RESUMEN
MAIN CONCLUSION: Microscopic analyses and chemical profiling demonstrate that the white rind phenotype in melon fruit is associated with the accumulation of n-alkanes, fatty alcohols, aldehydes and wax esters. Serving as an indicator of quality, the rind (or external) color of fruit directly affects consumer choice. A fruit's color is influenced by factors such as the levels of pigments and deposited epicuticular waxes. The latter produces a white-grayish coating often referred to as "wax bloom". Previous reports have suggested that some melon (Cucumis melo L.) accessions may produce wax blooms, where a dominant white rind color trait was genetically mapped to a major locus on chromosome 7 and suggested to be inherited as a single gene named Wi. We here provide the first direct evidence of the contribution of epicuticular waxes to the dominant white rind trait in melon fruit. Our light and electron microscopy and gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) comparative analysis of melon accessions with white or green rinds reveals that the rind of melon fruit is rich in epicuticular waxes. These waxes are composed of various biochemical classes, including fatty acids, fatty alcohols, aldehydes, fatty amides, n-alkanes, tocopherols, triterpenoids, and wax esters. We show that the dominant white rind phenotype in melon fruit is associated with increased accumulation of n-alkanes, fatty alcohols, aldehydes and wax esters, which are linked with the deposition of crystal-like wax platelets on their surfaces. Together, this study broadens the understanding of natural variation in an important quality trait of melon fruit and promotes the future identification of the causative gene for the dominant white rind trait.
Asunto(s)
Frutas , Ceras , Ceras/metabolismo , Ceras/química , Frutas/genética , Frutas/metabolismo , Fenotipo , Pigmentación/genética , Cucurbitaceae/genética , Cucurbitaceae/metabolismo , Cromatografía de Gases y Espectrometría de Masas , Cucumis melo/genética , Cucumis melo/metabolismo , Color , BlancoRESUMEN
Fusarium oxysporum (Schl.) f.sp. melonis, which causes muskmelon wilt disease, is a destructive filamentous fungal pathogen, attracting more attention to the search for effective fungicides against this pathogen. In particular, Silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) have strong antimicrobial properties and they are not easy to develop drug resistance, which provides new ideas for the prevention and control of muskmelon Fusarium wilt (MFW). This paper studied the effects of AgNPs on the growth and development of muskmelon, the control efficacy on Fusarium wilt of muskmelon and the antifungal mechanism of AgNPs to F. oxysporum. The results showed that AgNPs could inhibit the growth of F. oxysporum on the PDA and in the PDB medium at 100-200 mg/L and the low concentration of 25 mg/L AgNPs could promote the seed germination and growth of muskmelon seedlings and reduce the incidence of muskmelon Fusarium wilt. Further studies on the antifungal mechanism showed that AgNPs could impair the development, damage cell structure, and interrupt cellular metabolism pathways of this fungus. TEM observation revealed that AgNPs treatment led to damage to the cell wall and membrane and accumulation of vacuoles and vessels, causing the leakage of intracellular contents. AgNPs treatment significantly hampered the growth of mycelia in the PDB medium, even causing a decrease in biomass. Biochemical properties showed that AgNPs treatment stimulated the generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) in 6 h, subsequently producing malondialdehyde (MDA) and increasing protective enzyme activity. After 6 h, the protective enzyme activity decreased. These results indicated that AgNPs destroy the cell structure and affect the metabolisms, eventually leading to the death of fungus.
Asunto(s)
Antifúngicos , Fusarium , Nanopartículas del Metal , Enfermedades de las Plantas , Plata , Trichoderma , Fusarium/efectos de los fármacos , Nanopartículas del Metal/química , Enfermedades de las Plantas/microbiología , Enfermedades de las Plantas/prevención & control , Plata/farmacología , Plata/química , Trichoderma/fisiología , Trichoderma/metabolismo , Antifúngicos/farmacología , Cucumis melo/microbiologíaRESUMEN
Tomato leaf curl New Delhi virus (ToLCNDV) is a begomovirus causing significant melon (Cucumis melo) crop losses globally. This study aims to map the ToLCNDV resistance in the PI 414723 melon accession, previously identified and characterized through phenotypic studies, thereby exploring shared genomic regions with the established resistant source WM-7. In the present study, WM-7 and PI 414723 were crossed with the susceptible accessions 'Rochet' and 'Blanco' respectively, to generate F1 hybrids. These hybrids were self-pollinated to generate the populations for mapping the ToLCNDV resistance region and designing markers for marker-assisted selection. Disease evaluation included visual symptom scoring, viral-load quantification and tissue printing. Genotyping-by-sequencing and SNP markers were used for quantitative trait loci (QTL) mapping. For genetic analysis, qPCR and bulked segregant RNA-seq (BSR-seq) were performed. Gene expression was assessed using RNA-seq, and qRT-PCR was used for confirmation. The research narrows the candidate region for resistance in WM-7 and identifies overlapping QTLs on chromosome 11 in PI 414723, found in the region of the DNA primase large subunit. BSR-seq and expression analyses highlight potential regulatory roles of chromosome 2 in conferring resistance. Differential expression was confirmed for six genes in the candidate region on chromosome 2. This study confirms the existence of common resistance genes in PI 414723 and WM-7.
Asunto(s)
Begomovirus , Mapeo Cromosómico , Cucumis melo , Resistencia a la Enfermedad , Enfermedades de las Plantas , Sitios de Carácter Cuantitativo , Cucumis melo/genética , Cucumis melo/virología , Resistencia a la Enfermedad/genética , Enfermedades de las Plantas/virología , Enfermedades de las Plantas/genética , Begomovirus/patogenicidad , Polimorfismo de Nucleótido Simple , FenotipoRESUMEN
BACKGROUND: Phosphorus (P) deficiency, a major nutrient stress, greatly hinders plant growth. Phosphate (Pi) uptake in plant roots relies on PHT1 family transporters. However, melon (Cucumis melo L.) lacks comprehensive identification and characterization of PHT1 genes, particularly their response patterns under diverse stresses. RESULTS: This study identified and analyzed seven putative CmPHT1 genes on chromosomes 3, 4, 5, 6, and 7 using the melon genome. Phylogenetic analysis revealed shared motifs, domain compositions, and evolutionary relationships among genes with close histories. Exon number varied from 1 to 3. Collinearity analysis suggested segmental and tandem duplications as the primary mechanisms for CmPHT1 gene family expansion. CmPHT1;4 and CmPHT1;5 emerged as a tandemly duplicated pair. Analysis of cis-elements in CmPHT1 promoters identified 14 functional categories, including putative PHR1-binding sites (P1BS) in CmPHT1;4, CmPHT1;6, and CmPHT1;7. We identified that three WRKY transcription factors regulated CmPHT1;5 expression by binding to its W-box element. Notably, CmPHT1 promoters harbored cis-elements responsive to hormones and abiotic factors. Different stresses regulated CmPHT1 expression differently, suggesting that the adjusted expression patterns might contribute to plant adaptation. CONCLUSIONS: This study unveils the characteristics, evolutionary diversity, and stress responsiveness of CmPHT1 genes in melon. These findings lay the foundation for in-depth investigations into their functional mechanisms in Cucurbitaceae crops.
Asunto(s)
Cucumis melo , Regulación de la Expresión Génica de las Plantas , Fosfatos , Filogenia , Proteínas de Plantas , Estrés Fisiológico , Cucumis melo/genética , Cucumis melo/metabolismo , Fosfatos/metabolismo , Proteínas de Plantas/genética , Proteínas de Plantas/metabolismo , Estrés Fisiológico/genética , Genes de Plantas , Proteínas de Transporte de Fosfato/genética , Proteínas de Transporte de Fosfato/metabolismo , Transporte Biológico/genéticaRESUMEN
Phenylpropanoid metabolism plays an important role in cantaloupe ripening and senescence, but the mechanism of ozone regulation on phenylpropanoid metabolism remains unclear. This study investigated how ozone treatment modulates the levels of secondary metabolites associated with phenylpropanoid metabolism, the related enzyme activities, and gene expression in cantaloupe. Treating cantaloupes with 15 mg/m3 of ozone after precooling can help maintain postharvest hardness. This treatment also enhances the production and accumulation of secondary metabolites, such as total phenols, flavonoids, and lignin. These metabolites are essential components of the phenylpropanoid metabolic pathway, activating enzymes like phenylalanine ammonia-lyase, cinnamate 4-hydroxylase, 4CL, chalcone synthase, and chalcone isomerase. The results of the transcriptional expression patterns showed that differential gene expression related to phenylpropanoid metabolism in the peel of ozone-treated cantaloupes was primarily observed during the middle and late storage stages. In contrast, the pulp exhibited significant differential gene expression mainly during the early storage stage. Furthermore, it was observed that the level of gene expression in the peel was generally higher than that in the pulp. The correlation between the relative amount of gene changes in cantaloupe, activity of selected enzymes, and concentration of secondary metabolites could be accompanied by positive regulation of the phenylpropanoid metabolic pathway. Therefore, ozone stress induction positively enhances the biosynthesis of flavonoids in cantaloupes, leading to an increased accumulation of secondary metabolites. Additionally, it also improves the postharvest storage quality of cantaloupes.
Asunto(s)
Cucumis melo , Flavonoides , Frutas , Ozono , Fenilanina Amoníaco-Liasa , Ozono/farmacología , Cucumis melo/metabolismo , Flavonoides/metabolismo , Flavonoides/análisis , Fenilanina Amoníaco-Liasa/metabolismo , Fenilanina Amoníaco-Liasa/genética , Frutas/metabolismo , Frutas/efectos de los fármacos , Fenoles/metabolismo , Lignina/metabolismo , Regulación de la Expresión Génica de las Plantas , Proteínas de Plantas/metabolismo , Proteínas de Plantas/genética , Propanoles/metabolismo , Transcinamato 4-Monooxigenasa/metabolismo , Transcinamato 4-Monooxigenasa/genética , Aciltransferasas/genética , Aciltransferasas/metabolismoRESUMEN
Light quality not only directly affects the photosynthesis of green plants but also plays an important role in regulating the development and movement of leaf stomata, which is one of the key links for plants to be able to carry out normal growth and photosynthesis. By sensing changes in the light environment, plants actively regulate the expansion pressure of defense cells to change stomatal morphology and regulate the rate of CO2 and water vapor exchange inside and outside the leaf. In this study, Cucumis melo was used as a test material to investigate the mitigation effect of different red, blue, and green light treatments on short-term drought and to analyze its drought-resistant mechanism through transcriptome and metabolome analysis, so as to provide theoretical references for the regulation of stomata in the light environment to improve the water use efficiency. The results of the experiment showed that after 9 days of drought treatment, increasing the percentage of green light in the light quality significantly increased the plant height and fresh weight of the treatment compared to the control (no green light added). The addition of green light resulted in a decrease in leaf stomatal conductance and a decrease in reactive oxygen species (ROS) content, malondialdehyde MDA content, and electrolyte osmolality in the leaves of melon seedlings. It indicated that the addition of green light promoted drought tolerance in melon seedlings. Transcriptome and metabolome measurements of the control group (CK) and the addition of green light treatment (T3) showed that the addition of green light treatment not only effectively regulated the synthesis of abscisic acid (ABA) but also significantly regulated the hormonal pathway in the hormones such as jasmonic acid (JA) and salicylic acid (SA). This study provides a new idea to improve plant drought resistance through light quality regulation.
Asunto(s)
Cucumis melo , Sequías , Luz , Estrés Fisiológico , Cucumis melo/fisiología , Cucumis melo/metabolismo , Cucumis melo/efectos de la radiación , Cucumis melo/crecimiento & desarrollo , Cucumis melo/genética , Hojas de la Planta/efectos de la radiación , Hojas de la Planta/metabolismo , Hojas de la Planta/fisiología , Fotosíntesis/efectos de la radiación , Regulación de la Expresión Génica de las Plantas , Estomas de Plantas/fisiología , Estomas de Plantas/efectos de la radiación , Especies Reactivas de Oxígeno/metabolismo , Transcriptoma , Ácido Abscísico/metabolismo , Plantones/efectos de la radiación , Plantones/crecimiento & desarrollo , Plantones/metabolismo , Plantones/fisiología , Metaboloma , Luz Verde , Luz AzulRESUMEN
Herbicide resistance is a worldwide concern for weed control. Cucumis melo L. var. agrestis Naud. (C. melo) is an annual trailing vine weed that is commonly controlled by nicosulfuron, acetolactate synthase (ALS)-inhibiting herbicides. However, long-term use of this herbicide has led to the emergence of resistance and several nicosulfuron resistant populations of C. melo have been found. Here we identified a resistant (R) C. melo population exhibiting 7.31-fold resistance to nicosulfuron compared with a reference sensitive (S) population. ALS gene sequencing of the target site revealed no amino acid substitution in R plants, and no difference in enzyme activity, as shown by ALS activity assays in vitro. ALS gene expression was not significantly different before and after the application of nicosulfuron. Pretreatment with the cytochrome P450 monooxygenase (P450) inhibitor malathion reduced nicosulfuron resistance in the R population. RNA-Seq transcriptome analysis was used to identify candidate genes that may confer metabolic resistance to nicosulfuron. We selected genes with annotations related to detoxification functions. A total of 20 candidate genes (7 P450 genes, 1 glutathione S-transferase (GST) gene, 2 ATP-binding cassette (ABC) transporters, and 10 glycosyltransferase (GT)) were identified; 12 of them (7 P450s, 1 GST, 2 ABC transporters, and 2 GTs) were demonstrated significantly differential expression between R and S by quantitative real-time RT-PCR (qRT-PCR). Our findings revealed that the resistance mechanism in C. melo was nontarget-site based. Our results also provide a valuable resource for studying the molecular mechanisms of weed resistance.
Asunto(s)
Acetolactato Sintasa , Cucumis melo , Resistencia a los Herbicidas , Herbicidas , Piridinas , Compuestos de Sulfonilurea , Resistencia a los Herbicidas/genética , Compuestos de Sulfonilurea/farmacología , Herbicidas/farmacología , Herbicidas/toxicidad , Acetolactato Sintasa/genética , Acetolactato Sintasa/metabolismo , Cucumis melo/genética , Cucumis melo/efectos de los fármacos , Piridinas/farmacología , RNA-Seq , Perfilación de la Expresión Génica , Malatión/farmacología , Regulación de la Expresión Génica de las Plantas/efectos de los fármacos , Proteínas de Plantas/genética , Proteínas de Plantas/metabolismoRESUMEN
Melon (Cucumis melo L.) is a globally grown crop renowned for its juice and flavor. Despite growth in production, the melon industry faces several challenges owing to a wide range of biotic and abiotic stresses throughout the growth and development of melon. The aim of the review article is to consolidate current knowledge on the genetic mechanism of both biotic and abiotic stress in melon, facilitating the development of robust, disease-resistant melon varieties. A comprehensive literature review was performed, focusing on recent genetic and molecular advancements related to biotic and abiotic stress responses in melons. The review emphasizes the identification and analysis of quantitative trait loci (QTLs), functional genes, and molecular markers in two sections. The initial section provides a comprehensive summary of the QTLs and major and minor functional genes, and the establishment of molecular markers associated with biotic (viral, bacterial, and fungal pathogens, and nematodes) and abiotic stress (cold/chilling, drought, salt, and toxic compounds). The latter section briefly outlines the molecular markers employed to facilitate marker-assisted backcrossing (MABC) and identify cultivars resistant to biotic and abiotic stressors, emphasizing their relevance in strategic marker-assisted melon breeding. These insights could guide the incorporation of specific traits, culminating in developing novel varieties, equipped to withstand diseases and environmental stresses by targeted breeding, that meet both consumer preferences and the needs of melon breeders.
Asunto(s)
Cucumis melo , Fitomejoramiento , Sitios de Carácter Cuantitativo , Estrés Fisiológico , Cucumis melo/genética , Estrés Fisiológico/genética , Fitomejoramiento/métodos , Marcadores Genéticos , Resistencia a la Enfermedad/genética , Enfermedades de las Plantas/genética , Enfermedades de las Plantas/microbiologíaRESUMEN
Melon (Cucumis melo L.) is an important horticultural and economic crop. ETHYLENE RESPONSE FACTOR1 (ERF1) plays an important role in regulating plant development, and the resistance to multiple biotic and abiotic stresses. In this study, developmental biology, molecular biology and biochemical assays were performed to explore the biological function of CmERF1 in melon. Abundant transcripts of CmERF1 were found in ovary at green-yellow bud (GYB) and rapid enlargement (ORE) stages. In CmERF1 promoter, the cis-regulatory elements for indoleacetic acid (IAA), methyl jasmonate (MeJA), salicylic acid (SA), abscisic acid (ABA), gibberellic acid (GA), light and low temperature responses were found. CmERF1 could be significantly induced by ethylene, IAA, MeJA, SA, ABA, and respond to continuous light and low temperature stresses in melon. Ectopic expression of CmERF1 increased the length of siliqua and carpopodium, and expanded the size of leaves in Arabidopsis. Knockdown of CmERF1 led to smaller ovary at anthesis, mature fruit and leaves in melon. In CmERF1-RNAi #2 plants, 75 genes were differently expressed compared with control, and the promoter regions of 28 differential expression genes (DEGs) contained the GCC-box (AGCCGCC) or DRE (A/GCCGAC) cis-acting elements of CmERF1. A homolog of cell division cycle protein 48 (CmCDC48) was proved to be the direct target of CmERF1 by the yeast one-hybrid assay and dual-luciferase (LUC) reporter (DLR) system. These results indicated that CmERF1 was able to promote the growth of fruits and leaves, and involved in multiple hormones and environmental signaling pathways in melon.
Asunto(s)
Cucumis melo , Ciclopentanos , Frutas , Regulación de la Expresión Génica de las Plantas , Reguladores del Crecimiento de las Plantas , Hojas de la Planta , Proteínas de Plantas , Plantas Modificadas Genéticamente , Cucumis melo/genética , Cucumis melo/crecimiento & desarrollo , Cucumis melo/metabolismo , Hojas de la Planta/genética , Hojas de la Planta/metabolismo , Hojas de la Planta/crecimiento & desarrollo , Hojas de la Planta/efectos de los fármacos , Proteínas de Plantas/genética , Proteínas de Plantas/metabolismo , Reguladores del Crecimiento de las Plantas/metabolismo , Reguladores del Crecimiento de las Plantas/farmacología , Frutas/genética , Frutas/crecimiento & desarrollo , Frutas/metabolismo , Ciclopentanos/farmacología , Ciclopentanos/metabolismo , Regiones Promotoras Genéticas , Oxilipinas/farmacología , Oxilipinas/metabolismo , Ácido Abscísico/metabolismo , Ácido Abscísico/farmacología , Arabidopsis/genética , Arabidopsis/crecimiento & desarrollo , Arabidopsis/metabolismo , Ácidos Indolacéticos/metabolismo , Acetatos/farmacología , Ácido Salicílico/metabolismo , Ácido Salicílico/farmacologíaRESUMEN
In flowering plants, the predominant sexual morph is hermaphroditism, and the emergence of unisexuality is poorly understood. Using Cucumis melo (melon) as a model system, we explore the mechanisms driving sexual forms. We identify a spontaneous mutant exhibiting a transition from bisexual to unisexual male flower, and identify the causal mutation as a Harbinger transposon impairing the expression of Ethylene Insensitive 2 (CmEIN2) gene. Genetics and transcriptomic analysis reveal a dual role of CmEIN2 in both sex determination and fruit shape formation. Upon expression of CmACS11, EIN2 is recruited to repress the expression of the carpel inhibitor, CmWIP1. Subsequently, EIN2 is recruited to mediate stamina inhibition. Following the sex determination phase, EIN2 promotes fruit shape elongation. Genome-wide analysis reveals that Harbinger transposon mobilization is triggered by environmental cues, and integrates preferentially in active chromatin, particularly within promoter regions. Characterization of a large collection of melon germplasm points to active transpositions in the wild, compared to cultivated accessions. Our study underscores the association between chromatin dynamics and the temporal aspects of mobile genetic element insertions, providing valuable insights into plant adaptation and crop genome evolution.
Asunto(s)
Elementos Transponibles de ADN , Etilenos , Flores , Regulación de la Expresión Génica de las Plantas , Proteínas de Plantas , Elementos Transponibles de ADN/genética , Etilenos/metabolismo , Proteínas de Plantas/genética , Proteínas de Plantas/metabolismo , Flores/genética , Flores/crecimiento & desarrollo , Transducción de Señal/genética , Cucumis melo/genética , Cucumis melo/metabolismo , Frutas/genética , Frutas/crecimiento & desarrollo , MutaciónRESUMEN
One key post-transcriptional modification mechanism that dynamically controls a number of physiological processes in plants is alternative splicing (AS). However, the functional impacts of AS on fruit ripening remain unclear. In this research, we used RNA-seq data from climacteric (VED, Harukei 3) and non-climacteric (PI, PS) melon cultivars to explore alternative splicing (AS) in immature and mature fruit. The results revealed dramatic changes in differential AS genes (DAG) between the young and mature fruit stages, particularly in genes involved in fruit development/ripening, carotenoid and capsaicinoid biosynthesis, and starch and sucrose metabolism. Serine/arginine-rich (SR) family proteins are known as important splicing factors in AS events. From the melon genome, a total of 17 SR members were discovered in this study. These genes could be classified into eight distinct subfamilies based on gene structure and conserved motifs. Promoter analysis detected various cis-acting regulatory elements involved in hormone pathways and fruit development. Interestingly, these SR genes exhibited specific expression patterns in reproductive organs such as flowers and ovaries. Additionally, concurrent with the increase in AS levels in ripening fruit, the transcripts of these SR genes were activated during fruit maturation in both climacteric and non-climacteric melon varieties. We also found that most SR genes were under selection during domestication. These results represent a novel finding of increased AS levels and SR gene expression during fruit ripening, indicating that alternative splicing may play a role in fruit maturation.
Asunto(s)
Empalme Alternativo , Cucumis melo , Frutas , Regulación de la Expresión Génica de las Plantas , Proteínas de Plantas , Frutas/genética , Frutas/crecimiento & desarrollo , Frutas/metabolismo , Cucumis melo/genética , Cucumis melo/crecimiento & desarrollo , Proteínas de Plantas/genética , Proteínas de Plantas/metabolismo , Perfilación de la Expresión GénicaRESUMEN
Carpel number (CN) is an important trait affecting the fruit size and shape of melon, which plays a crucial role in determining the overall appearance and market value. A unique non-synonymous single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) in CmCLAVATA3 (CmCLV3) is responsible for the variation of CN in C. melo ssp. agrestis (hereafter agrestis), but it has been unclear in C. melo ssp. melo (hereafter melo). In this study, one major locus controlling the polymorphism of 5-CN (multi-CN) and 3-CN (normal-CN) in melo was identified using bulked segregant analysis (BSA-seq). This locus was then fine-mapped to an interval of 1.8 Mb on chromosome 12 using a segregating population containing 1451 progeny. CmCLV3 is still present in the candidate region. A new allele of CmCLV3, which contains five other nucleotide polymorphisms, including a non-synonymous SNP in coding sequence (CDS), except the SNP reported in agrestis, was identified in melo. A cis-trans test confirmed that the candidate gene, CmCLV3, contributes to the variation of CNs in melo. The qRT-PCR results indicate that there is no significant difference in the expression level of CmCLV3 in the apical stem between the multi-CN plants and the normal-CN plants. Overall, this study provides a genetic resource for melon fruit development research and molecular breeding. Additionally, it suggests that melo has undergone similar genetic selection but evolved into an independent allele.
Asunto(s)
Cucumis melo , Proteínas de Plantas , Polimorfismo de Nucleótido Simple , Alelos , Mapeo Cromosómico , Cucumis melo/genética , Frutas/genética , Frutas/crecimiento & desarrollo , Genes de Plantas , Fenotipo , Proteínas de Plantas/genética , Sitios de Carácter CuantitativoRESUMEN
The objective was to evaluate the behavior of melon genotypes (Cucumis melo L.) in the physical, chemical and biochemical quality of melon fruits as a function of electrical conductivity irrigation water levels (ECw). The experimental design adopted was randomized blocks in a 5 x 3 factorial scheme with five replications. The first factor was represented by five salinity levels (0.5, 1.5, 3.0, 4.5, and 6.0 dS m-1) and the second factor by accessions A35, and A24, and the hybrid Sancho. The physical, chemical and biochemical variables showed a reduction in production, with smaller fruits, with less weight, smaller cavity, with increased pulp thickness for Sancho. Vitamin C and yellow flavonoids increased indicating antioxidant power against ROS. The genotypes showed similar post-harvest behavior, however, the hybrid Sancho stood out over the others, possibly because it is an improved material. Accession A24 presented physiological and biochemical responses that classify it as intolerant.
Asunto(s)
Frutas , Salinidad , Frutas/química , Genotipo , Cucumis melo/fisiología , Cucumis melo/clasificación , Riego Agrícola , Cucurbitaceae/clasificación , Cucurbitaceae/fisiología , Cucurbitaceae/genética , Antioxidantes/análisisRESUMEN
BACKGROUND: Modern medicine has no cure for the xerostomia caused by the early onset of Sjögren's syndrome. Mume Fructus is a common Chinese herbal medicine used to relieve xerostomia. However, the molecular mechanisms of the effects of Mume Fructus are unknown. In this study, network pharmacology and molecular docking were used to investigate the mechanisms of action of Mume Fructus on Sjögren's syndrome. MATERIALS AND METHOD: The Traditional Chinese Medicine Systems Pharmacology Database and Analysis Platform database was used to identify the active components and targets of Mume Fructus, and the UniProt database was used to identify the genes encoding these targets. SS-related targets were also identified from the GeneCards and OMIM databases. By finding the intersection of the targets of the compounds and the targets of Sjögren's syndrome, the predicted targets of Mume Fructus in the treatment of Sjögren's syndrome were obtained. Further investigation of the active compounds and their targets was carried out by constructing a network of "medicine-candidate compound-target-disease" using Cytoscape 3.7.2, the Protein-Protein Interaction network using the STRING database and Cytoscape 3.7.2, and key targets were identified by Gene Ontology and Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes enrichment analysis on R software. Finally, molecular docking was used to verify the affinity of the candidate compounds to the key targets. RESULTS: Quercetin, beta-sitosterol, and kaempferol in Mume Fructus interact with AKT1, IL-6, IL-1B, JUN, CASP3, and MAPK8. These results suggest that Mume Fructus exerts its therapeutic effects on the peripheral gland injury of Sjögren's syndrome and its secondary cardiovascular disease and tumorigenesis through anti-inflammatory, anti-oxidant, and anti-tumor pathways. CONCLUSION: With network pharmacology, this study systematically identified the main active components, targets, and specific mechanisms of the therapeutic effects of Mume Fructus on Sjögren's syndrome, providing both a theoretical basis and research direction for further investigations on Mume Fructus.
Asunto(s)
Medicamentos Herbarios Chinos , Simulación del Acoplamiento Molecular , Síndrome de Sjögren , Síndrome de Sjögren/tratamiento farmacológico , Humanos , Medicamentos Herbarios Chinos/uso terapéutico , Medicamentos Herbarios Chinos/farmacología , Cucumis melo , Farmacología en Red , Mapas de Interacción de Proteínas , Medicina Tradicional China/métodos , Quempferoles/farmacología , Quempferoles/uso terapéuticoRESUMEN
In September 2023, the UK Health Security Agency identified cases of Salmonella Saintpaul distributed across England, Scotland, and Wales, all with very low genetic diversity. Additional cases were identified in Portugal following an alert raised by the United Kingdom. Ninety-eight cases with a similar genetic sequence were identified, 93 in the United Kingdom and 5 in Portugal, of which 46% were aged under 10 years. Cases formed a phylogenetic cluster with a maximum distance of six single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) and average of less than one SNP between isolates. An outbreak investigation was undertaken, including a case-control study. Among the 25 UK cases included in this study, 13 reported blood in stool and 5 were hospitalized. One hundred controls were recruited via a market research panel using frequency matching for age. Multivariable logistic regression analysis of food exposures in cases and controls identified a strong association with cantaloupe consumption (adjusted odds ratio: 14.22; 95% confidence interval: 2.83-71.43; p-value: 0.001). This outbreak, together with other recent national and international incidents, points to an increase in identifications of large outbreaks of Salmonella linked to melon consumption. We recommend detailed questioning and triangulation of information sources to delineate consumption of specific fruit varieties during Salmonella outbreaks.
Asunto(s)
Brotes de Enfermedades , Intoxicación Alimentaria por Salmonella , Humanos , Portugal/epidemiología , Masculino , Adulto , Femenino , Reino Unido/epidemiología , Persona de Mediana Edad , Niño , Adolescente , Estudios de Casos y Controles , Adulto Joven , Anciano , Preescolar , Intoxicación Alimentaria por Salmonella/epidemiología , Intoxicación Alimentaria por Salmonella/microbiología , Cucumis melo/microbiología , Salmonella/genética , Salmonella/aislamiento & purificación , Salmonella/clasificación , Lactante , Anciano de 80 o más Años , FilogeniaRESUMEN
Agricultural lands with vanadium (V), pose a significant and widespread threat to crop production worldwide. The study was designed to explore the melatonin (ME) treatment in reducing the V-induced phytotoxicity in muskmelon. The muskmelon seedlings were grown hydroponically and subjected to V (40 mg L-1) stress and exogenously treated with ME (100 µmol L-1) to mitigate the V-induced toxicity. The results showed that V toxicity displayed a remarkably adverse effect on seedling growth and biomass, primarily by impeding root development, the photosynthesis system and the activities of antioxidants. Contrarily, the application of ME mitigated the V-induced growth damage and significantly improved root attributes, photosynthetic efficiency, leaf gas exchange parameters and mineral homeostasis by reducing V accumulation in leaves and roots. Additionally, a significant reduction in the accumulation of reactive oxygen species (ROS), malondialdehyde (MDA) along with a decrease in electrolyte leakage was observed in muskmelon seedlings treated with ME under V-stress. This reduction was attributed to the enhancement in the activities of antioxidants in leaves/roots such as ascorbate (AsA), superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT), peroxidase (POD), glutathione peroxidase (GPX), glutathione S-transferase (GST) as compared to the V stressed plants. Moreover, ME also upregulated the chlorophyll biosynthesis and antioxidants genes expression in muskmelon. Given these findings, ME treatment exhibited a significant improvement in growth attributes, photosynthesis efficiency and the activities of antioxidants (enzymatic and non-enzymatic) by regulating their expression of genes against V-stress with considerable reduction in oxidative damage.
Asunto(s)
Antioxidantes , Melatonina , Fotosíntesis , Plantones , Vanadio , Melatonina/farmacología , Vanadio/toxicidad , Antioxidantes/metabolismo , Fotosíntesis/efectos de los fármacos , Plantones/efectos de los fármacos , Plantones/crecimiento & desarrollo , Plantones/metabolismo , Hojas de la Planta/efectos de los fármacos , Hojas de la Planta/crecimiento & desarrollo , Hojas de la Planta/metabolismo , Raíces de Plantas/efectos de los fármacos , Raíces de Plantas/crecimiento & desarrollo , Raíces de Plantas/metabolismo , Lactoilglutatión Liasa/metabolismo , Lactoilglutatión Liasa/genética , Especies Reactivas de Oxígeno/metabolismo , Malondialdehído/metabolismo , Cucumis melo/efectos de los fármacos , Cucumis melo/genética , Cucumis melo/crecimiento & desarrollo , Cucumis melo/metabolismo , Proteínas de Plantas/metabolismo , Proteínas de Plantas/genética , Tioléster Hidrolasas/genética , Tioléster Hidrolasas/metabolismo , Estrés Oxidativo/efectos de los fármacos , Clorofila/metabolismoRESUMEN
A novel mitovirus was identified in Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. melonis strain T-SD3 and designated as "Fusarium oxysporum mitovirus 3" (FoMV3). The virus was isolated from diseased muskmelon plants with the typical symptom of fusarium wilt. The complete genome of FoMV3 is 2269 nt in length with a predicted AU content of 61.40% and contains a single open reading frame (ORF) using the fungal mitochondrial genetic code. The ORF was predicted to encode a polypeptide of 679 amino acids (aa) containing a conserved RNA-dependent RNA polymerase (RdRp) domain with a molecular mass of 77.39 kDa, which contains six conserved motifs with the highly conserved GDD tripeptide in motif IV. The 5'-untranslated region (UTR) and 3'-UTR of FoMV3 were predicted to fold into stem-loop structures. BLASTp analysis revealed that the RdRp of FoMV3 shared the highest aa sequence identity (83.85%) with that of Fusarium asiaticum mitovirus 5 (FaMV5, a member of the family Mitoviridae) infecting F. asiaticum, the causal agent of wheat fusarium head blight. Phylogenetic analysis further suggested that FoMV3 is a new member of the genus Unuamitovirus within the family Mitoviridae. This is the first report of a new mitovirus associated with F. oxysporum f. sp. melonis.
Asunto(s)
Virus Fúngicos , Fusarium , Genoma Viral , Sistemas de Lectura Abierta , Filogenia , Enfermedades de las Plantas , Fusarium/virología , Enfermedades de las Plantas/microbiología , Enfermedades de las Plantas/virología , Virus Fúngicos/genética , Virus Fúngicos/aislamiento & purificación , Virus Fúngicos/clasificación , Virus ARN/genética , Virus ARN/aislamiento & purificación , Virus ARN/clasificación , Secuenciación Completa del Genoma , ARN Viral/genética , ARN Polimerasa Dependiente del ARN/genética , Proteínas Virales/genética , Cucumis melo/virología , Cucumis melo/microbiología , Secuencia de Aminoácidos , Regiones no Traducidas 5' , Regiones no Traducidas 3' , Secuencia de BasesRESUMEN
Viruses employ a series of diverse translational strategies to expand their coding capacity, which produces viral proteins with common domains and entangles virus-host interactions. P3N-PIPO, which is a transcriptional slippage product from the P3 cistron, is a potyviral protein dedicated to intercellular movement. Here, we show that P3N-PIPO from watermelon mosaic virus (WMV) triggers cell death when transiently expressed in Cucumis melo accession PI 414723 carrying the Wmr resistance gene. Surprisingly, expression of the P3N domain, shared by both P3N-PIPO and P3, can alone induce cell death, whereas expression of P3 fails to activate cell death in PI 414723. Confocal microscopy analysis revealed that P3N-PIPO targets plasmodesmata (PD) and P3N associates with PD, while P3 localizes in endoplasmic reticulum in melon cells. We also found that mutations in residues L35, L38, P41, and I43 of the P3N domain individually disrupt the cell death induced by P3N-PIPO, but do not affect the PD localization of P3N-PIPO. Furthermore, WMV mutants with L35A or I43A can systemically infect PI 414723 plants. These key residues guide us to discover some WMV isolates potentially breaking the Wmr resistance. Through searching the NCBI database, we discovered some WMV isolates with variations in these key sites, and one naturally occurring I43V variation enables WMV to systemically infect PI 414723 plants. Taken together, these results demonstrate that P3N-PIPO, but not P3, is the avirulence determinant recognized by Wmr, although the shared N terminal P3N domain can alone trigger cell death.IMPORTANCEThis work reveals a novel viral avirulence (Avr) gene recognized by a resistance (R) gene. This novel viral Avr gene is special because it is a transcriptional slippage product from another virus gene, which means that their encoding proteins share the common N-terminal domain but have distinct C-terminal domains. Amazingly, we found that it is the common N-terminal domain that determines the Avr-R recognition, but only one of the viral proteins can be recognized by the R protein to induce cell death. Next, we found that these two viral proteins target different subcellular compartments. In addition, we discovered some virus isolates with variations in the common N-terminal domain and one naturally occurring variation that enables the virus to overcome the resistance. These results show how viral proteins with common domains interact with a host resistance protein and provide new evidence for the arms race between plants and viruses.
Asunto(s)
Enfermedades de las Plantas , Potyvirus , Proteínas Virales , Enfermedades de las Plantas/virología , Potyvirus/genética , Potyvirus/patogenicidad , Proteínas Virales/genética , Proteínas Virales/metabolismo , Cucumis melo/virología , Resistencia a la Enfermedad/genética , Muerte Celular , Plasmodesmos/virología , Plasmodesmos/metabolismo , Virulencia , Cucurbitaceae/virología , Interacciones Huésped-Patógeno , Retículo Endoplásmico/virología , Retículo Endoplásmico/metabolismo , Mutación , Citrullus/virologíaRESUMEN
Diabetes mellitus, recognized by elevated glucose level in the body fluids is commonly caused by less insulin production or its action. To overcome the complications of diabetes, chemical drugs are never preferred over herbal medicines. Present study was designed to find out the anti-diabetic and health-promoting effects of ethanolic leaf extracts of Cucumis melo and Citrullus lanatus in induced-diabetic albino rats. Thirty male albino rats were bought from the animal house of the university and divided randomly into five feeding groups (n=6). Diabetes was induced in rats of groups A, B, C & D by a single dose of intra-peritoneal injection of streptozotocin (55 mg/Kg), whereas, the rats of group E were considered as control. The rats of groups A, B & C were fed basal diet supplemented with plant extracts (150mg/Kg body weight), whereas; only basal diet was offered to rats of groups D & E. After 28 days of the experiment, blood was collected for biochemical analysis. Results revealed that body weight, glucose, AST, ALB, GGT, HDL, cholesterol, triglyceride, urea and creatinine level differed significantly among treatment groups. It was therefore concluded that ethanolic leaf extracts of Cucumis melo and Citrullus lanatus can be used separately or in combination for the management of diabetes.
Asunto(s)
Glucemia , Citrullus , Cucumis melo , Diabetes Mellitus Experimental , Hipoglucemiantes , Lípidos , Extractos Vegetales , Animales , Diabetes Mellitus Experimental/tratamiento farmacológico , Diabetes Mellitus Experimental/sangre , Extractos Vegetales/farmacología , Cucumis melo/química , Masculino , Glucemia/efectos de los fármacos , Glucemia/metabolismo , Citrullus/química , Ratas , Hipoglucemiantes/farmacología , Hipoglucemiantes/aislamiento & purificación , Lípidos/sangre , Hojas de la Planta/química , Riñón/efectos de los fármacos , Riñón/metabolismo , Hígado/efectos de los fármacos , Hígado/metabolismo , EstreptozocinaRESUMEN
Melon (Cucumis melo L.) is a global commercial crop that is sensitive to seed-borne wilt infections caused by Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. melonis (Fom). To address the challenge of detecting Fom contamination, we designed a probe-based real-time PCR method, TDCP2, in combination with rapid or column-based DNA extraction protocols to develop reliable molecular detection methods. Utilizing TDCP2, the detection rate reached 100% for both artificially Fom-inoculated (0.25-25%) and pod-inoculated melon seeds in conjunction with DNA samples from either the rapid or column-based extraction protocol. We performed analyses of precision, recall, and F1 scores, achieving a maximum F1 score of 1 with TDCP2, which highlights the robustness of the method. Additionally, intraday and interday assays were performed, which revealed the high reproducibility and stability of column-based DNA extraction protocols combined with TDCP2. These metrics confirm the reliability of our developed protocols, setting a foundation for future enhancements in seed pathology diagnostics and potentially broadening their applicability across various Fom infection levels. In the future, we hope that these methods will reduce food loss by improving the control and management of melon diseases.