RESUMEN
Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is one of the most common chronic liver disorders worldwide. It is associated with clinical states such as obesity, insulin resistance, and type 2 diabetes, and covers a wide range of liver changes, ranging from simple steatosis to non-alcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH), liver cirrhosis, and hepatocellular carcinoma. Metabolic disorders, such as lipid accumulation, insulin resistance, and inflammation, have been implicated in the pathogenesis of NAFLD, but the underlying mechanisms, including those that drive disease progression, are not fully understood. Both innate and recruited immune cells mediate the development of insulin resistance and NASH. Therefore, modifying the polarization of resident and recruited macrophage/Kupffer cells is expected to lead to new therapeutic strategies in NAFLD. Oxidative stress is also pivotal for the progression of NASH, which has generated interest in carotenoids as potent micronutrient antioxidants in the treatment of NAFLD. In addition to their antioxidative function, carotenoids regulate macrophage/Kupffer cell polarization and thereby prevent NASH progression. In this review, we summarize the molecular mechanisms involved in the pathogenesis of NAFLD, including macrophage/Kupffer cell polarization, and disturbed hepatic function in NAFLD. We also discuss dietary antioxidants, such as ß-cryptoxanthin and astaxanthin, that may be effective in the prevention or treatment of NAFLD.
Asunto(s)
Antioxidantes/uso terapéutico , Carotenoides/uso terapéutico , Resistencia a la Insulina , Hígado/patología , Macrófagos , Enfermedad del Hígado Graso no Alcohólico/terapia , Estrés Oxidativo , Criptoxantinas/uso terapéutico , Humanos , Resistencia a la Insulina/inmunología , Hígado/inmunología , Hígado/metabolismo , Enfermedad del Hígado Graso no Alcohólico/etiología , Enfermedad del Hígado Graso no Alcohólico/inmunología , Enfermedad del Hígado Graso no Alcohólico/metabolismo , Xantófilas/uso terapéuticoRESUMEN
Introduction: Carotenoids are plant pigment with important biological activities in humans, such as provitamin-A among others. At present, there are no individual carotenoid intake data in the Dominican population, which is at risk of vitamin A deficiency and has an important percentage of overweight and obese individuals. Objective: To assess the individual components of vitamin A intake (retinol, α-carotene, β-carotene and β-cryptoxanthin) and that of other relevant dietary carotenoids like lutein, zeaxanthin and lycopene of Dominican daily food intake. Methods: Fifty overweigth and obese subjects (22-69 y). Individual carotenoid intake, from whole diet and from the ingestion of fruits and vegetables, was determined using three 24 h diet recalls and a specific carotenoid database. Retinol, macronutrient and energy intake were calculated using DIAL® software. Results: The total carotenoid intake was 6363.2 μg/day, 56 .1% corresponding to provitamin A carotenoids (74.3% β-carotene). Vitamin A intake was supplied by retinol (40%) and by provitamin A carotenoids (60%); vegetables contributed more than fruits (39.2% and 19.2%, respectively). Non-provitamin A carotenoid intake represents 43.9% of the total intake and is supplied by lycopene and lutein plus zeaxanthin in similar percentages (52.3% and 47.7%, respectively). Conclusions: The diet of these Dominican subjets met the recommended vitamin A intake, when expressed as retinol equivalents, 59% of which was supplied by provitamin-A carotenoids from plant sources, mainly by red/orange and white/yellow foods. Individual carotenoid intake is an aspect of great interest for issuing dietary recommendations in the public health setting (AU)
Introducción: los carotenoides son pigmentos con importantes actividades biológicas en los seres humanos, entre las que detaca la actividad provitamínica A. No hay datos de ingesta de carotenoides en la población dominicana, en la que hay un elevado porcentaje de individuos con sobrepreso y obesidad, así como riesgo de deficiencia en vitamina A. Objetivo: valorar la ingesta de los componentes individuales de vitamina A (retinol, β-caroteno, α-caroteno, β-criptoxantina) y de otros carotenoides relevantes (licopeno, luteína, zeaxantina) en sujetos dominicanos. Métodos: cincuenta sujetos con sobrepeso y obesidad (22-69 años). Tres recuerdos de dieta de 24 h y una aplicación específica para carotenoides, para valorar ingesta de carotenoides a partir de la dieta total y de la ingesta de frutas y hortalizas. La ingesta de retinol, macronutrientes y energía se calcula utilizando la aplicación DIAL®. Resultados: la ingesta total de carotenoides fue 6363,2 μg/día, correspondiendo el 56,1% a carotenoides provitamina-A (74,3% β-caroteno). La ingesta de vitamina A procede del retinol (40%) y de los carotenoides provitamínicos (60%); las hortalizas contribuyeron más que las frutas (39,2% y 19,2%, respectivamente). Los carotenoides no-provitamínicos representaron el 43,9% de la ingesta total, con un aporte de licopeno y de luteína más zeaxantina en proporciones similares (52,3% y 47,7%, respectivamente). Conclusiones: la dieta de estos sujetos dominicanos cubre las recomendaciones de ingesta de vitamina A, expresada en equivalentes de retinol, siendo aportada por fuentes vegetales en un 59%, principalmente a partir de alimentos de colores rojo/anaranjado y blanco/amarillento. La ingesta individual de carotenoides es un aspecto de gran interés para emitir recomendaciones dietéticas en el ámbito de la salud pública (AU)
Asunto(s)
Humanos , Masculino , Femenino , Adulto , Persona de Mediana Edad , Ingestión de Alimentos/fisiología , Valor Nutritivo/fisiología , Sobrepeso/dietoterapia , Obesidad/dietoterapia , Carotenoides/uso terapéutico , Vitamina A/uso terapéutico , República Dominicana/epidemiología , Jugos de Frutas y Vegetales , Criptoxantinas/uso terapéutico , Obesidad/complicaciones , Zeaxantinas/uso terapéuticoRESUMEN
ß-Cryptoxanthin, a carotenoid found in fruits and vegetables such as tangerines, red peppers, and pumpkin, has several functions important for human health. Most evidence from observational, in vitro, animal model, and human studies suggests that ß-cryptoxanthin has relatively high bioavailability from its common food sources, to the extent that some ß-cryptoxanthin-rich foods might be equivalent to ß-carotene-rich foods as sources of retinol. ß-Cryptoxanthin is an antioxidant in vitro and appears to be associated with decreased risk of some cancers and degenerative diseases. In addition, many in vitro, animal model, and human studies suggest that ß-cryptoxanthin-rich foods may have an anabolic effect on bone and, thus, may help delay osteoporosis.
Asunto(s)
Antioxidantes , Huesos/efectos de los fármacos , Criptoxantinas , Dieta , Neoplasias/prevención & control , Vitamina A/metabolismo , Animales , Antioxidantes/farmacología , Antioxidantes/uso terapéutico , Disponibilidad Biológica , Carotenoides , Criptoxantinas/metabolismo , Criptoxantinas/farmacología , Criptoxantinas/uso terapéutico , Humanos , Absorción IntestinalAsunto(s)
Anemia Ferropénica/fisiopatología , Ácido Ascórbico/efectos adversos , Enfermedades Auditivas Centrales/etiología , Vías Auditivas/fisiopatología , Criptoxantinas/uso terapéutico , Dieta/efectos adversos , Ácido Fólico/uso terapéutico , Pérdida Auditiva/epidemiología , Enfermedades del Prematuro/fisiopatología , Fenómenos Fisiologicos Nutricionales Maternos , Neurogénesis , Complicaciones del Embarazo/fisiopatología , beta Caroteno/uso terapéutico , Femenino , Humanos , Masculino , EmbarazoRESUMEN
BACKGROUND: Higher intake of certain vitamins may protect against cochlear damage from vascular compromise and oxidative stress, thereby reducing risk of acquired hearing loss, but data are limited. OBJECTIVE: We prospectively examined the relation between carotenoids, vitamin A, vitamin C, vitamin E, and folate intake and risk of self-reported hearing loss in women. DESIGN: This prospective cohort study followed 65,521 women in the Nurses' Health Study II from 1991 to 2009. Baseline and updated information obtained from validated biennial questionnaires was used in Cox proportional hazards regression models to examine independent associations between nutrient intake and self-reported hearing loss. RESULTS: After 1,084,598 person-years of follow-up, 12,789 cases of incident hearing loss were reported. After multivariable adjustment, we observed modest but statistically significant inverse associations between higher intake of ß-carotene and ß-cryptoxanthin and risk of hearing loss. In comparison with women in the lowest quintile of intake, the multivariable-adjusted RR of hearing loss among women in the highest quintile was 0.88 (95% CI: 0.81, 0.94; P-trend < 0.001) for ß-carotene and 0.90 (95% CI: 0.84, 0.96; P-trend < 0.001) for ß-cryptoxanthin. In comparison with women with folate intake 200-399 µg/d, very low folate intake (<200 µg/d) was associated with higher risk (RR: 1.19; 95% CI: 1.01, 1.41), and higher intake tended to be associated with lower risk (P-trend = 0.04). No significant associations were observed for intakes of other carotenoids or vitamin A. Higher vitamin C intake was associated with higher risk; in comparison with women with intake <75 mg/d, the RR among women with vitamin C intake ≥1000 mg/d (mainly supplemental) was 1.22 (95% CI: 1.06, 1.42; P-trend = 0.02). There was no significant trend between intake of vitamin E intake and risk. CONCLUSION: Higher intakes of ß-carotene, ß-cryptoxanthin, and folate, whether total or from diet, are associated with lower risk of hearing loss, whereas higher vitamin C intake is associated with higher risk.
Asunto(s)
Ácido Ascórbico/efectos adversos , Criptoxantinas/uso terapéutico , Dieta/efectos adversos , Ácido Fólico/uso terapéutico , Pérdida Auditiva/epidemiología , beta Caroteno/uso terapéutico , Adulto , Ácido Ascórbico/administración & dosificación , Ácido Ascórbico/uso terapéutico , Estudios de Cohortes , Criptoxantinas/administración & dosificación , Criptoxantinas/efectos adversos , Suplementos Dietéticos/efectos adversos , Femenino , Ácido Fólico/administración & dosificación , Ácido Fólico/efectos adversos , Estudios de Seguimiento , Alimentos Fortificados/efectos adversos , Pérdida Auditiva/etiología , Pérdida Auditiva/prevención & control , Humanos , Enfermeras y Enfermeros , Modelos de Riesgos Proporcionales , Estudios Prospectivos , Factores de Riesgo , Autoinforme , Estados Unidos/epidemiología , Vitamina A/administración & dosificación , Vitamina A/efectos adversos , Vitamina A/uso terapéutico , Vitamina E/administración & dosificación , Vitamina E/efectos adversos , Vitamina E/uso terapéutico , Adulto Joven , beta Caroteno/administración & dosificación , beta Caroteno/efectos adversosRESUMEN
The association between serum carotenoids and the metabolic syndrome (MetS) remains uncertain, and little is known about this relationship in the Chinese population. The present study examined the association between serum carotenoid concentrations and the MetS in Chinese adults. We conducted a community-based cross-sectional study in which 2148 subjects (1547 women and 601 men) aged 50-75 years were recruited in urban Guangzhou, China. Dietary data and other covariates were collected during face-to-face interviews. Blood pressure, waist circumference, blood lipids, glucose and serum carotenoids (α-, ß-carotene, ß-cryptoxanthin, lycopene and lutein/zeaxanthin) were examined. We found dose-response inverse relationships between individual serum carotenoid concentrations and total carotenoids and the prevalence of the MetS after adjusting for potential confounders (P for trend < 0.001). The OR of the MetS for the highest (v. lowest) quartile were 0.31 (95% CI 0.20, 0.47) for α-carotene, 0.23 (95% CI 0.15, 0.36) for ß-carotene, 0.44 (95% CI 0.29, 0.67) for ß-cryptoxanthin, 0.39 (95% CI 0.26, 0.58) for lycopene, 0.28 (95% CI 0.18, 0.44) for lutein+zeaxanthin and 0.19 (95% CI 0.12, 0.30) for total carotenoids. Higher concentrations of each individual carotenoid and total carotenoids were significantly associated with a decrease in the number of abnormal MetS components (P for trend < 0.001-0.023). Higher serum carotenoid levels were associated with a lower prevalence of the MetS and fewer abnormal MetS components in middle-aged and elderly Chinese adults.