RESUMEN
Sex and gender differences play a crucial role in health and disease outcomes. This study used data from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey to explore how environmental exposures affect health-related traits differently in males and females. We utilized a sex-stratified phenomic environment-wide association study (PheEWAS), which allowed the identification of associations across a wide range of phenotypes and environmental exposures. We examined associations between 272 environmental exposures, including smoking-related exposures such as cotinine levels and smoking habits, and 58 clinically relevant blood phenotypes, such as serum albumin and homocysteine levels. Our analysis identified 119 sex-specific associations. For example, smoking-related exposures had a stronger impact on increasing homocysteine, hemoglobin, and hematocrit levels in females while reducing serum albumin and bilirubin levels and increasing c-reactive protein levels more significantly in males. These findings suggest mechanisms by which smoking exposure may pose higher cardiovascular risks and greater induced hypoxia for women, and greater inflammatory and immune responses in men. The results highlight the importance of considering sex differences in biomedical research. Understanding these differences can help develop more personalized and effective health interventions and improve clinical outcomes for both men and women.
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Exposición a Riesgos Ambientales , Humanos , Femenino , Masculino , Exposición a Riesgos Ambientales/efectos adversos , Persona de Mediana Edad , Adulto , Factores Sexuales , Fumar/efectos adversos , Encuestas Nutricionales , Fenotipo , Caracteres Sexuales , Cotinina/sangreRESUMEN
Objectives. To test the efficacy of Babies Living Safe and Smokefree (BLiSS), a multilevel intervention initiated in a citywide safety net health system to improve low-income maternal smokers' abstinence and reduce child tobacco smoke exposure. Methods. This randomized controlled trial in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania (2015-2020), recruited low-income maternal smokers who received a brief smoking intervention (Ask, Advise, Refer [AAR]) from nutrition professionals in the Special Supplemental Nutrition Program for Women, Infants, and Children before randomization to (1) a multilevel intervention (AAR + multimodal behavioral intervention [MBI]; n = 199) or (2) an attention control intervention (AAR + control; n = 197). Results. AAR + MBI mothers had significantly higher 12-month bioverified abstinence rates than did AAR + control mothers (odds ratio [OR] = 9.55; 95% confidence interval [CI] = 1.54, 59.30; P = .015). There were significant effects of time (b = -0.15; SE = 0.04; P < .001) and condition by time (b = -0.19; SE = 0.06; P < .001) on reported child exposure favoring AAR + MBI, but no group difference in child cotinine. Presence of other residential smokers was related to higher exposure. Higher baseline nicotine dependence was related to higher child exposure and lower abstinence likelihood at follow-up. Conclusions. The multilevel BLiSS intervention was acceptable and efficacious in a population that experiences elevated challenges with cessation. Public Health Implications. BLiSS is a translatable intervention model that can successfully improve efforts to address the persistent tobacco-related burdens in low-income communities. Trial Registration. Clinical Trials.gov identifier: NCT02602288. (Am J Public Health. 2022;112(3):472-481. https://doi.org/10.2105/AJPH.2021.306601).
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Madres/educación , Pobreza , Cese del Hábito de Fumar/métodos , Tabaquismo/epidemiología , Tabaquismo/terapia , Adulto , Terapia Conductista , Cotinina/sangre , Femenino , Asistencia Alimentaria , Humanos , Madres/psicología , Fumadores/educación , Fumadores/psicología , Factores Sociodemográficos , Contaminación por Humo de Tabaco/prevención & controlRESUMEN
Objective: The main purpose of this study was to investigate short-term effects of nicotine gum on facial detection. Methods: Fourteen participants (mean age = 26.8 years, SD = 2.5 years; eight males) were enrolled in this pilot randomized controlled trial of nicotine gum administration (placebo, 2-mg and 4-mg doses). The participants were instructed to detect the location of a face when it was presented in a face/nonface pair on the screen. A repeated multivariate analysis of variance was conducted to analyze the results for reaction time and discrimination index. Demographics were used to explore significant association on facial detection. Bayesian analyses were also carried out considering maximum robustness to avoid bias. Results: The results indicated that the 2-mg dose resulted in faster reaction time and better discrimination than the 4-mg dose (p < 0.001). The 4-mg dose resulted in slower reaction time and lower discrimination index compared to both placebo (p < 0.01) and 2-mg doses (p < 0.001). Demographic data were not related to the outcomes. Conclusions: The results indicate that nicotine improved facial detection, but only at low doses (i.e., 2-mg), following a U-shaped curve. We trust future studies will continue to advance this research field, and if further work supports these preliminary findings, nicotine can act as therapeutic target in populations such as those with low vision.
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Reconocimiento Facial , Encía , Voluntarios Sanos/estadística & datos numéricos , Nicotina/administración & dosificación , No Fumadores , Tiempo de Reacción , Adulto , Cotinina/sangre , Femenino , Humanos , Masculino , Proyectos PilotoRESUMEN
The aim of this study is to evaluate whether the alterations in glucose metabolism and insulin resistance are mechanisms presented in cardiac remodelling induced by the toxicity of cigarette smoke. Male Wistar rats were assigned to the control group (C; n = 12) and the cigarette smoke-exposed group (exposed to cigarette smoke over 2 months) (CS; n = 12). Transthoracic echocardiography, blood pressure assessment, serum biochemical analyses for catecholamines and cotinine, energy metabolism enzymes activities assay; HOMA index (homeostatic model assessment); immunohistochemistry; and Western blot for proteins involved in energy metabolism were performed. The CS group presented concentric hypertrophy, systolic and diastolic dysfunction, and higher oxidative stress. It was observed changes in energy metabolism, characterized by a higher HOMA index, lower concentration of GLUT4 (glucose transporter 4) and lower 3-hydroxyl-CoA dehydrogenase activity, suggesting the presence of insulin resistance. Yet, the cardiac glycogen was depleted, phosphofructokinase (PFK) and lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) increased, with normal pyruvate dehydrogenase (PDH) activity. The activity of citrate synthase, mitochondrial complexes and ATP synthase (adenosine triphosphate synthase) decreased and the expression of Sirtuin 1 (SIRT1) increased. In conclusion, exposure to cigarette smoke induces cardiac remodelling and dysfunction. The mitochondrial dysfunction and heart damage induced by cigarette smoke exposure are associated with insulin resistance and glucose metabolism changes.
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Glucosa/metabolismo , Resistencia a la Insulina , Fumar/efectos adversos , Remodelación Ventricular , Animales , Catecolaminas/sangre , Cotinina/sangre , Electrocardiografía , Metabolismo Energético , Masculino , Estrés Oxidativo , Ratas WistarRESUMEN
During the harvest period, tobacco workers are exposed to nicotine and it is known that absorption of the alkaloid via the leaves causes green tobacco sickness (GST). We investigated if GST and its symptoms are associated with DNA damage and alterations of the redox status. DNA damage was measured in lymphocytes of tobacco workers and controls (n = 40/group) in single cell gel electrophoresis assays. Exposure to nicotine was determined by plasma cotinine measurements, alterations of the redox status by quantification of the total antioxidant capacity (TEAC) and of thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (TBARS). The symptoms of GTS included nausea, abdominal cramps, headache, vomiting and dizziness, and 50% of the workers had more than one symptom. Cotinine levels were enhanced in the workers (111 ng/mL); furthermore, the extent of DNA damage was ca. 3-fold higher than in the controls. This effect was more pronounced in participants with GST compared to healthy nicotine exposed workers and increased in individuals with specific symptoms (range 22-36%). TBARS levels did not differ between workers and unexposed controls, while TEAC values were even increased (by 14.3%). Contact with nicotine present in tobacco leaves causes GTS and leads to damage of the DNA; this effect is more pronounced in workers with GTS symptoms and is associated with alterations of the redox status. Damage of the genetic material which was found in the workers may lead to adverse long-term effects that are caused by genomic instability such as cancer and accelerated ageing.
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Enfermedades de los Trabajadores Agrícolas/inducido químicamente , Daño del ADN , Agricultores , Nicotiana/crecimiento & desarrollo , Nicotina/toxicidad , Exposición Profesional/efectos adversos , Estrés Oxidativo/efectos de los fármacos , Adulto , Enfermedades de los Trabajadores Agrícolas/genética , Enfermedades de los Trabajadores Agrícolas/metabolismo , Brasil , Estudios de Casos y Controles , Cotinina/sangre , Femenino , Inestabilidad Genómica/efectos de los fármacos , Humanos , Masculino , Nicotina/metabolismo , Exposición Profesional/análisis , Oxidación-Reducción , Estrés Oxidativo/genética , Sustancias Reactivas al Ácido Tiobarbitúrico/análisis , Nicotiana/metabolismo , Adulto JovenRESUMEN
INTRODUCTION: Pregnant women exposed chronically to opioids smoked more cigarettes per day (CPD) and had a higher nicotine metabolite ratio (NMR), 3-hydroxycotinine/cotinine, a biomarker of nicotine metabolism and clearance, than those not receiving opioids. We examined CPD and NMR in a group of pregnant smokers, a quarter of whom were receiving opioid agonist therapy (OAT). AIMS AND METHODS: Pregnant smokers recruited to participate in a placebo-controlled trial of bupropion for smoking cessation provided a blood sample for measurement of NMR. RESULTS: Half (52.4%) of the 124 women with NMR data were African American. OAT-treated women (n = 34, 27.4%; 27 receiving methadone and 7 buprenorphine) were more likely to be white (79% vs. 30%, p < .001) and to have a lower mean PHQ-9 total score (2.91 [SD = 2.83] vs. 4.83 [SD = 3.82], p = .007). OAT-treated women reported smoking more CPD (9.50 [SD = 5.26] vs. 7.20 [SD = 3.65], p = .005) and had higher NMR (0.78 [SD = 0.36] vs. 0.56 [SD = 0.25], p = .001) than the non-OAT-treated group. In a linear regression analysis adjusting for race, depression severity, and CPD, NMR was greater in the OAT group (p = .025), among whom the daily methadone-equivalent dosage correlated with NMR (Spearman's ρ = 0.49, p = .003). CONCLUSIONS: Consistent with the findings of Oncken et al. (2019), we found that OAT smokers smoked more and had higher NMR than non-OAT smokers. As higher NMR is associated with a reduced likelihood of smoking cessation, the effects on NMR of both pregnancy and OAT could contribute to a lower smoking cessation rate in pregnant smokers receiving chronic opioid therapy. IMPLICATIONS: We replicated the finding that the NMR is significantly greater among pregnant smokers receiving OAT than those not receiving this treatment for opioid use disorder. Furthermore, we found that the dosage of the OAT was significantly associated with the NMR level. These findings may contribute to a poorer response to smoking cessation treatment in pregnant women treated with OAT, particularly those receiving high-dose therapy, and raise the question of whether novel approaches are needed to treat smoking in this subgroup of pregnant smokers.
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Cotinina , Tratamiento de Sustitución de Opiáceos , Trastornos Relacionados con Opioides/tratamiento farmacológico , Complicaciones del Embarazo/tratamiento farmacológico , Fumar/tratamiento farmacológico , Analgésicos Opioides/agonistas , Bupropión/uso terapéutico , Cotinina/análogos & derivados , Cotinina/sangre , Cotinina/metabolismo , Femenino , Humanos , Metadona/uso terapéutico , Nicotina/sangre , Nicotina/metabolismo , Trastornos Relacionados con Opioides/metabolismo , Embarazo , Complicaciones del Embarazo/metabolismo , Cese del Hábito de FumarRESUMEN
OBJECTIVE: To investigate whether exposure to tobacco smoke during early brain development is linked with later problems in behavior and executive function. STUDY DESIGN: We studied 239 children in a prospective birth cohort. We measured tobacco exposures by caregiver report and serum cotinine 3 times during pregnancy and 4 times during childhood. We used linear regression to examine the association between prenatal and childhood serum cotinine concentrations and behavior (the Behavior Assessment System for Children-2) and executive function (the Behavior Rating Inventory of Executive Function) at age 8 years while adjusting for important covariates. RESULTS: Neither prenatal nor child serum cotinine were associated with behavior problems measured by the Behavior Assessment System for Children-2. On the Behavior Rating Inventory of Executive Function, prenatal and childhood exposure was associated with poorer task initiation scores (B = 0.44; 95% CI, 0.03-0.85 and B = 0.69, 95% CI, 0.06-1.32 respectively). Additionally, in a subset of 208 children with nonsmoking mothers, prenatal exposure was associated with task initiation scores (B = 1.17; 95% CI, 0.47-1.87) and additional components of the metacognition index (eg, working memory, B = 1.20; 95% CI, 0.34-2.06), but not components of the behavioral regulation index. CONCLUSIONS: Tobacco exposures during pregnancy (including low-level second-hand smoke) and childhood were associated with deficits in some domains of children's executive function, especially task initiation and metacognition. These results highlight that decreasing early exposure to tobacco smoke, even second-hand exposure, may support ideal brain functioning.
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Desarrollo Infantil , Función Ejecutiva , Efectos Tardíos de la Exposición Prenatal , Contaminación por Humo de Tabaco/efectos adversos , Biomarcadores/sangre , Niño , Estudios de Cohortes , Cotinina/sangre , Femenino , Humanos , Masculino , Ohio , EmbarazoRESUMEN
OBJECTIVE: To characterize nicotinamide-adenine dinucleotide phosphate oxidase isoform 2 (NOX2), oxidative stress, and endothelial function in children with and without allergic rhinitis and to ascertain the effect of passive smoke exposure on these factors, because there is an established association between allergic rhinitis and increased cardiovascular risk in adults. METHODS: We recruited 130 children-65 with persistent allergic rhinitis and 65 healthy controls. A cross-sectional study was performed to compare endothelial function by flow-mediated dilation, blood levels of isoprostanes, serum activity of soluble NOX2-dp (sNOX2-dp), and nitric oxide bioavailability, in these 2 groups of children. Serum cotinine levels were assessed to measure exposure to passive smoking. RESULTS: Compared with healthy controls, children with persistent allergic rhinitis had significantly higher sNOX2-dp and isoprostanes levels, lower flow-mediated dilation, and reduced nitric oxide bioavailability. Multivariable linear regression analysis showed that flow-mediated dilation, isoprostanes, and cotinine were independently associated with sNOX2-dp levels. Of note, sNOX2-dp serum levels were significantly higher in children with allergic rhinitis exposed to smoke, as compared with unexposed children with allergic rhinitis. CONCLUSION: NOX2 is activated in children with persistent allergic rhinitis and passive smoke exposure exacerbates this effect. We further demonstrate an association between higher sNOX2-dp and oxidative stress and endothelial dysfunction.
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Progresión de la Enfermedad , NADPH Oxidasa 2/sangre , Estrés Oxidativo/fisiología , Rinitis Alérgica/sangre , Rinitis Alérgica/fisiopatología , Contaminación por Humo de Tabaco/efectos adversos , Adulto , Factores de Edad , Arteriopatías Oclusivas/sangre , Arteriopatías Oclusivas/fisiopatología , Biomarcadores/sangre , Enfermedades Cardiovasculares/etiología , Enfermedades Cardiovasculares/prevención & control , Niño , Cotinina/sangre , Estudios Transversales , Endotelio Vascular/patología , Endotelio Vascular/fisiopatología , Ensayo de Inmunoadsorción Enzimática , Femenino , Humanos , Italia , Modelos Lineales , Masculino , Análisis Multivariante , Óxido Nítrico/sangre , Pronóstico , Valores de Referencia , Estudios Retrospectivos , Medición de Riesgo , Factores SexualesRESUMEN
PURPOSE: To evaluate the influence of subcutaneous injection nicotine in osseointegration process on different implant surfaces. METHODS: Twenty-two male rabbits were distributed into two groups according to the subcutaneous injections: (1) nicotine 3 mg/day/kg and (2) 0.9 % NaCI 3 mL/day/kg, three times a day; subgroups were then designated-machined and anodized implants were placed in the right and left tibia bones, respectively. The animals were submitted euthanasia after periods of eight weeks to determine nicotine and cotinine levels, alkaline phosphatase and biomechanical analysis. RESULTS: The plasmatic levels of nicotine and cotinine were 0.5 ± 0.28 ng/mL and 9.5 ± 6.51 ng/mL, respectively. The alkaline phosphatase analyses in blood levels in control group were observed 40.8 ± 11.88 UI/L and 40.75 ± 12.46 UI/L, for the surfaces machined and anodized, respectively. In the test group was observed levels 37.9 ± 4.84 UI/L, for both implant surfaces. No significant differences were observed between control and test groups and between the implant surfaces regarding alkaline phosphatase blood levels. For biomechanics, no significant differences were observed in control group between the machined (25±8.46 Ncm) or anodized (31.2 ± 6.76 Ncm) implants. However, the treatment with nicotine induced higher torque than control in both machined (38.3 ± 13.52 Ncm) and anodized (35.5 ± 14.17 Ncm) implants, with p = 0.0024 and p = 0.0121, respectively. CONCLUSION: Subcutaneous injection of nicotine following implant insertion didn't have effect on osseointegration, independently from the implant surface.
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Interfase Hueso-Implante , Implantes Dentales , Nicotina/efectos adversos , Oseointegración/efectos de los fármacos , Fosfatasa Alcalina/sangre , Animales , Fenómenos Biomecánicos , Cotinina/sangre , Inyecciones Subcutáneas , Masculino , Nicotina/administración & dosificación , Nicotina/sangre , Conejos , Distribución Aleatoria , Fumar/efectos adversos , Propiedades de Superficie/efectos de los fármacos , Factores de Tiempo , TorqueRESUMEN
The klotho gene, which encodes a single-pass transmembrane protein and a secreted protein, is expressed predominantly by the distal renal tubules and is related to calcium phosphorus metabolism, ion channel regulation, intracellular signaling pathways, and longevity. Klotho deficiency aggravates acute kidney injury and renal fibrosis. Exposure to nicotine also worsens kidney injury. Here, we investigated renal Klotho protein expression in a mouse model of chronic (28-day) nicotine exposure, in which mice received nicotine or vehicle (saccharine) in drinking water, comparing wild-type (WT) mice, klotho-haploinsufficient ( kl/+) mice, and their respective controls, in terms of the effects of that exposure. Nicotine exposure was associated with a significant decline in renal Klotho expression in WT and kl/+ mice as well as a reduction in the glomerular filtration rate in WT mice. Although plasma electrolytes were similar among the groups, fractional excretion of sodium was reduced in both nicotine-exposed groups. The nicotine-WT mice presented augmented baroreflex sensitivity to nitroprusside and augmented sympathetic cardiac modulation. However, nicotine- kl/+ mice presented higher plasma levels of urea and aldosterone together with a higher α-index (spontaneous baroreflex) and higher peripheral sympathetic modulation, as evaluated by spectral analysis. We can conclude that nicotine downregulates Klotho expression as well as that renal and autonomic responses to nicotine exposure are modified in kl/+ mice.
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Barorreflejo/efectos de los fármacos , Tasa de Filtración Glomerular/efectos de los fármacos , Glucuronidasa/deficiencia , Haploinsuficiencia , Corazón/inervación , Hemodinámica/efectos de los fármacos , Riñón/efectos de los fármacos , Nicotina/administración & dosificación , Agonistas Nicotínicos/administración & dosificación , Sistema Nervioso Simpático/efectos de los fármacos , Aldosterona/sangre , Animales , Cotinina/sangre , Regulación hacia Abajo , Glucuronidasa/genética , Riñón/metabolismo , Riñón/fisiopatología , Proteínas Klotho , Ratones de la Cepa 129 , Ratones Transgénicos , Fenotipo , Eliminación Renal/efectos de los fármacos , Sodio/sangre , Sistema Nervioso Simpático/metabolismo , Sistema Nervioso Simpático/fisiopatología , Factores de Tiempo , Urea/sangreRESUMEN
Abstract Purpose: To evaluate the influence of subcutaneous injection nicotine in osseointegration process on different implant surfaces. Methods: Twenty-two male rabbits were distributed into two groups according to the subcutaneous injections: (1) nicotine 3 mg/day/kg and (2) 0.9 % NaCI 3 mL/day/kg, three times a day; subgroups were then designated-machined and anodized implants were placed in the right and left tibia bones, respectively. The animals were submitted euthanasia after periods of eight weeks to determine nicotine and cotinine levels, alkaline phosphatase and biomechanical analysis. Results: The plasmatic levels of nicotine and cotinine were 0.5 ± 0.28 ng/mL and 9.5 ± 6.51 ng/mL, respectively. The alkaline phosphatase analyses in blood levels in control group were observed 40.8 ± 11.88 UI/L and 40.75 ± 12.46 UI/L, for the surfaces machined and anodized, respectively. In the test group was observed levels 37.9 ± 4.84 UI/L, for both implant surfaces. No significant differences were observed between control and test groups and between the implant surfaces regarding alkaline phosphatase blood levels. For biomechanics, no significant differences were observed in control group between the machined (25±8.46 Ncm) or anodized (31.2 ± 6.76 Ncm) implants. However, the treatment with nicotine induced higher torque than control in both machined (38.3 ± 13.52 Ncm) and anodized (35.5 ± 14.17 Ncm) implants, with p = 0.0024 and p = 0.0121, respectively. Conclusion: Subcutaneous injection of nicotine following implant insertion didn't have effect on osseointegration, independently from the implant surface.
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Animales , Masculino , Ratas , Implantes Dentales , Oseointegración/efectos de los fármacos , Interfase Hueso-Implante , Nicotina/efectos adversos , Propiedades de Superficie/efectos de los fármacos , Factores de Tiempo , Fenómenos Biomecánicos , Fumar/efectos adversos , Distribución Aleatoria , Torque , Cotinina/sangre , Fosfatasa Alcalina/sangre , Inyecciones Subcutáneas , Nicotina/administración & dosificación , Nicotina/sangreRESUMEN
OBJECTIVES: To evaluate the influence of secondhand cigarette smoke exposure on longitudinal growth of the tibia of growing rats and some parameters of bone quality. METHODS: Forty female rats were randomly divided into four groups: control: rats were sham exposed; 30 days: rats were exposed to tobacco smoke for 30 days; 45 days: rats were exposed to tobacco smoke for 45 days; and 60 days: rats were exposed to tobacco smoke for 60 days. Blood samples were collected to evaluate the levels of cotinine and alkaline phosphatase. Both tibias were dissected and weighed; the lengths were measured, and the bones were then stored in a freezer for analysis of bone mineral content and mechanical resistance (maximal load and stiffness). RESULTS: Exposure of rats to tobacco smoke significantly compromised bone health, suggesting that the harmful effects may be time dependent. Harmful effects on bone growth were detected and were more pronounced at 60-day follow-ups with a 41.8% reduction in alkaline phosphatase levels (p<0.01) and a decrease of 11.25% in tibia length (p<0.001). Furthermore, a 41.5% decrease in bone mineral density was observed (p<0.001), leading to a 42.8% reduction in maximum strength (p<0.001) and a 56.7% reduction in stiffness (p<0.001). CONCLUSION: Second hand cigarette smoke exposure in rats affected bones that were weaker, deforming them and making them osteopenic. Additionally, the long bone was shorter, suggesting interference with growth. Such events seem to be related to time of exposure.
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Animales , Ratas , Tibia/crecimiento & desarrollo , Contaminación por Humo de Tabaco/efectos adversos , Densidad Ósea , Exposición por Inhalación/efectos adversos , Cotinina/sangre , Tibia/fisiopatología , Remodelación Ósea , Ratas Wistar , Modelos Animales de Enfermedad , Fosfatasa Alcalina/sangreRESUMEN
OBJECTIVES: To evaluate the influence of secondhand cigarette smoke exposure on longitudinal growth of the tibia of growing rats and some parameters of bone quality. METHODS: Forty female rats were randomly divided into four groups: control: rats were sham exposed; 30 days: rats were exposed to tobacco smoke for 30 days; 45 days: rats were exposed to tobacco smoke for 45 days; and 60 days: rats were exposed to tobacco smoke for 60 days. Blood samples were collected to evaluate the levels of cotinine and alkaline phosphatase. Both tibias were dissected and weighed; the lengths were measured, and the bones were then stored in a freezer for analysis of bone mineral content and mechanical resistance (maximal load and stiffness). RESULTS: Exposure of rats to tobacco smoke significantly compromised bone health, suggesting that the harmful effects may be time dependent. Harmful effects on bone growth were detected and were more pronounced at 60-day follow-ups with a 41.8% reduction in alkaline phosphatase levels (p<0.01) and a decrease of 11.25% in tibia length (p<0.001). Furthermore, a 41.5% decrease in bone mineral density was observed (p<0.001), leading to a 42.8% reduction in maximum strength (p<0.001) and a 56.7% reduction in stiffness (p<0.001). CONCLUSION: Second hand cigarette smoke exposure in rats affected bones that were weaker, deforming them and making them osteopenic. Additionally, the long bone was shorter, suggesting interference with growth. Such events seem to be related to time of exposure.
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Densidad Ósea , Cotinina/sangre , Exposición por Inhalación/efectos adversos , Tibia/crecimiento & desarrollo , Contaminación por Humo de Tabaco/efectos adversos , Fosfatasa Alcalina/sangre , Animales , Remodelación Ósea , Modelos Animales de Enfermedad , Ratas , Ratas Wistar , Tibia/fisiopatologíaAsunto(s)
Biomarcadores/orina , Desarrollo Infantil/efectos de los fármacos , Cotinina/sangre , Cotinina/orina , Exposición a Riesgos Ambientales/análisis , Exposición Materna , Destreza Motora/fisiología , Nicotiana/efectos adversos , Efectos Tardíos de la Exposición Prenatal/orina , Población Rural , Contaminación por Humo de Tabaco/efectos adversos , Contaminación por Humo de Tabaco/análisis , Femenino , Humanos , Masculino , EmbarazoRESUMEN
OBJECTIVE: To investigate the relationship between secondhand tobacco smoke (SHS) exposure and neuromotor function in children. STUDY DESIGN: We studied 404 children aged 7-9 years who were exposed to SHS and other environmental neurotoxicants. Parents reported smoking habits, and serum cotinine levels were measured in children to determine SHS exposure. The Halstead-Reitan Finger Oscillation Test, Purdue Grooved Pegboard Test-Kiddie version, and Bruininks-Oseretsky Test of Motor Proficiency 2-Short Form were used to assess neuromotor function. Multivariable regression models that accounted for potential confounders were used to evaluate the associations. RESULTS: Approximately 50% of the children were exposed to SHS based on serum cotinine measures. Exposure to SHS was significantly associated with motor impairment in children, including diminished visuomotor coordination (P = .01), fine motor integration (P = .01), balance (P = .02), and strength (P = .04) after adjusting for exposures to lead and manganese, age, sex, body mass index, measures of parental cognitive abilities, parental education, and quality of home environment. CONCLUSION: SHS is a neurotoxicant that may be associated with impaired childhood neuromotor function.
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Desarrollo Infantil/efectos de los fármacos , Cotinina/sangre , Exposición a Riesgos Ambientales/análisis , Destreza Motora/fisiología , Población Rural , Contaminación por Humo de Tabaco/efectos adversos , Contaminación por Humo de Tabaco/análisis , Niño , Femenino , Humanos , Masculino , PadresRESUMEN
OBJECTIVE: To examine the association of urinary levels of the environmental phenol pesticides 2,5-dichlorophenol, 2,4-dichlorophenol, and triclosan with body weight outcomes in children and adolescent participants in the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey 2007-2010. STUDY DESIGN: We performed multivariate linear and multinomial logistic regressions to analyze the association of body mass index (BMI) z-score, waist circumference (WC), and obesity with urinary pesticide concentration in children and adolescents. RESULTS: After adjustment for covariates, we found a statistically significant positive association (P < .05) between both 2,5-dichlorophenol and 2,4-dichlorophenol with BMI z-score, WC, and obesity in children and adolescents. After stratification by age, the significant associations remained only in adolescents (ages 12-19). No associations were found between triclosan and any of the body weight outcomes. CONCLUSIONS: We found an association between dichlorophenols and increased body weight measures (BMI z-score, WC, and obesity) in adolescents. However, further studies, such as a longitudinal study, are needed to confirm and elucidate on our findings.
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Peso Corporal , Obesidad Infantil/orina , Plaguicidas/orina , Fenol/orina , Adolescente , Índice de Masa Corporal , Niño , Clorofenoles/química , Cotinina/sangre , Estudios Transversales , Femenino , Humanos , Modelos Lineales , Modelos Logísticos , Masculino , Análisis Multivariante , Encuestas Nutricionales , Triclosán/química , Estados Unidos , Circunferencia de la Cintura , Adulto JovenRESUMEN
Children from pregnant smokers show more susceptibility to develop obesity in adult life. Previously, we failed to demonstrate a program for obesity in rat offspring only when the mothers were exposed to tobacco smoke during lactation. Here, we studied the short- and long-term effects of smoke exposure (SE) to both dams and their pups during lactation on endocrine and metabolic parameters. For this, we designed an experimental model where nursing rats and their pups were divided into two groups: SE group, exposed to smoke in a cigarette smoking machine (four times/day, from the third to the 21st day of lactation), and group, exposed to filtered air. Pups were killed at 21 and 180 days. At weaning, SE pups showed lower body weight (7%), length (5%), retroperitoneal fat mass (59%), visceral adipocyte area (60%), and higher subcutaneous adipocyte area (95%) with hypoinsulinemia (-29%), hyperthyroxinemia (59%), hypercorticosteronemia (60%), and higher adrenal catecholamine content (+58%). In adulthood, SE offspring showed higher food intake (+10%), body total fat mass (+50%), visceral fat mass (retroperitoneal: 55%; mesenteric: 67%; and epididymal: 55%), and lower subcutaneous adipocyte area (24%) with higher serum glucose (11%), leptin (85%), adiponectin (1.4-fold increase), total triiodothyronine (71%), free thyroxine (57%), TSH (36%), triglycerides (65%), VLDL cholesterol (+66%), and HDL cholesterol (91%) levels and lower corticosteronemia (41%) and adrenal catecholamine content (57%). Our present findings suggest that tobacco SE to both dams and their pups during lactation causes malnutrition in early life that programs for obesity and hormonal and metabolic disturbances in adulthood, only if the pups are submitted to the same smoke environment as the mother.
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Dislipidemias/etiología , Hiperglucemia/etiología , Lactancia , Desnutrición/etiología , Exposición Materna/efectos adversos , Obesidad/etiología , Contaminación por Humo de Tabaco/efectos adversos , Grasa Abdominal/patología , Adiposidad , Animales , Animales Recién Nacidos , Cámaras de Exposición Atmosférica , Cotinina/sangre , Dislipidemias/sangre , Dislipidemias/patología , Femenino , Hiperglucemia/sangre , Hiperglucemia/patología , Masculino , Desnutrición/sangre , Desnutrición/patología , Desnutrición/fisiopatología , Obesidad/sangre , Obesidad/patología , Distribución Aleatoria , Ratas , Ratas Wistar , Factores de Tiempo , DesteteRESUMEN
INTRODUCTION: Adolescents often associate tobacco smoking and consumption of alcoholic beverages. In spite of that, little is known about the neurobehavioral consequences of the dual exposure in the adolescent brain. In the present work, we assessed the effects of tobacco smoke and/or ethanol exposure during adolescence on memory/learning. METHODS: From postnatal day 30 to 45 (PN30-45), male and female Swiss mice were exposed to tobacco smoke (SMK-generated from research cigarettes type 3R4F, whole body exposure, 8hr/day) and/or ethanol (ETOH-25% solution, 2g/kg intraperitoneally injected every other day) as follows: (a) SMK+ETOH exposure; (b) SMK exposure; (c) ETOH exposure; (d) Control. Memory/learning was evaluated during exposure (PN44-45) and during short- (PN49-50) and long-standing withdrawal (PN74-75). At each timepoint, mice were trained and tested in a step-down passive avoidance task (0.3 mA, 3 s footshock). Two retention tests were carried out in each animal, one at 3hr after training to measure short-term memory and another at 24hr to measure long-term memory. RESULTS: During exposure, the short-term memory was impaired in all groups and the long-term memory was impaired in SMK and SMK+ETOH. During the short-standing withdrawal, a significant impairment was observed only in long-term memory of the male SMK+ETOH mice. At long-standing withdrawal, there were no significant differences between groups. CONCLUSIONS: Tobacco smoke and ethanol exposures during adolescence of mice negatively affect learning/memory performance. Deficits that were still present during SMK+ETOH short-standing withdrawal suggest that the combined exposure elicits a worsened memory/learning outcome and that males are more susceptible.
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Conducta Animal/efectos de los fármacos , Etanol/toxicidad , Aprendizaje/efectos de los fármacos , Memoria a Largo Plazo/efectos de los fármacos , Memoria a Corto Plazo/efectos de los fármacos , Fumar/efectos adversos , Factores de Edad , Animales , Peso Corporal , Cotinina/sangre , Etanol/sangre , Femenino , Masculino , Ratones , Síndrome de Abstinencia a Sustancias/fisiopatología , Síndrome de Abstinencia a Sustancias/psicologíaRESUMEN
Environmental tobacco smoke (ETS) leads to the death of 600,000 nonsmokers annually and is associated with disturbances in antioxidant enzyme capacity in the adult rodent brain. However, little is known regarding the influence of ETS on brain development. The aim of this study was to determine levels of malonaldehyde (MDA) and 3-nitrotyrosine (3-NT), as well as enzymatic antioxidant activities of glutathione peroxidase (GPx), glutathione reductase (GR), glutathione S-transferase (GST), and superoxide dismutase (SOD), in distinct brain structures. BALB/c mice were exposed to ETS twice daily for 1 h from postnatal day 5 through postnatal day 18. Acute exposure was performed for 1 h on postnatal day 18. Mice were euthanized either immediately (0) or 3 h after the last exposure. Immediately after an acute exposure there were higher GR and GST activities and MDA levels in the hippocampus, higher GPx and SOD activities in the prefrontal cortex, and higher GST activity and MDA levels in the striatum and cerebellum. Three hours later there was an increase in SOD activity and MDA levels in the hippocampus and a decrease in the activity of all enzymes in the prefrontal cortex. Immediately after final repeated exposure there were elevated levels of GST and GR activity and decreased GPx activity in the hippocampus. Moreover, a rise was found in GPx and GST activities in the prefrontal cortex and increased GST and GPx activity in the striatum and cerebellum, respectively. After 3 h the prefrontal cortex showed elevated GR and GST activities, and the striatum displayed enhanced GST activity. Data showed that enzymatic antioxidant system in the central nervous system responds to ETS differently in different regions of the brain and that a form of adaptation occurs after several days of exposure.
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Encéfalo/efectos de los fármacos , Nicotiana/efectos adversos , Estrés Oxidativo/efectos de los fármacos , Humo/efectos adversos , Contaminación por Humo de Tabaco/efectos adversos , Animales , Animales Recién Nacidos , Antioxidantes , Monóxido de Carbono/química , Carboxihemoglobina , Cotinina/sangre , Peroxidación de Lípido/efectos de los fármacos , Ratones , Ratones Endogámicos BALB C , Nicotina/sangreRESUMEN
INTRODUCTION: The biological systems of both smoker and passive smoking suffer changes caused by toxic compounds from cigarette smoke such as inflammation, lipid peroxidation, and deficiency of vitamin E. The aim of the present study was to evaluate the effect of vitamin E on acetylcholinesterase (AChE) activity and the lipid peroxidation level in the brain of rats in the model of exposure to aged and diluted sidestream smoke (ADSS). METHODS: Adult male Wistar rats (200-300 g) were exposed to ADSS for 4 weeks and treated with vitamin E (50 mg/kg/day) loaded by gavage. In the first, second, third, and fourth weeks, animals were concomitantly exposed to the smoke of 1, 2, 3, and 4 cigarettes/day, respectively. The duration of each exposure was 15 min, daily. RESULTS: For rats exposed to ADSS, the AChE activity and lipid peroxidation level increased in the striatum, cerebral cortex, and cerebellum. In contrast, the activity of AChE and the level of lipid peroxidation decreased in the smoke group treated with vitamin E. CONCLUSIONS: The results suggest that the rats exposed to ADSS and treated with vitamin E significantly reduced the raised activity of AChE and level lipid peroxidation from the brain structures studied. The study, therefore, concludes that vitamin E could be considered as a therapeutic agent in this type of exposure.