RESUMEN
This article analyzes medical-legal associations between madness and criminality in department of Antioquia (Colombia) during the three first decades of 20th century. The analysis was oriented by two overlapping axes: discourses and practices. The ideas of four doctors, generated between 1917 and 1925, were examined in order to identify the theoretical debates that delimited and defined mental illnesses in legal cases. The use of qualified knowledge and their place as experts were analyzed in a judicial case, initiated in 1921, in which theoretical confrontations surfaced among the doctors that debated the possible insanity of the defendant.
Este artículo analiza algunas asociaciones médico-jurídicas entre locura y criminalidad en el departamento de Antioquia (Colombia), en las primeras tres décadas del siglo XX. El análisis se orientó por dos ejes imbricados: el de los discursos y el de las prácticas. Se examinaron las ideas de cuatro médicos, planteadas entre 1917 y 1925, para identificar los debates teóricos desde los cuales se delimitaban y definían las enfermedades mentales en casos judiciales. La puesta en escena del saber de los peritos y su lugar como expertos se analizaron en un caso judicial, que inició en 1921, y en cuyo desarrollo afloraron las confrontaciones teóricas entre los médicos que debatieron sobre la posible locura del acusado.
Asunto(s)
Crimen/historia , Criminales/historia , Medicina Legal/historia , Medicalización/historia , Trastornos Mentales/historia , Colombia , Crimen/legislación & jurisprudencia , Crimen/psicología , Criminales/legislación & jurisprudencia , Criminales/psicología , Historia del Siglo XX , Humanos , Simulación de Enfermedad/diagnóstico , Simulación de Enfermedad/historia , Simulación de Enfermedad/psicología , Trastornos Mentales/diagnóstico , Trastornos Mentales/psicología , Trastornos Mentales/terapiaRESUMEN
INTRODUCTION: The World Health Organization (WHO) has made substantial changes to the classification of paraphilic disorders for the Eleventh Revision of the International Classification of Diseases and Related Health Problems (ICD-11), recently approved by the World Health Assembly. The most important is to limit paraphilic disorders primarily to persistent and intense patterns of atypical sexual arousal involving non-consenting individuals, manifested through persistent sexual thoughts, fantasies, urges, or behaviors, that have resulted in action or significant distress. AIM: To analyze the legal, regulatory, and policy implications of the changes in the ICD-11 classification of paraphilic disorders for forensic practice, health systems, adjudication of sex offenders, and the provision of treatment in Mexico. METHODS: An expert Mexican advisory group was appointed to conduct this evaluation following an assessment guide provided by the WHO. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: The WHO assessment guide covered (i) laws related to sexual behaviors; (ii) the relationship between legal and clinical issues for non-forensic health professionals; (iii) implications of mental disorder classification for forensic practice; (iv) other implications of ICD-11 paraphilic disorders proposals; and (v) contextual issues. RESULTS: A variety of factors in Mexico make it highly unlikely that appropriate, evidence-based treatments for paraphilic disorders will be provided to those who need them, even if they seek treatment voluntarily and have not committed a crime. Mexican law focuses on the punishment of specific sexual behaviors rather than on underlying disorders. A paraphilic disorder would not be considered sufficient grounds for exemption from criminal responsibility. The application and scope of mental health evaluations in Mexican legal proceedings are quite limited, and individuals who commit sexual crimes almost never undergo forensic evaluations to establish the presence of paraphilic disorders. Psychiatric services may be mandated for sex offenders in highly specific circumstances but cannot exceed the duration of the criminal sentence. CLINICAL IMPLICATIONS: Evaluation and treatment guidelines should be developed based on international evidence and standards and promulgated for use with individuals with paraphilic disorders in forensic and non-forensic poopulations. The much greater specificity and operationalization of the ICD-11 guidelines as compared with the ICD-10 guidelines provide a better basis for identification and case formulation. STRENGTHS & LIMITATIONS: Major strengths of this analyses were that it was conducted to facilitate international comparability across several participating countries and the fact that it was conducted by a diverse multidisciplinary group representing various relevant legal, forensic and and clinical sectors. A limitation was that it was only possible to examine relevant federal laws and those of Mexico City rather than those of all 32 Mexican states. CONCLUSION: The descriptions of paraphilic disorders in the ICD-11 could support substantial improvements in the treatment of individuals with paraphilic disorders and the adjudication of sex offenders in Mexico, but specific changes in Mexican law would be required. Martínez-López JNI, Robles R, Fresán A, et al. Legal and Policy Implications in Mexico of Changes in ICD-11 Paraphilic Disorders. J Sex Med 2019;16:1623-1637.
Asunto(s)
Derecho Penal/legislación & jurisprudencia , Psiquiatría Forense/legislación & jurisprudencia , Trastornos Parafílicos/diagnóstico , Delitos Sexuales/legislación & jurisprudencia , Criminales/legislación & jurisprudencia , Femenino , Humanos , Clasificación Internacional de Enfermedades , Masculino , Trastornos Mentales , México , Trastornos Parafílicos/psicología , Conducta Sexual/psicologíaRESUMEN
Abstract Objectives To assess the sociodemographic, psychiatric and criminal profile of adolescent offenders complying with temporary custody for homicide/homicide attempt and to compare it to that of the population of adolescents in custody for other crimes. Methods This cross-sectional study was based on the review of the medical records of 74 juvenile offenders in temporary custody at socioeducational agency Fundação de Atendimento Sócio-Educativo do Rio Grande do Sul. For the analysis, variables that presented p < 0.2 were included in multivariate adjustment through logistic regression. Results The sample comprised males only, mostly with white skin color (55.6 vs. 57.9% for homicidal and non-homicidal, respectively) and with a high prevalence of school failure (77.8 vs. 91.2%). There was a high prevalence of family history of delinquency (88 vs. 81%). Only years of study and belonging or not to a criminal organization remained statistically significant in the multivariate model. Conclusion The results show that having fewer years of study and denying belonging to a criminal organization are predictive factors of homicidal behavior in adolescent offenders (both with statistical relevance). The other variables were not statistically significant for this outcome. The present study may serve as a basis for further research, which may improve our understanding of risk factors for juvenile homicide.
Resumo Objetivos Avaliar o perfil sociodemográfico, psiquiátrico e criminal de adolescentes infratores que cumprem internação provisória por homicídio ou tentativa de homicídio e compará-los aos adolescentes privados de liberdade por outros atos infracionais. Métodos Este estudo transversal baseou-se na revisão dos prontuários médicos de 74 adolescentes infratores em internação provisória na Fundação de Atendimento Sócio-Educativo do Rio Grande do Sul. Para a análise, variáveis que apresentaram p <0,2 foram incluídas no ajuste multivariado por meio de regressão logística. Resultados A amostra foi composta apenas por homens, a maioria de pele branca (55,6 versus 57,9% para homicidas e não-homicidas, respectivamente) e com alta prevalência de reprovações escolares (77,8 vs. 91,2%). Houve alta prevalência de antecedentes familiares de delinquência (88 versus 81%). Apenas anos de estudo e pertencimento ou não a uma organização criminosa permaneceram estatisticamente significantes no modelo multivariado. Conclusão Os resultados mostram que ter menos anos de estudo e negar pertencer a uma organização criminosa foram fatores preditivos de comportamento homicida em adolescentes infratores (ambos com relevância estatística). As demais variáveis não foram estatisticamente significativas para esse desfecho. O presente estudo pode servir como base para futuras pesquisas, o que pode melhorar nossa compreensão dos fatores de risco para o homicídio juvenil.
Asunto(s)
Humanos , Masculino , Adolescente , Criminales/psicología , Homicidio/psicología , Control Social Formal , Brasil , Estudios Transversales , Edad de Inicio , Trastorno de la Conducta/psicología , Trastorno de la Conducta/epidemiología , Criminales/legislación & jurisprudencia , Criminales/estadística & datos numéricos , Homicidio/legislación & jurisprudencia , Homicidio/estadística & datos numéricos , Delincuencia Juvenil/legislación & jurisprudencia , Delincuencia Juvenil/psicología , Delincuencia Juvenil/estadística & datos numéricosRESUMEN
OBJECTIVES: To assess the sociodemographic, psychiatric and criminal profile of adolescent offenders complying with temporary custody for homicide/homicide attempt and to compare it to that of the population of adolescents in custody for other crimes. METHODS: This cross-sectional study was based on the review of the medical records of 74 juvenile offenders in temporary custody at socioeducational agency Fundação de Atendimento Sócio-Educativo do Rio Grande do Sul. For the analysis, variables that presented p < 0.2 were included in multivariate adjustment through logistic regression. RESULTS: The sample comprised males only, mostly with white skin color (55.6 vs. 57.9% for homicidal and non-homicidal, respectively) and with a high prevalence of school failure (77.8 vs. 91.2%). There was a high prevalence of family history of delinquency (88 vs. 81%). Only years of study and belonging or not to a criminal organization remained statistically significant in the multivariate model. CONCLUSION: The results show that having fewer years of study and denying belonging to a criminal organization are predictive factors of homicidal behavior in adolescent offenders (both with statistical relevance). The other variables were not statistically significant for this outcome. The present study may serve as a basis for further research, which may improve our understanding of risk factors for juvenile homicide.
Asunto(s)
Criminales/psicología , Homicidio/psicología , Adolescente , Edad de Inicio , Brasil , Trastorno de la Conducta/epidemiología , Trastorno de la Conducta/psicología , Criminales/legislación & jurisprudencia , Criminales/estadística & datos numéricos , Estudios Transversales , Homicidio/legislación & jurisprudencia , Homicidio/estadística & datos numéricos , Humanos , Delincuencia Juvenil/legislación & jurisprudencia , Delincuencia Juvenil/psicología , Delincuencia Juvenil/estadística & datos numéricos , Masculino , Control Social FormalRESUMEN
The reporting of rape to police is an important component of this crime to have the criminal justice system involved and, potentially, punish offenders. However, for a number of reasons (fear of retribution, self-blame, etc.), most rapes are not reported to police. Most often, the research investigating this phenomenon considers incident and victim factors with little attention to the spatio-temporal factors of the rape. In this study, we consider incident, victim, and spatio-temporal factors relating to rape reporting in Campinas, Brazil. Our primary research question is whether or not the spatio-temporal factors play a significant role in the reporting of rape, over and above incident and victim factors. The subjects under study are women who were admitted to the Women's Integrated Healthcare Center at the State University of Campinas, Brazil, and surveyed by a psychologist or a social worker. Rape reporting to police was measured using a dichotomous variable. Logistic regression was used to predict the probability of rape reporting based on incident, victim, and spatio-temporal factors. Although we find that incident and victim factors matter for rape reporting, spatio-temporal factors (rape/home location and whether the rape was in a private or public place) play an important role in rape reporting, similar to the literature that considers these factors. This result has significant implications for sexual violence education. Only when we know why women decide not to report a rape may we begin to work on strategies to overcome these hurdles.
Asunto(s)
Mujeres Maltratadas/legislación & jurisprudencia , Víctimas de Crimen/legislación & jurisprudencia , Criminales/legislación & jurisprudencia , Violación/legislación & jurisprudencia , Salud de la Mujer/legislación & jurisprudencia , Adulto , Mujeres Maltratadas/psicología , Brasil , Víctimas de Crimen/psicología , Criminales/psicología , Femenino , Humanos , Policia , Política Pública , Violación/psicología , Violencia/legislación & jurisprudenciaRESUMEN
RESUMEN Este artículo analiza algunas asociaciones médico-jurídicas entre locura y criminalidad en el departamento de Antioquia (Colombia), en las primeras tres décadas del siglo XX. El análisis se orientó por dos ejes imbricados: el de los discursos y el de las prácticas. Se examinaron las ideas de cuatro médicos, planteadas entre 1917 y 1925, para identificar los debates teóricos desde los cuales se delimitaban y definían las enfermedades mentales en casos judiciales. La puesta en escena del saber de los peritos y su lugar como expertos se analizaron en un caso judicial, que inició en 1921, y en cuyo desarrollo afloraron las confrontaciones teóricas entre los médicos que debatieron sobre la posible locura del acusado.
ABSTRACT This article analyzes medical-legal associations between madness and criminality in department of Antioquia (Colombia) during the three first decades of 20th century. The analysis was oriented by two overlapping axes: discourses and practices. The ideas of four doctors, generated between 1917 and 1925, were examined in order to identify the theoretical debates that delimited and defined mental illnesses in legal cases. The use of qualified knowledge and their place as experts were analyzed in a judicial case, initiated in 1921, in which theoretical confrontations surfaced among the doctors that debated the possible insanity of the defendant.
Asunto(s)
Humanos , Historia del Siglo XX , Crimen/historia , Criminales/historia , Medicalización/historia , Medicina Legal/historia , Trastornos Mentales/historia , Colombia , Crimen/legislación & jurisprudencia , Crimen/psicología , Criminales/legislación & jurisprudencia , Criminales/psicología , Simulación de Enfermedad/diagnóstico , Trastornos Mentales/diagnóstico , Trastornos Mentales/psicología , Trastornos Mentales/terapiaRESUMEN
RESUMEN: El análisis de huellas labiales con fines de identificación criminal ha sido denominado Queiloscopía, especialidad de la odontología forense que se ha sustentado en las supuestas unicidad, perennidad y clasificabilidad de los patrones de surcos labiales. En la actualidad, dos elementales corrientes parecen representar la realidad de la queiloscopía en el mundo forense: mientras algunos casos han demarcado su construcción estableciendo un paradigma de gran poder en la segunda mitad del siglo XX, la insuficiencia técnica en algunos casos o la presencia de nuevos estándares jurídicos en otros han puesto en jaque a esta subdisciplina de la Odontología Forense. Se presenta una reevaluación de los paradigmas propuestos por esos casos, se exponen situaciones fallidas en ese tipo de manejo de evidencias y se presenta una proyección efectiva local a esta (aún) potencial herramienta de investigación criminal.
ABSTRACT: Lip print analysis for criminal identification has been called Cheiloscopy, a specialty of forensic odontology based on the alleged uniqueness, durability and classification of labial groove patterns. Presently, there are two basic claims that seem to make reference to Cheiloscopy in the forensic world: While some cases have distinctly marked its design by establishing a dominant paradigm during the second half of the 20th century, others have questioned this particular specialty of Forensic Odontology in view of technical shortcomings or new legal standards. In light of failed cases under this form of evidence management, a reevaluation of the paradigms, and a better use of this potentially effective mechanism in criminal investigation are proposed.
Asunto(s)
Humanos , Identificación Biométrica/métodos , Labio/anatomía & histología , Proyectos de Investigación , Reproducibilidad de los Resultados , Técnicas de Laboratorio Clínico , Ciencias Forenses , Criminales/legislación & jurisprudencia , Odontología ForenseAsunto(s)
Crimen , Criminales , Psiquiatría Forense , Hospitales Psiquiátricos , Trastornos Mentales , Prisioneros , Prisiones , Crimen/legislación & jurisprudencia , Crimen/psicología , Crimen/estadística & datos numéricos , Criminales/legislación & jurisprudencia , Criminales/psicología , Estudios Transversales , Psiquiatría Forense/legislación & jurisprudencia , Hospitales Psiquiátricos/legislación & jurisprudencia , Hospitales Psiquiátricos/estadística & datos numéricos , Humanos , Masculino , Trastornos Mentales/diagnóstico , Trastornos Mentales/epidemiología , Trastornos Mentales/terapia , Perú/epidemiología , Prisioneros/legislación & jurisprudencia , Prisioneros/psicología , Prisioneros/estadística & datos numéricos , Prisiones/legislación & jurisprudenciaAsunto(s)
Internamiento Obligatorio del Enfermo Mental/legislación & jurisprudencia , Criminales/legislación & jurisprudencia , Perdón , Hospitales Psiquiátricos/legislación & jurisprudencia , Enfermos Mentales/legislación & jurisprudencia , Brasil , Derecho Penal , Psiquiatría Forense/legislación & jurisprudencia , Humanos , Medición de RiesgoAsunto(s)
Humanos , Internamiento Obligatorio del Enfermo Mental/legislación & jurisprudencia , Criminales/legislación & jurisprudencia , Perdón , Hospitales Psiquiátricos/legislación & jurisprudencia , Enfermos Mentales/legislación & jurisprudencia , Brasil , Derecho Penal , Psiquiatría Forense/legislación & jurisprudencia , Medición de RiesgoRESUMEN
BACKGROUND: This ethnographic study was conducted along the U.S.-Mexico border, the centre of the western hemispheric illicit drugs trade. It examines factors that encouraged or discouraged drug traffickers to "get out of the game" (a common slang reference to leaving the drug business). METHODS: In-depth, life history interviews were conducted of thirty ex-traffickers in the El Paso/Ciudad Juárez area. Participants discussed their experiences exiting drug trafficking and their retrospective, often conflicted, feelings about the trade. RESULTS: Although leaving drug trafficking is a complex and multi-faceted process, the principle factors for study participants were (1) punishment (by authorities or other traffickers), (2) self-image and identity, (3) social ties, (4) life course changes and (5) drug use/abuse. CONCLUSION: Traffickers often want to quit, but their divided self-identities make it difficult to relinquish the power and exhilaration they derive from the illicit drugs business. Harm reduction policies are needed that address the embeddedness of trafficker identities in dense webs of family, community, street gangs and transnational cartels, and the larger society, as well as the seductive appeal of Hollywood and pro-cartel narco-media. Traffickers need pathways that allow them to exit the illicit drugs business without surrendering their identity. Prison sentences are not enough to encourage traffickers to stop-also needed are culturally sensitive policies that help traffickers get out of the game and stay out.
Asunto(s)
Crimen/psicología , Criminales/psicología , Control de Medicamentos y Narcóticos , Drogas Ilícitas/provisión & distribución , Transportes , Conflicto Psicológico , Crimen/legislación & jurisprudencia , Criminales/legislación & jurisprudencia , Características Culturales , Consumidores de Drogas/psicología , Control de Medicamentos y Narcóticos/legislación & jurisprudencia , Humanos , Identificación Psicológica , Drogas Ilícitas/legislación & jurisprudencia , Aplicación de la Ley , México , Autoimagen , Conducta Social , Trastornos Relacionados con Sustancias/psicología , Transportes/legislación & jurisprudencia , Estados UnidosRESUMEN
The Rio de Janeiro state archive's collection of entry logs for the city's central detention center, going back to the mid-nineteenth century, provides a rare glimpse into the lives of Rio'sand Brazil'spoor and working classes who otherwise left few written records behind. During the time when the institution maintained the entry logs, police exercised broad power to make arrests. Although relatively few detainees were ever prosecuted or even formally charged, the detention center kept detailed records of detainees' physical appearance, attire, home address, nationality, sex, affiliation, and so on, as well as information about any criminal charges. This article explores the wealth of empirical data that the entry logs provide. It also suggests how scrutinizing this type of document across time shows how record keeping itself changed, in turn affording researchers rare insight into the inner workings of modern Latin American society.
Asunto(s)
Criminales , Investigación Empírica , Pobreza , Prisiones , Sistema de Registros , Clase Social , Brasil/etnología , Criminales/educación , Criminales/historia , Criminales/legislación & jurisprudencia , Criminales/psicología , Historia del Siglo XIX , Historia del Siglo XX , Pobreza/economía , Pobreza/etnología , Pobreza/historia , Pobreza/legislación & jurisprudencia , Pobreza/psicología , Prisiones/economía , Prisiones/educación , Prisiones/historia , Prisiones/legislación & jurisprudencia , Castigo/historia , Castigo/psicología , Clase Social/historia , Problemas Sociales/economía , Problemas Sociales/etnología , Problemas Sociales/historia , Problemas Sociales/legislación & jurisprudencia , Problemas Sociales/psicología , Salud Urbana/historia , Población Urbana/historiaRESUMEN
PURPOSE OF REVIEW: Evaluation of juveniles is an integral process that includes a broad bio-psycho-social clinical perspective together with the use of auxiliary instruments. The aim of this review is to report relevant issues for this process found in recent publications. RECENT FINDINGS: Several evidences lead to broadening the assessment process of children and youngsters to include family functioning style. Mental health services allow the evaluation of multiple factors associated with antisocial behavior that may lead to devising preventive actions. In the Juvenile Justice System a wide-ranging evaluation must include the exploration of general personality characteristics and psychopathic traits in particular; attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder; intelligence; substance abuse and conduct disorder must be considered. SUMMARY: A number of factors that have an impact on juvenile antisocial behavior have been identified and can be assessed using the appropriate methodology. The exploration of these factors at different developmental stages and in their various manifestations provide guidelines for devising preventive and therapeutic actions as well as for supporting judicial decisions. Though enriching the present state of the art is always a challenge, it is imperative to encourage the governments to utilize this knowledge to improve the care system of children and adolescents.
Asunto(s)
Criminales/psicología , Delincuencia Juvenil/psicología , Psicología del Adolescente , Adolescente , Criminales/legislación & jurisprudencia , Familia/psicología , Humanos , Delincuencia Juvenil/legislación & jurisprudenciaRESUMEN
In this article, I argue that the practice of forced disappearance of persons on the part of paramilitary groups has become linked to specific processes of globalization. Global flows related to biopolitics, global crime networks, and dehumanizing imaginations reproduced by mass media together constitute a driving force behind forced disappearances. Drawing on ethnographic fieldwork in the Colombian city of Medellín, I analyze how these global flows interact with local armed actors, helping create a climate conducive to forced disappearance. These mechanisms in Colombia show similarities to those in some African and Asian countries. Gaining insight into the mechanisms behind forced disappearance may help prevent it from occurring in the future. Enhancing social inclusion of residents, unraveling the transnational crime networks in which perpetrators are involved, and disseminating rehumanizing images of victims all contribute to curbing the practice of forced disappearance.
Asunto(s)
Víctimas de Crimen , Deshumanización , Violaciones de los Derechos Humanos , Personal Militar , Controles Informales de la Sociedad , Aislamiento Social , Colombia/etnología , Víctimas de Crimen/economía , Víctimas de Crimen/educación , Víctimas de Crimen/historia , Víctimas de Crimen/legislación & jurisprudencia , Víctimas de Crimen/psicología , Criminales/educación , Criminales/historia , Criminales/legislación & jurisprudencia , Criminales/psicología , Historia del Siglo XX , Historia del Siglo XXI , Violaciones de los Derechos Humanos/economía , Violaciones de los Derechos Humanos/etnología , Violaciones de los Derechos Humanos/historia , Violaciones de los Derechos Humanos/legislación & jurisprudencia , Violaciones de los Derechos Humanos/psicología , Personal Militar/educación , Personal Militar/historia , Personal Militar/legislación & jurisprudencia , Personal Militar/psicología , Cambio Social/historia , Controles Informales de la Sociedad/historia , Aislamiento Social/psicologíaRESUMEN
The response of youth gangs to "zero tolerance" policing in Honduras are examined with respect to territoriality. Focusing on two main gangs, the Mara Salvatrucha and the 18th Street Gang, the ways in which state authority is challenged are assessed from an analysis of body territoriality, the respatialisation of organisational structures across urban neighbourhoods, and the production of new enclosed spaces of gang territoriality. These redefinitions of group territoriality strengthen the emotional bonds and sense of belonging towards the gang, enabling the emergence of a transnational/imagined community.