RESUMEN

Personal care products (PCPs) are a class of emerging pollutants that have attracted public concern owing to their harmful effects on humans and the environment. Biomonitoring data is valuable for insight the levels of PCPs in the human body and can be crucial for identifying potential health hazards. To gain a better understanding of timely exposure profiles and health risk of reproductive-age population to PCPs, we determined six parabens, six benzophenone-type ultraviolet filters, and three disinfectants in 256 urine samples collected from young adults aged 18-44 years in Beijing, China. The urinary levels of benzophenone-3 (BP-3) and 4-hydroxybenzophenone (4-OHBP) were significantly higher in summer compared to winter, suggesting these compounds have different seasonal usage patterns. Moreover, the total concentration of 15 PCPs in female was 430 ng/mL, approximately two times higher than that in male. P­chloro-m-xylenol (PCMX), as a new type of antibacterial agent, has the greatest level among all target analytes, indicating the increasingly use of this antibacterial alternative recently. Five potential influencing factors that lead to the elevated exposure level of PCPs were identified. Over 19% of the target population had a high hazard index value (greater than 1) which was attributed to exposure to propyl paraben (PrP), benzophenone-1 (BP-1), BP-3 and PCMX, indicating that PCPs may pose a relatively high exposure risk at environmental levels that should be a cause for concern.

Asunto(s)

Cosméticos , Exposición a Riesgos Ambientales , Humanos , Adulto , Adulto Joven , Medición de Riesgo , Femenino , Masculino , Adolescente , Cosméticos/análisis , Exposición a Riesgos Ambientales/estadística & datos numéricos , Exposición a Riesgos Ambientales/análisis , Beijing , Contaminantes Ambientales/análisis , Benzofenonas/orina , Monitoreo del Ambiente

RESUMEN

BACKGROUND: Phthalates and their replacements have been implicated as developmental toxicants. Young children may be exposed to phthalates/replacements when using skin care products (SCPs). OBJECTIVES: Our objective is to assess the associations between use of SCPs and children's urinary phthalate/replacement metabolite concentrations. METHODS: Children (4-8 years old) from the Environmental Influences on Child Health Outcomes-Fetal Growth Study (ECHO-FGS) cohort provided spot urine samples from 2017 to 2019, and mothers were queried about children's SCP use in the past 24 h (n=906). Concentrations of 16 urinary phthalate/replacement metabolites were determined by liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (n=630). We used linear regression to estimate the child's use of different SCPs as individual predictors of urinary phthalate/replacement metabolites, adjusted for urinary specific gravity, age, sex assigned at birth, body mass index, and self-reported race/ethnic identity, as well as maternal education, and season of specimen collection. We created self-organizing maps (SOM) to group children into "exposure profiles" that reflect discovered patterns of use for multiple SCPs. RESULTS: Children had lotions applied (43.0%) frequently, but "2-in-1" hair-care products (7.5%), sunscreens (5.9%), and oils (4.3%) infrequently. Use of lotions was associated with 1.17-fold [95% confidence interval (CI): 1.00, 1.34] greater mono-benzyl phthalate and oils with 2.86-fold (95% CI: 1.89, 4.31) greater monoethyl phthalate (MEP), 1.43-fold (95% CI: 1.09, 1.90) greater monobutyl phthalate (MBP), and 1.40-fold (95% CI: 1.22, 1.61) greater low-molecular-weight phthalates (LMW). Use of 2-in-1 haircare products was associated with 0.84-fold (95% CI: 0.72, 0.97) and 0.78-fold (95% CI: 0.62, 0.98) lesser mono(3-carboxypropyl) phthalate (MCPP) and MBP, respectively. Child's race/ethnic identity modified the associations of lotions with LMW, oils with MEP and LMW, sunscreen with MCPP, ointments with MEP, and hair conditioner with MCPP. SOM identified four distinct SCP-use exposure scenarios (i.e., profiles) within our population that predicted 1.09-fold (95% CI: 1.03, 1.15) greater mono-carboxy isononyl phthalate, 1.31-fold (95% CI: 0.98, 1.77) greater mono-2-ethyl-5-hydroxyhexyl terephthalate, 1.13-fold (95% CI: 0.99, 1.29) greater monoethylhexyl phthalate, and 1.04-fold (95% CI: 1.00, 1.09) greater diethylhexyl phthalate. DISCUSSION: We found that reported SCP use was associated with urinary phthalate/replacement metabolites in young children. These results may inform policymakers, clinicians, and parents to help limit children's exposure to developmental toxicants. https://doi.org/10.1289/EHP13937.

Asunto(s)

Ácidos Ftálicos , Humanos , Ácidos Ftálicos/orina , Preescolar , Femenino , Niño , Masculino , Exposición a Riesgos Ambientales/estadística & datos numéricos , Cosméticos/análisis , Contaminantes Ambientales/orina , Cuidados de la Piel

RESUMEN

Globally, pharmaceuticals and personal care products (PPCPs) are detected in surface waters receiving wastewater, yet their presence in biota, remain largely understudied. To address this, we conducted a study that measured 46 PPCPs in spot water samples and fish caught up- and downstream from wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs) in Victoria, Australia. We sampled 15 sites located along four waterways following a 3-site design: WWTP-discharge('hotspot'), 'upstream'(∼2 km) and 'downstream'(∼2 km). Spot water and fish were also sampled at reference sites >100 km from WWTP discharge (n = 3). Additionally, spot water samples were taken from WWTP effluent outflows (n = 3). From each locality, we analysed 3-12 fish (n = 131 total). In waterways, passive samplers (POCIS; ∼28d, n = 19 PPCPs) were also deployed. Individual fish (axial muscle) and water were analysed with LC-MS-MS. We found that PPCP concentrations in environmental surface water ranged from<0.02-0.97 µg/L. In WWTP effluent, the range was <0.02-1.4 µg/L. Of the 46 PPCPs analysed, 12 were detected in spot water samples and five in fish. In water, the highest concentration detected was for antidepressant venlafaxine (3 µg/L). The most frequently detected PPCPs: venlafaxine (54.9%), metoprolol (41.2%), propranolol (29.4%), carbamazepine (29.4%), caffeine (17.6%) and sulfamethoxazole (17.6%). Out of 131 fish analysed, 35 fish had detectable levels of PPCPs in the muscle tissue. The highest muscle concentrations were: venlafaxine (150 µg/kg, redfin perch), and sertraline (100 µg/kg, eel). Bioaccumulation factors ranged from 104 to 341L/kg for venlafaxine in redfins, 21-1,260L/kg for carbamazepine in redfins and eels, and 367-3,333L/kg for sertraline in eels. Based on our human health risk calculations for venlafaxine, carbamazepine, sertraline, triclosan, and caffeine, consumption of fish does not pose a significant risk to human health. Despite this, most of the detected PPCPs in surface waters exceeded 10 ng/L trigger value, which has led to further investigations by EPA. Our study highlights the need for using multiple lines of evidence for estimating risks of PPCPs.

Asunto(s)

Monitoreo del Ambiente , Peces , Eliminación de Residuos Líquidos , Aguas Residuales , Contaminantes Químicos del Agua , Contaminantes Químicos del Agua/análisis , Aguas Residuales/química , Animales , Preparaciones Farmacéuticas/análisis , Peces/metabolismo , Biota , Australia , Victoria , Cosméticos/análisis

RESUMEN

This study aims to describe a protocol for a systematic review and meta-analysis that assesses the detection and concentration of pharmaceutical products, drugs, and personal care products in European waters. This study protocol was developed following the recommendations of the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analysis (PRISMA-P) statement and the Cochrane Handbook of Systematic Reviews of Interventions. We will include studies conducted on European waters of various origins (watersheds, aquifers, rivers, seas, springs, wastewaters, and drinking water). A comprehensive search strategy will be implemented in the following databases: PubMed (Medline), EMBASE, Scopus, and Web of Science. Two independent reviewers will conduct all study selection procedures, data extraction, and methodological evaluation. Any disagreements will be referred to a third reviewer. If the studies are sufficiently homogeneous, we will conduct a meta-analysis to summarize the data. We will use the Grading of Recommendations Assessment, Development, and Evaluation (GRADE) to assess the certainty of the evidence. The systematic review and meta-analysis will provide valuable information about the presence and concentration of these types of contaminants in water, aiding in the development of public policies regarding prevention and decontamination measures to enhancing water quality in Europe.

Asunto(s)

Metaanálisis como Asunto , Revisiones Sistemáticas como Asunto , Europa (Continente) , Preparaciones Farmacéuticas/análisis , Contaminantes Químicos del Agua/análisis , Humanos , Cosméticos/análisis , Cosméticos/química , Calidad del Agua

RESUMEN

Pharmaceuticals and personal care products (PPCPs) have raised increasing concern worldwide due to their continuous release and potential hazards to the ecosystem and human health. This study optimized the entropy weight model (EW-WRSR) that combines entropy weight with multi-criteria decision analysis to investigate pollution patterns of PPCPs in the coasts and estuaries. The results revealed that occurrences of PPCPs from the 1940s to the present were consistent with using PPCPs, different types of human activities, and local urban development. This helped better understand the history of PPCP contamination and evaluate the uncertainty of EW-WRSR. The model predicted hotspots of PPCPs that were consistent with the actual situation, indicating that PPCPs mainly enter the nearshore ecosystem by the form of sewage discharge and residual aquaculture. This study can provide method that identifying highly contaminated regions on a global scale.

Asunto(s)

Cosméticos , Entropía , Monitoreo del Ambiente , Estuarios , Contaminantes Químicos del Agua , China , Monitoreo del Ambiente/métodos , Contaminantes Químicos del Agua/análisis , Preparaciones Farmacéuticas/análisis , Cosméticos/análisis , Modelos Teóricos

RESUMEN

Urban wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs) and drinking water treatment plants (DWTPs) play vital roles in the urban water cycle, ensuring access to safe drinking water and maintaining aquatic ecosystems. This study comprehensively assessed the occurrence and risks of pharmaceuticals and personal care products (PPCPs) in urban WWTPs and DWTPs. Our findings revealed widespread PPCPs presence, with concentrations ranging from <1 ng/L to several thousand ng/L. Significant regional disparities in occurrence and composition were observed linked to population types and economic structures. Furthermore, strong correlations were observed between DWTPs and WWTPs indicating consistent transport and transformation patterns of PPCPs within the urban water cycle. Approximately two-thirds of PPCPs were degraded post-WWTP treatment, with about one-tenth persisting in drinking water following surface water dilution and purification processes. Thus, we suggested that controlling the total concentration of the five priority PPCPs in the effluent from the WWTP to <1100 ng/L have potential to reduce the environmental and health risk of PPCPs. Additionally, this research identified influential water quality parameters, such as pH, dissolved oxygen, and temperature, through redundancy analysis. This research underscores the importance of establishing emission standards to mitigate PPCP-related risks and supports sustainable urban water system advancement.

Asunto(s)

Monitoreo del Ambiente , Contaminantes Químicos del Agua , Contaminantes Químicos del Agua/análisis , Preparaciones Farmacéuticas/análisis , Eliminación de Residuos Líquidos/métodos , Aguas Residuales/química , Cosméticos/análisis , Purificación del Agua/métodos , Ciudades , Agua Potable/química , Medición de Riesgo , Calidad del Agua

RESUMEN

The present study aims to investigate the current trends in replacing conventional preservatives with multifunctional ingredients with antimicrobial properties for preservation of cosmetics for infants or sensitive population, to decrease their potential for contact dermatitis. We first reviewed the labels of cosmetics purchased from the Chinese market for conventional preservatives and multifunctional ingredients with antimicrobial properties, of which the actual contents were further quantified by chromatographic methods. We identified 7 traditional preservatives (phenoxyethanol, benzoic acid (salts), methylparaben, benzyl alcohol, sorbic acid (salts), propylparaben, and methylisothiazolinone), and 11 alternative ingredients with antimicrobial activities (ethylhexylglycerin, butylene glycol, caprylyl glycol, propylene glycol, 1,2-hexanediol, p-anisic acid, hydroxyacetophenone, pentylene glycol, decylene glycol, caprylhydroxamic acid, and aminomethyl propanol) in descending order of prevalence. The contents of all identified preservatives and ingredients were either below regulatory limits or in the range that is generally regarded to be safe. Further challenge with microorganisms indicated irrespective of the composition of preservation systems, product preservation could be compromised under test conditions. We conclude that multifunctional ingredients with antimicrobial properties in cosmetics have the potential to completely replace or significantly reduce the use of traditional preservatives while retaining comparative preservative efficacy. Future attentions may need to be shifted to the safety of those multifunctional ingredients with antimicrobial properties.

Asunto(s)

Cosméticos , Conservadores Farmacéuticos , Cosméticos/química , Cosméticos/análisis , Humanos , Conservadores Farmacéuticos/análisis , Lactante , Antiinfecciosos/química , Antiinfecciosos/farmacología , Antiinfecciosos/análisis , Parabenos/análisis , Ácido Sórbico/análisis , Glicoles de Etileno

RESUMEN

Among the various compounds regarded as emerging contaminants (ECs), pharmaceuticals and personal care products (PPCPs) are of particular concern. Their continuous release into the environment has a negative global impact on human life. This review summarizes the sources, occurrence, persistence, consequences of exposure, and toxicity of PPCPs, and evaluates the various analytical methods used in the identification and quantification of PPCPs in a variety of solid and liquid environmental matrices. The current techniques of choice for the analysis of PPCPs are state-of-the-art liquid chromatography coupled to mass spectrometry (LC-MS) or tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS2). However, the complexity of the environmental matrices and the trace levels of micropollutants necessitate the use of advanced sample treatments before these instrumental analyses. Solid-phase extraction (SPE) with different sorbents is now the predominant method used for the extraction of PPCPs from environmental samples. This review also addresses the ongoing analytical method challenges, including sample clean-up and matrix effects, focusing on the occurrence, sample preparation, and analytical methods presently available for the determination of environmental residues of PPCPs. Continuous development of innovative analytical methods is essential for overcoming existing limitations and ensuring the consistency and diversity of analytical methods used in investigations of environmental multi-class compounds.

Asunto(s)

Cosméticos , Extracción en Fase Sólida , Preparaciones Farmacéuticas/análisis , Preparaciones Farmacéuticas/química , Cosméticos/análisis , Cosméticos/química , Extracción en Fase Sólida/métodos , Cromatografía Liquida/métodos , Monitoreo del Ambiente/métodos , Humanos , Contaminantes Ambientales/análisis , Espectrometría de Masas en Tándem/métodos

RESUMEN

A novel magnetic dispersive solid phase extraction (MDSPE) procedure based on the deep eutectic solvent (DES) modified magnetic graphene oxide/metal organic frameworks nanocomposites (MGO@ZIF-8@DES) was established and used for the efficient enrichment of estradiol, estrone, and diethylstilbestrol in cosmetics (toner, lotion, and cream) for the first time. Then, the three estrogens were separated and determined by UHPLC-UV analysis method. In order to study the features and morphology of the synthesized adsorbents, various techniques such as FT-IR, SEM, and VSM measurements were executed. The MGO@ZIF-8@DES nanocomposites combine the advantages of high adsorption capacity, adequate stability in aqueous solution, and convenient separation from the sample solution. To achieve high extraction recoveries, the Box-Behnken design and single factor experiment were applied in the experimental design. Under the optimum conditions, the method detection limits for three estrogens were 20-30 ng g-1. This approach showed a good correlation coefficient (r more than 0.9998) and reasonable linearity in the range 70-10000 ng g-1. The relative standard deviations for intra-day and inter-day were beneath 7.5% and 8.9%, respectively. The developed MDSPE-UHPLC-UV method was successfully used to determine  three estrogens in cosmetics, and acceptable recoveries in the intervals of 83.5-95.9% were obtained. Finally, three estrogens were not detected in some cosmetic samples. In addition, the Complex GAPI tool was used to evaluate the greenness of the developed pretreatment method. The developed MDSPE-UHPLC-UV method is sensitive, accurate, rapid, and eco-friendly, which provides a promising strategy for determining hormones in different complex samples.

Asunto(s)

Cosméticos , Disolventes Eutécticos Profundos , Estrógenos , Grafito , Estructuras Metalorgánicas , Nanocompuestos , Extracción en Fase Sólida , Grafito/química , Cosméticos/química , Cosméticos/análisis , Nanocompuestos/química , Estructuras Metalorgánicas/química , Extracción en Fase Sólida/métodos , Estrógenos/análisis , Estrógenos/aislamiento & purificación , Estrógenos/química , Disolventes Eutécticos Profundos/química , Límite de Detección , Estradiol/química , Estradiol/análisis , Estradiol/aislamiento & purificación , Estrona/análisis , Estrona/química , Estrona/aislamiento & purificación , Adsorción , Dietilestilbestrol/análisis , Dietilestilbestrol/química , Dietilestilbestrol/aislamiento & purificación , Cromatografía Líquida de Alta Presión/métodos

RESUMEN

The continuous and rapid increase of chemical pollution in surface waters has become a pressing and widely recognized global concern. As emerging contaminants (ECs) in surface waters, pharmaceutical and personal care products (PPCPs), and endocrine-disrupting compounds (EDCs) have attracted considerable attention due to their wide occurrence and potential threat to human health. Therefore, a comprehensive understanding of the occurrence and risks of ECs in Chinese surface waters is urgently required. This study summarizes and assesses the environmental occurrence concentrations and ecological risks of 42 pharmaceuticals, 15 personal care products (PCPs), and 20 EDCs frequently detected in Chinese surface waters. The ECs were primarily detected in China's densely populated and highly industrialized regions. Most detected PPCPs and EDCs had concentrations between ng/L to µg/L, whereas norfloxacin, caffeine, and erythromycin had relatively high contamination levels, even exceeding 2000 ng/L. Risk evaluation based on the risk quotient method revealed that 34 PPCPs and EDCs in Chinese surface waters did not pose a significant risk, whereas 4-nonylphenol, 4-tert-octylphenol, 17α-ethinyl estradiol, 17ß-estradiol, and triclocarban did. This review provides a comprehensive summary of the occurrence and associated hazards of typical PPCPs and EDCs in Chinese surface waters over the past decade, and will aid in the regulation and control of these ECs in Chinese surface waters.

Asunto(s)

Cosméticos , Disruptores Endocrinos , Monitoreo del Ambiente , Contaminantes Químicos del Agua , China , Cosméticos/análisis , Disruptores Endocrinos/análisis , Preparaciones Farmacéuticas/análisis , Medición de Riesgo , Contaminantes Químicos del Agua/análisis

RESUMEN

The presence of microplastics in cosmetics and personal care products (C&PCPs) has been increasingly in the public eye since the early 2010s. Despite increasing research into the potential environmental and health effects of microplastics, most research to date on microplastics in C&PCPs has investigated "rinse-off" products, while the potential impacts of "leave-on" C&PCPs have been largely neglected, despite these products being purchased in greater volumes and often having two or more microplastic ingredients in their formulations(CosmeticsEurope, 2018b). This review aims to synthesize the current knowledge of microplastic in C&PCPs, assessing the potential environmental and human health impacts of C&PCPs and discussing the regulatory implications. The lack of studies on leave-on C&PCPs is significant, suggesting a severe knowledge gap regarding microplastic presence in, and emissions from, C&PCPs. There is a noticeable lack of studies on the (eco)toxicological consequences of microplastic exposure from C&PCPs. As a result, significant aspects of microplastic contamination may be overlooked in the microplastic legislations emerging globally (including from the European Commission), which intend to restrict microplastic use in C&PCPs but focus on rinse-off C&PCPs only. This review highlights the potential consequences of microplastics in leave-on C&PCPs for regulatory decision-making, particularly as alternatives to microplastics are considered during the phase-out periods and spotlights the need for sufficient monitoring and research on these alternatives, to avoid unforeseen consequences.

Asunto(s)

Cosméticos , Microplásticos , Cosméticos/análisis , Microplásticos/análisis , Microplásticos/toxicidad , Humanos , Monitoreo del Ambiente , Contaminación Ambiental/análisis , Microesferas

RESUMEN

Polyethylene glycols (PEGs) are used in industrial, medical, health care, and personal care applications. The cycling and disposal of synthetic polymers like PEGs pose significant environmental concerns. Detecting and monitoring PEGs in the real world calls for immediate attention. This study unveils the efficacy of time-of-flight secondary ion mass spectrometry (ToF-SIMS) as a reliable approach for precise analysis and identification of reference PEGs and PEGs used in cosmetic products. By comparing SIMS spectra, we show remarkable sensitivity in pinpointing distinctive ion peaks inherent to various PEG compounds. Moreover, the employment of principal component analysis effectively discriminates compositions among different samples. Notably, the application of SIMS two-dimensional image analysis visually portrays the spatial distribution of various PEGs as reference materials. The same is observed in authentic cosmetic products. The application of ToF-SIMS underscores its potential in distinguishing PEGs within intricate environmental context. ToF-SIMS provides an effective solution to studying emerging environmental challenges, offering straightforward sample preparation and superior detection of synthetic organics in mass spectral analysis. These features show that SIMS can serve as a promising alternative for evaluation and assessment of PEGs in terms of the source, emission, and transport of anthropogenic organics.

Asunto(s)

Cosméticos , Polietilenglicoles , Espectrometría de Masa de Ion Secundario , Cosméticos/análisis , Cosméticos/química , Espectrometría de Masa de Ion Secundario/métodos , Polietilenglicoles/química , Polietilenglicoles/análisis , Análisis de Componente Principal

RESUMEN

Biosolids from municipal wastewater treatment contain many contaminants of emerging concern, including microplastics (MPs), per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS), pharmaceuticals and chemicals from personal care products (PPCPs). Many of these contaminants have very slow biotic or abiotic degradation rates and have been shown to have human and ecological health impacts. Application of biosolids to agriculture, a common disposal method, can result in extended environmental contamination. An approach for eliminating the contaminants is pyrolysis, which can also generate biochar, enhancing carbon sequestration as a side-benefit. We pyrolyzed biosolid samples from an operating facility at various temperatures from 400 to 700 °C with a 2-hour residence time. We then evaluated contaminant removal, which in many cases was 100 %, with only a few residuals. No trace of PFAS was detectable even at 400 °C. Overall mass removal of PPCPs, including PFAS, was over 99.9 %. MP removal via pyrolysis ranged from 91 to 97 %. The biochar contains significant amounts of Fe and P, which make it a useful fertilizer amendment. The techno-economic analysis indicates that pyrolysis may generate significant cost savings, and revenue from the sale of biochar, sufficient to more than cover the investment and operating costs of the dryer and pyrolysis unit.

Asunto(s)

Carbón Orgánico , Microplásticos , Pirólisis , Contaminantes Químicos del Agua , Carbón Orgánico/química , Contaminantes Químicos del Agua/análisis , Microplásticos/análisis , Eliminación de Residuos Líquidos/métodos , Fluorocarburos/análisis , Preparaciones Farmacéuticas/análisis , Cosméticos/análisis

RESUMEN

Landfill leachate contributes significantly to the presence of pharmaceuticals and personal care products (PPCPs) in the environment, and is a crucial source of contamination. To examine the occurrence of PPCPs and microbial communities, this study comprehensively investigated the concentrations of PPCPs and the abundance of microorganisms in the leachate from 17 municipal landfills across China. Generally, Lidocaine, Linear alkylbenzene sulfonate-C11, and Triclocarban, which are closely associated with human activities, exhibited a detection frequency of 100 % in the leachate. Driven by consumer demand, analgesic and antipyretic drugs have emerged as the most prominent PPCPs in leachate (accounting for 39.9 %). Notably, the Ibuprofen peaked at 56.3 µg/L. Regarding spatial distribution, the contamination of PPCPs in leachates from the eastern regions of China was significantly higher than that in other regions, owing to the level of economic development and demographic factors. Furthermore, the 16S rRNA results revealed significant differences in microbial communities among the leachates from different areas. Although the impact of PPCPs on microbial communities may not be as significant as that of environmental factors, most positive correlations between PPCPs and microorganisms indicate their potential role in providing nutrients and creating favorable conditions for microbial growth. Overall, this research offers new perspectives on the residual features of PPCPs and the microbial community structure in leachates from various regions in China.

Asunto(s)

Cosméticos , Monitoreo del Ambiente , ARN Ribosómico 16S , Instalaciones de Eliminación de Residuos , Contaminantes Químicos del Agua , China , Contaminantes Químicos del Agua/análisis , Preparaciones Farmacéuticas/análisis , Cosméticos/análisis , ARN Ribosómico 16S/genética , Microbiota , Bacterias/clasificación , Ciudades

RESUMEN

BACKGROUND: 1,4-Dioxane (1,4-D) is a byproduct of the synthesis of surfactants, typically found in some cosmetics products such as shampoo, toothpaste, and soap. The presence of 1,4-D in cosmetics products is limited to a certain amount since 1,4-D is classified as a probable human carcinogen. OBJECTIVE: This present study was intended to validate static headspace gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (HS GC-MS) for the determination of 1,4-D in cosmetics products. METHODS: The condition of HS and GC-MS was optimized to get the best condition for analysis of 1,4-D using 1,4-dioxane-d8 (1,4-D-d8) as internal standard (IS). The developed method was validated by evaluating the key performance characteristics, including specificity, linearity, limit of detection (LoD), limit of quantification (LoQ), accuracy, and precision. RESULTS: The results showed that HS GC-MS was specific since the peaks of the selected ion monitoring (SIM) mode could be separated and confirmed at m/z 88 and m/z 96 for 1,4-D and 1,4-D-d8, respectively. The method was linear over the concentration range of 0.1287-1.2875 µg/mL, with R2 > 0.999 and RSD residuals <2.0. A collaborative study was conducted on this method, with 10 participating laboratories from four countries. The outcome of this study was found to be accurate and precise, as evidenced by the excellent recoveries ranging from 94.6% to 102.1%, and with good reproducibility with RSD values ranging from 0.2 to 1.1%. The collaborative studies exhibited that all data reported by 10 participating laboratories in four countries were inliers without any extreme values observed either in mean or RSD values. CONCLUSIONS: HS GC-MS is found to be fit and suitable for the determination of trace level of 1,4-D in cosmetics products. HIGHLIGHTS: The HS GC-MS method could be proposed as a standard method for quantitative analysis of 1,4-D in cosmetics products since the collaborative studies indicated that the developed method meet the requirement in "Guidelines for Collaborative Study Procedures to Validate Characteristics of a Method of Analysis."

Asunto(s)

Cosméticos , Dioxanos , Cromatografía de Gases y Espectrometría de Masas , Límite de Detección , Cromatografía de Gases y Espectrometría de Masas/métodos , Cosméticos/análisis , Cosméticos/química , Dioxanos/análisis , Reproducibilidad de los Resultados

RESUMEN

Cannabis-based products have gained attention in recent years for their perceived therapeutic benefits (with cannabinoids such as THC and CBD) and widespread availability. However, these products often lack accurate labelling regarding their cannabinoid content. Our study, conducted with products available in Portugal, revealed significant discrepancies between label claims and actual cannabinoid compositions. A fully validated method was developed for the characterisation of different products acquired from pharmacies and street shops (beverages, herbal samples, oils, and cosmetic products) using high-performance liquid chromatography coupled with a diode array detector. Linearity ranged from 0.4 to 100 µg/mL (0.04-10 µg/mg) (THC, 8-THC, CBD, CBG, CBDA, CBGA), 0.1-100 µg/mL (0.01-10 µg/mg) (CBN), 0.4-250 µg/mL (0.04-25 µg/mg) (THCA-A), and 0.8-100 µg/mL (0.08-10 µg/mg) (CBCA). Among sampled beverages, none contained detectable cannabinoids, despite suggestive packaging. Similarly, oils often differed from the declared cannabinoid compositions, with some containing significantly higher CBD concentrations than labelled. These inconsistencies raise serious concerns regarding consumer safety and informed decision-making. Moreover, our findings underscore the need for stringent regulation and standardised testing protocols to ensure the accuracy and safety of cannabis-based products.

Asunto(s)

Cannabinoides , Cannabis , Portugal , Cannabinoides/análisis , Cannabinoides/química , Cannabis/química , Cromatografía Líquida de Alta Presión , Humanos , Cosméticos/análisis , Cosméticos/química , Bebidas/análisis , Marihuana Medicinal/análisis , Marihuana Medicinal/química

RESUMEN

The certification of cosmetic products has always been a prominent concern. Here, we have developed a pH sensor and applied it in the field of cosmetic safety. Initially, we designed two probes, CH with aggregation-induced emission (AIE) effect and the near-infrared fluorophore derivative CYTYR. By encapsulating them with DSPE-PEG2000-NH2, we obtained the CHCY-lipo nano-micelles with fluorescence resonance energy transfer (FRET) response. By combining them into a sensor array called pC, we achieved sensitive detection of a wide pH range, ranging from 4.69 to 9.25. To validate the performance of the pC sensor array, we employed a multi-channel mode and applied it to differentiate commercial anti-aging creams. Through linear discriminant analysis and 3D fingerprint analysis, the pC sensor array successfully distinguished anti-aging creams from different countries, providing a rapid and accurate method for cosmetic safety identification. The results of this study demonstrate the potential of the pC sensor array for quick authentication of cosmetic products, offering significant support and application prospects in safeguarding consumer health.

Asunto(s)

Cosméticos , Concentración de Iones de Hidrógeno , Cosméticos/análisis , Cosméticos/química , Humanos , Transferencia Resonante de Energía de Fluorescencia/métodos , Colorantes Fluorescentes/química , Crema para la Piel/química

RESUMEN

Cosmetics make up one of the consumer product categories most widely known to contain perfluoroalkyl and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFASs), including precursors to perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA) and other perfluoroalkyl acids (PFAAs). Because of the way cosmetics are used, most of the PFASs present in these products are likely to reach wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs), which suggests that cosmetics may contribute significantly to the load of PFOA and other PFASs at WWTPs. However, the majority of PFASs present as intentional ingredients in cosmetics cannot be quantified with the available analytical methods. To address this issue, we developed a methodology to estimate the total PFAS mass in cosmetics as well as the corresponding mass of total organic fluorine and of fluorinated side chains associated with PFAA precursors, using various ingredient databases and ingredient concentrations reported by manufacturers. Our results indicate that the cosmetics sold in California during a one-year period cumulatively contain 650-56 000 kg of total PFASs, 370-37 000 kg of organic fluorine, and 330-20 000 kg of fluorinated side chains associated with PFAA precursors. Among the 16 product subcategories considered, >90% of the PFAS mass came from shaving creams and gels, hair care products, facial cleansers, sun care products, and lotions and moisturizers, while the sum of all nine makeup subcategories accounted for <3%. Comparing our estimates to available WWTP influent data from the San Francisco Bay Area suggests that cosmetics may account for at least 4% of the precursor-derived PFAAs measured in wastewater. As the first study ever to estimate the total mass of PFASs contained in cosmetics sold in California, our results shed light on the significance of certain cosmetics as a source of PFASs to WWTPs and can inform effective source reduction efforts.

Asunto(s)

Cosméticos , Fluorocarburos , Cosméticos/análisis , Fluorocarburos/análisis , California , Contaminantes Químicos del Agua/análisis , Aguas Residuales/química

RESUMEN

RATIONALE: Illegal addition of anti-infective drugs to cosmetics at low concentrations has been found. The illicit addition of anti-infective drugs encompasses a wide variety of medications. The current sample purification methods are inadequate to detect all these compounds. A sensitive, wide-coverage, and weak-matrix-effect measurement method needs to be established to address this issue. METHODS: Samples were extracted using acetonitrile, diluted 25 times, and then analyzed using liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) to detect 111 anti-infective drugs. The method was validated and assessed for matrix effect before being applied to cosmetic products. RESULTS: The calibration curves for the analytes exhibited a strong correlation coefficient (r > 0.995). The limit of detection ranged from 0.006 to 0.6 mg/kg. Matrix effects were significantly improved after a 25-fold dilution. The method was successfully applied to various cosmetics. Two of 82 samples tested contained lincomycin and miconazole, respectively. CONCLUSIONS: The developed method is quick and reliable to analyze anti-infective drugs in cosmetics, with potential for both qualitative and quantitative analyses. It is a valuable tool for cosmetic research and development, contributing to safer and more effective cosmetic products.

Asunto(s)

Antiinfecciosos , Cosméticos , Límite de Detección , Espectrometría de Masas en Tándem , Cosméticos/química , Cosméticos/análisis , Espectrometría de Masas en Tándem/métodos , Antiinfecciosos/análisis , Cromatografía Líquida de Alta Presión/métodos , Reproducibilidad de los Resultados

RESUMEN

Volatile methyl siloxanes (VMS) are a group of organosilicon compounds of interest because of their potential health effects, their ability to form secondary organic aerosols, and their use as tracer compounds. VMS are emitted in the gas-phase from using consumer and personal care products, including deodorants, lotions, and hair conditioners. Because of this emission route, airborne concentrations are expected to increase with population density, although there are few studies in large urban centers. Here, we report summertime concentrations and daily variations of VMS congeners measured in New York City. Median concentrations of the 6 studied congeners, D3 (20 ng m-3), D4 (57 ng m-3), D5 (230 ng m-3), D6 (11 ng m-3), L5 (2.5 ng m-3), and L7 (1.3 ng m-3) are among the highest reported outdoor concentrations in the literature to date. Average congener ratios of D5:D4 and D5:D6 were consistent with previously reported emissions ratios, suggesting that concentrations were dominated by local emissions. Measured concentrations agree with previously published results from a Community Multiscale Air Quality model and support commonly accepted emissions rates for D4, D5, and D6 of 32.8, 135, and 6.1 mg per capita per day. Concentrations of D4, D5, D6, L5, and L7 and total VMS were significantly lower during the day than during the night, consistent with daytime oxidation reactivity. Concentrations of D3 did not show the same diurnal trend but exhibited a strong directional dependence, suggesting that it may be emitted by industrial point sources in the area rather than personal care product use. Concentrations of all congeners had large temporal variations but showed relatively weak relationships with wind speed, temperature, and mixing height.

Asunto(s)

Contaminantes Atmosféricos , Monitoreo del Ambiente , Siloxanos , Ciudad de Nueva York , Siloxanos/análisis , Contaminantes Atmosféricos/análisis , Industrias , Humanos , Volatilización , Estaciones del Año , Cosméticos/análisis , Compuestos Orgánicos Volátiles/análisis