimentos/prevención & control , Alimentos Orgánicos/análisis , Nitratos/análisis , Residuos de Plaguicidas/análisis , Residuos/análisis , Antioxidantes/economía , Antioxidantes/metabolismo , Artocarpus/química , Artocarpus/crecimiento & desarrollo , Artocarpus/metabolismo , Beta vulgaris/química , Beta vulgaris/crecimiento & desarrollo , Beta vulgaris/metabolismo , Brasil , Carica/química , Carica/crecimiento & desarrollo , Carica/metabolismo , Productos Agrícolas/economía , Productos Agrícolas/crecimiento & desarrollo , Productos Agrícolas/metabolismo , Cymbopogon/química , Cymbopogon/crecimiento & desarrollo , Cymbopogon/metabolismo , Contaminantes Ambientales/análisis , Contaminantes Ambientales/metabolismo , Fertilizantes/efectos adversos , Flavonoides/análisis , Flavonoides/economía , Flavonoides/metabolismo , Alimentos Orgánicos/economía , Hidrocarburos Clorados/análisis , Hidrocarburos Clorados/metabolismo , Ipomoea batatas/química , Ipomoea batatas/crecimiento & desarrollo , Ipomoea batatas/metabolismo , Estiércol , Nitratos/metabolismo , Agricultura Orgánica/métodos , Residuos de Plaguicidas/metabolismo , Fenoles/análisis , Fenoles/economía , Fenoles/metabolismo , Residuos/economíaRESUMEN
O capim-limão, Cymbopogon citratus (DC) Stapf., é uma planta utilizada para fins medicinais e aromáticos, porém pouco se conhece sobre as exigências nutricionais. O objetivo do presente trabalho foi avaliar os efeitos da elevação do pH do solo e da adubação com fósforo (P) na disponibilidade de nutrientes e no crescimento inicial do capim-limão. O experimento foi conduzido em Lages, SC, de abril a dezembro de 2008, em casa de vegetação. Foi utilizado um esquema fatorial, incluindo quatro níveis de pH (4,1; 5,5; 6,0 e 6,5) e três doses de P (0, 50 e 100 mg kg-1 de solo), com quatro repetições (correspondendo a um vaso com duas plantas). A correção do pH aumentou o Ca e Mg e diminuiu o Al, Mn, Fe, Cu e Zn no solo. A aplicação de 100 mg kg-1 de P elevou em mais de 250% a concentração deste nutriente no solo, independente do pH. A aplicação de P e, principalmente, a elevação do pH do solo incrementaram todos os atributos avaliados nas plantas de capim limão (massa seca da parte aérea e do sistema radicular, número de folhas e altura de plantas), sendo que a interação entre pH e dose de P somente foi significativa para o número de folhas. O maior crescimento das plantas ocorreu no tratamento com pH 6,5, associado à adição de 100 mg kg-1 de P.
Lemongrass, Cymbopogon citratus (DC) Stapf., is a plant with medicinal and aromatic uses. However, little is known about its nutrition requirements. This work was carried out to investigate the effects of pH and phosphorus levels on nutrients availability and the initial growth of lemongrass. The experiment was carried out in Lages (SC, Brazil) from April tol December 2008, in greenhouse conditions. The experiment followed a factorial design, with four levels of pH (4.1, 5.5, 6.0, and 6.5), three doses of phosphorus (0, 50, and 100 mg kg-1 of soil), and four replicates (each replicate corresponding to a pot with two plants). The correction of pH increased Ca and Mg, and reduced Al, Mn, Fe, Cu, and Zn in the soil. The addition of 100 mg kg-1 P increased by more than 250% the P in the soil, irrespective of pH. The addition of P and the correction of pH, specially the last one, increased all growth attributes of lemongrass (dry matter of shoot and root parts, number of leaves, and plant height), with a significant interaction between pH and the dose of P only for the number of leaves. The highest plant growth was achieved by correcting the soil pH to 6.5, with the addition of 100 mg kg-1 P.
Asunto(s)
Plantas Medicinales/clasificación , Cymbopogon/crecimiento & desarrollo , Concentración de Iones de Hidrógeno , Alcalinidad del Suelo/análisisRESUMEN
Avaliou-se o crescimento, a produção e o teor do óleo essencial de dois cortes de capim citronela em cultivo consorciado com algodoeiro colorido no semiárido. Para isso foram utilizados dois sistemas de consórcios (tratamentos): algodão colorido consorciado com capim citronela 3x1 e algodão colorido consorciado com capim citronela 1x1. A variedade de algodão colorido utilizada foi a BRS Rubi e as mudas de capim citronela foram produzidas no Horto de Plantas Medicinais da Unimontes. O delineamento experimental utilizado foi em blocos casualizados com dois tratamentos e 16 repetições. O experimento foi mantido em regime de sequeiro e foi avaliado a altura das plantas de capim citronela. Foram realizadas duas colheitas das folhas de capim citronela, sendo a primeira no momento da colheita da fibra do algodão e a segunda na rebrota do capim, seis meses após. Todas as plantas da parcela foram colhidas e as folhas frescas foram pesadas, no campo, com o auxílio de balança digital. Amostras das folhas colhidas foram retiradas e levadas para secagem em estufa com circulação forçada de ar a 35ºC até atingirem massa constante. Foi verificada a massa seca e posteriormente realizada a extração do óleo essencial pelo método de hidrodestilação em aparelho modificado de Clevenger. Os dados foram submetidos à análise de variância e as médias comparadas pelo teste Skott-Knott (p<0,05). A altura das plantas não diferiu entre os tratamentos nas colheitas. Para a produção de massa fresca e seca houve diferença entre os tratamentos apenas na segunda colheita. Neste caso, as plantas cultivadas em consórcio 1x1 produziram mais do que as do consórcio 3x1. O teor de óleo essencial de capim citronela não variou entre os dois sistemas de consórcio, tanto no primeiro como no segundo corte.
The research was performed to evaluate the growth, production and essential oil content of the two harvests of citronella grass in intercropped with colored cotton in semiarid.For this, was used two system consortium (treatments): colored cotton intercropped with citronella grass 3X1 and colored cotton intercropped with citronella grass 1X1. The variety of colored cotton used was BRS Rubi and the citronella grass seedlings were produced in the Medicinal Plants Garden of Unimontes. The experimental design used was randomized blocks with two treatments and 16 repetitions. The experiment was maintained under rainfed conditions. Was evaluated plant height of citronella grass. Citronella grass leaves were harvested twice: the first was made at harvest of cotton fiber and the second in the grass regrowth, six months later. All plants in the plot were harvested and the fresh leaves were weighed, in the field, with the aid of a digital balance. Samples from leaves harvested were collected and taken for drying in an oven with forced air at 35ºC until reaching constant weight. Dry mass was verified and the performed the extraction of essential oil by hydrodestilation in Clevenger modified apparatus. Data were subjected to analysis of variance and means compared by Skott-Knott test (p<0.05). The plants height did not differ between treatments in harvests. For the production of fresh and dry mass was significant difference between treatments only in the second harvest. In this case the plants cultivated in the consortium 1x1 produced more than in the consortium 3x1. The essential oil content of citronella grass did not vary between the two systems consortium, in the first and the second harvest.
Asunto(s)
Aceites Volátiles/análisis , Gossypium/crecimiento & desarrollo , Cymbopogon/crecimiento & desarrollo , Análisis de VarianzaRESUMEN
Trichophyton rubrum is one of the most common fungi causer of dermatophytosis, mycosis that affect humans and animals around the world. Researches aiming new products with antifungal activity become necessary to overcome difficulties on treatment of these infections. Accordingly, this study aimed to investigate the antifungal activity of essential oil from Cymbopogon winterianus against the dermatophyte T. rubrum. The antifungal screening was performed by solid medium diffusion method with 16 T. rubrum strains, minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) and minimum fungicide concentration (MFC) were determined using the microdilution method. The effects on mycelial dry weight and morphology were also observed. Screening showed essential oil in natura inhibited all the tested strains, with inhibition zones between 24-28 mm diameter. MIC50 and MIC90 values of the essential oil were 312 µg/mL for nearly all the essayed strains (93.75 percent) while the MFC50 and MFC90 values were about eight times higher than MIC for all tested strains. All tested essential oil concentrations managed to inhibit strongly the mycelium development. Main morphological changes on the fungal strains observed under light microscopy, which were provided by the essential oil include loss of conidiation, alterations concerning form and pigmentation of hyphae. In the oil presence, colonies showed folds, cream color and slightly darker than the control, pigment production was absent on the reverse and with evident folds. It is concluded that C. winterianus essential oil showed activity against T. rubrum. Therefore, it could be known as potential antifungal compound especially for protection against dermatophytosis.
Asunto(s)
Humanos , Animales , Antifúngicos , Arthrodermataceae/aislamiento & purificación , Cymbopogon/crecimiento & desarrollo , Dermatomicosis , Micelio/aislamiento & purificación , Aceites Volátiles , Esporas Fúngicas , Trichophyton/aislamiento & purificación , Métodos , Microscopía de Polarización , Estructuras de las Plantas , MétodosRESUMEN
BACKGROUND: Essential oils isolated from Cymbopogon citratus (DC) Stapf. and Eucalyptus citriodora Hook grown in Colombia were analysed by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) and tested for repellent activity and contact toxicity against Tribolium castaneum (Herbst.) (Coleoptera: Tenebrionidae). RESULTS: The main components of C. citratus oil were geranial (34.4%), neral (28.4%) and geraniol (11.5%), whereas those of E. citriodora were citronellal (40%), isopulegol (14.6%) and citronellol (13%). The mean repellent doses after 4 h exposure were 0.021 and 0.084 mL L(-1) for C. citratus and E. citriodora oils respectively-values lower than that observed for the commercial product IR3535 (0.686 mL L(-1)). CONCLUSION: These studies showed the composition and repellent activity of essential oils of C. citratus and E. citriodora, suggesting that these are potential candidates as insect repellents.
Asunto(s)
Cymbopogon/química , Cymbopogon/crecimiento & desarrollo , Eucalyptus/química , Eucalyptus/crecimiento & desarrollo , Insecticidas , Aceites Volátiles , Control Biológico de Vectores/métodos , Tribolium , Animales , Productos Biológicos/química , Colombia , Conservación de los Recursos Naturales , Grano Comestible , Manipulación de Alimentos , Insecticidas/química , Aceites Volátiles/química , VolatilizaciónRESUMEN
A espécie invasora guanxuma (Sida rhombifolia L.) é comum em áreas de plantio direto e destaca-se nacompetição com a cultura agrícola por apresentar um sistema radicular bastante eficiente; para tanto, seucontrole depende comumente de aplicações químicas em larga escala. O presente estudo teve comoobjetivo avaliar o efeito alelopático do extrato aquoso quente das espécies medicinais capim limão(Cymbopogon citratus Stapf.) e sabugueiro (Sambucus australis Cham & Schltdl.) sobre a germinaçãoda espécie invasora guanxuma. O experimento foi realizado em duas etapas complementares: primeiramentevisou-se à quebra de dormência da espécie invasora e depois, verificou-se o efeito de capim limão esabugueiro sobre a germinação de guanxuma. O acondicionamento das sementes foi realizado em placasde Petri previamente autoclavadas por 20 minutos a 121°C, dispostas em Câmara de Germinação comfotoperíodo de 12 horas a 25°C. Diante das condições em que foi realizado o experimento, identificou-sepossível efeito alelopático na germinação de sementes de guanxuma quando expostas ao extrato aquosoquente das duas espécies medicinais.
The invasive species Cuban jute (Sida rhombifolia L.) is common in no-till areas. It is an important competitor of crops because of a quite effective root system. For this reason, Cuban jute control commonly is made on large-scale applications of chemicals. This study seeks to make a contribution to the control of Cuban jute via allelopathy using hot aqueous extracts of the medicinal species lemongrass (Cymbopogon citratus Stapf.) and sabugueiro (Sambucus australis Cham & Schltdl.). The experiment was carried out in two complementary steps: first we attempted to overcome dormancy of the invasive species, and then we investigated the effect of the medicinal species lemongrass and sabugueiro on Cuban jute germination. The seeds were placed in Petri dishes previously autoclaved for 20 minutes at 121°C and then taken to a germination chamber with a photoperiod of 12 hours at 25°C. A potential allelopathic, inhibitory effect was identified on Cuban jute seed germination when the weed was exposed to the hot aqueous extract of both medicinal species.