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BACKGROUND: Children with developmental coordination disorder (DCD) have impaired online motor control. Researchers posit that this impairment could be due to a deficit in utilizing the internal model control process. However, there is little neurological evidence to support this view because few neuroimaging studies have focused specifically on tasks involving online motor control. Therefore, the aim of this study was to investigate the differences in cortical hemodynamic activity during an online movement adjustment task between children with and without DCD. METHODS: Twenty children with DCD (mean age: 9.88 ± 1.67 years; gender: 14M/6F) and twenty age-and-gender matched children with typical development (TD) (mean age: 9.87 ± 1.59 years; gender: 14M/6F) were recruited via convenience sampling. Participants performed a double-step reaching task under two conditions (with and without online adjustment of reaching). Cortical hemodynamic activity during task in ten regions of interest, including bilateral primary somatosensory cortex, primary motor cortex, premotor cortex, superior parietal cortex, and inferior parietal cortex was recorded using functional near-infrared spectroscopy. In the analyses, change in oxyhemoglobin (ΔHbO) concentration was used to characterize hemodynamic response. Two-way analyses of variance were conducted for each region of interest to compare hemodynamic responses between groups and conditions. Additionally, Pearson's r correlations between hemodynamic response and task performance were performed. RESULTS: Outcome showed that children with DCD required significantly more time to correct their reaching movements compared to the control group (t = 3.948, P < 0.001). Furthermore, children with DCD have a significantly lower ΔHbO change in the left superior parietal cortex during movement correction, compared to children with TD (F = 4.482, P = 0.041). Additionally, a significant negative correlation (r = - 0.598, P < 0.001) was observed between the difference in movement time of reaching and the difference in ΔHbO between conditions in the left superior parietal cortex. CONCLUSIONS: The findings of this study suggest that deficiencies in processing real-time sensory feedback, considering the function of the superior parietal cortex, might be related to the impaired online motor control observed in children with DCD. Interventions could target this issue to enhance their performance in online motor control.
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Trastornos de la Destreza Motora , Espectroscopía Infrarroja Corta , Humanos , Masculino , Femenino , Espectroscopía Infrarroja Corta/métodos , Niño , Trastornos de la Destreza Motora/fisiopatología , Trastornos de la Destreza Motora/diagnóstico por imagen , Estudios Transversales , Desempeño Psicomotor/fisiología , Corteza Cerebral/diagnóstico por imagen , Corteza Cerebral/fisiopatología , Hemodinámica/fisiologíaRESUMEN
Both cortical and cerebellar developmental differences have been implicated in attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). Recently accumulating neuroimaging studies have highlighted hierarchies as a fundamental principle of brain organization, suggesting the importance of assessing hierarchy abnormalities in ADHD. A novel gradient-based resting-state functional connectivity analysis was applied to investigate the cerebro-cerebellar disturbed hierarchy in children and adolescents with ADHD. We found that the interaction of functional gradient between diagnosis and age was concentrated in default mode network (DMN) and visual network (VN). At the same time, we also found that the opposite gradient changes of DMN and VN caused the compression of the cortical main gradient in ADHD patients, implicating the co-occurrence of both low- (visual processing) and high-order (self-related thought) cognitive dysfunction manifesting in abnormal cerebro-cerebellar organizational hierarchy in ADHD. Our study provides a neurobiological framework to better understand the co-occurrence and interaction of both low-level and high-level functional abnormalities in the cortex and cerebellum in ADHD.
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Trastorno por Déficit de Atención con Hiperactividad , Cerebelo , Corteza Cerebral , Conectoma , Imagen por Resonancia Magnética , Red Nerviosa , Humanos , Trastorno por Déficit de Atención con Hiperactividad/diagnóstico por imagen , Trastorno por Déficit de Atención con Hiperactividad/fisiopatología , Adolescente , Niño , Masculino , Cerebelo/diagnóstico por imagen , Cerebelo/fisiopatología , Femenino , Corteza Cerebral/diagnóstico por imagen , Corteza Cerebral/fisiopatología , Red Nerviosa/diagnóstico por imagen , Red Nerviosa/fisiopatología , Red en Modo Predeterminado/diagnóstico por imagen , Red en Modo Predeterminado/fisiopatologíaRESUMEN
Cell replacement therapies using medial ganglionic eminence (MGE)-derived GABAergic precursors reduce seizures by restoring inhibition in animal models of epilepsy. However, how MGE-derived cells affect abnormal neuronal networks and consequently brain oscillations to reduce ictogenesis is still under investigation. We performed quantitative analysis of pre-ictal local field potentials (LFP) of cortical and hippocampal CA1 areas recorded in vivo in the pilocarpine rat model of epilepsy, with or without intrahippocampal MGE-precursor grafts (PILO and PILO+MGE groups, respectively). The PILO+MGE animals had a significant reduction in the number of seizures. The quantitative analysis of pre-ictal LFP showed decreased power of cortical and hippocampal delta, theta and beta oscillations from the 5 min. interictal baseline to the 20 s. pre-ictal period in both groups. However, PILO+MGE animals had higher power of slow and fast oscillations in the cortex and lower power of slow and fast oscillations in the hippocampus compared to the PILO group. Additionally, PILO+MGE animals exhibited decreased cortico-hippocampal synchrony for theta and gamma oscillations at seizure onset and lower hippocampal CA1 synchrony between delta and theta with slow gamma oscillations compared to PILO animals. These findings suggest that MGE-derived cell integration into the abnormally rewired network may help control ictogenesis.
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Corteza Cerebral , Modelos Animales de Enfermedad , Epilepsia , Hipocampo , Pilocarpina , Animales , Pilocarpina/toxicidad , Hipocampo/fisiopatología , Masculino , Corteza Cerebral/fisiopatología , Epilepsia/inducido químicamente , Epilepsia/fisiopatología , Ratas , Ondas Encefálicas/fisiología , Ratas Wistar , Electroencefalografía , Eminencia GanglionarRESUMEN
Objective.We investigated tinnitus-related cortical networks in cochlear implant users who experience tinnitus and whose perception of tinnitus changes with use of their implant. Tinnitus, the perception of unwanted sounds which are not present externally, can be a debilitating condition. In individuals with cochlear implants, use of the implant is known to modulate tinnitus, often improving symptoms but worsening them in some cases. Little is known about underlying cortical changes with use of the implant, which lead to changes in tinnitus perception. In this study we investigated whether changes in brain networks with the cochlear implant turned on and off, were associated with changes in tinnitus perception, as rated subjectively.Approach.Using functional near-infrared spectroscopy, we recorded cortical activity at rest, from 14 cochlear implant users who experienced tinnitus. Recordings were performed with the cochlear implant turned off and on. For each condition, participants rated the loudness and annoyance of their tinnitus using a visual rating scale. Changes in neural synchrony have been reported in humans and animal models of tinnitus. To assess neural synchrony, functional connectivity networks with the implant turned on and off, were compared using two network features: node strength and diversity coefficient.Main results.Changes in subjective ratings of loudness were significantly correlated with changes in node strength, averaged across occipital channels (r=-0.65, p=0.01). Changes in both loudness and annoyance were significantly correlated with changes in diversity coefficient averaged across all channels (r=-0.79,p<0.001 and r=-0.86,p<0.001). More distributed connectivity with the implant on, compared to implant off, was associated with a reduction in tinnitus loudness and annoyance.Significance.A better understanding of neural mechanisms underlying tinnitus suppression with cochlear implant use, could lead to their application as a tinnitus treatment and pave the way for effective use of other less invasive stimulation-based treatments.
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Implantes Cocleares , Acúfeno , Acúfeno/fisiopatología , Humanos , Masculino , Femenino , Persona de Mediana Edad , Anciano , Adulto , Red Nerviosa/fisiopatología , Corteza Cerebral/fisiopatología , Índice de Severidad de la Enfermedad , Espectroscopía Infrarroja Corta/métodos , Corteza Auditiva/fisiopatologíaRESUMEN
BACKGROUND: Physical exercise is recognized as a potential strategy to mitigate the cognitive decline associated with mild cognitive impairment (MCI). This systematic review aims to examine the specific effects of physical exercise on cortical brain activity in patients with MCI, an area that has not been thoroughly explored. METHODS: We conducted a search across 9 electronic databases for randomized controlled trials assessing the impact of physical exercise on the cortical activity of patients with MCI. The search covered the period from database inception to September 2023. Literature screening, data extraction, and quality assessments were carried out by 2 independent researchers. Meta-analyses were conducted using RevMan 5.3, and publication bias was evaluated using STATA 17.0. This study primarily assessed P300 latency and amplitude, alongside cognitive evaluations using the mini-mental state examination and Montreal Cognitive Assessment. RESULTS: Six high-quality randomized controlled trials, involving a total of 360 participants, were included. Compared to the control group, significant enhancements were observed in the amplitude of central midline electrode (mean difference [MD]â =â 1.64 [95% confidence interval [CI], 0.92-2.36]; Pâ <â .00001), frontal midline electrode (MDâ =â 2.70 [95% CI, 2.02-3.38]; Pâ <â .00001), and parietal midline electrode (MDâ =â 2.42 [95% CI, 0.44-4.41]; Pâ =â .02). Latency periods of the central midline electrode (MDâ =â -32.40 [95% CI, -40.27 to -24.54]; Pâ <â .00001), frontal midline electrode (MDâ =â -12.57 [95% CI, -30.83 to 5.69]; Pâ =â .18), and parietal midline electrode (MDâ =â -12.57 [95% CI, -30.83 to 5.69]; Pâ =â .81) were also notably influenced. Moreover, overarching cognitive functions as measured by mini-mental state examination (MDâ =â 1.02 [95% CI, 0.61-1.43]; Pâ <â .00001) and Montreal Cognitive Assessment (MDâ =â 1.39 [95% CI, 0.67-2.12]; Pâ =â .0002) exhibited marked improvement. CONCLUSION: This meta-analysis suggests that physical exercise can augment the P300 amplitude, reduce the P300 latency period, and, overall, enhance cognitive functionality in individuals with MCI.
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Disfunción Cognitiva , Ejercicio Físico , Humanos , Disfunción Cognitiva/fisiopatología , Disfunción Cognitiva/terapia , Ejercicio Físico/fisiología , Ensayos Clínicos Controlados Aleatorios como Asunto , Pruebas de Estado Mental y Demencia , Terapia por Ejercicio/métodos , Potenciales Relacionados con Evento P300/fisiología , Corteza Cerebral/fisiopatologíaRESUMEN
In adults affected by Major Depressive Disorder (MDD), most findings point to higher electroencephalographic (EEG) theta power during wake compared to healthy controls (HC) as a potential biomarker aiding the diagnostic process or subgrouping for stratified treatment. Besides these group differences, theta power is modulated by time of day, sleep/wake history, and age. Thus, we aimed at assessing if the time of recording alters theta power in teenagers affected by MDD or HC. Standardized wake EEG power was assessed with high-density EEG in 15 children and adolescents with MDD and in 15 age- and sex-matched HC in the evening and morning. Using a two-way ANOVA, group, time, and their interaction were tested. In patients, the current severity of depression was rated using the Children's Depression Rating Scale. Broadband EEG power was lower in the morning after sleep, with a significant interaction (group x time) in central regions in the 4-6 Hz range. In MDD relative to HC, theta power was decreased over occipital areas in the evening and increased over frontal areas in the morning. A higher frontal theta power was correlated with more severe depressive mood in the morning but not in the evening. This was a cross-sectional study design, including patients on antidepressant medication. In conclusion, depending on time of recording, region-specific opposite differences of theta power were found between teenagers with MDD and HC. These findings stress the importance of the time of the recording when investigating theta power's relationship to psychopathology.
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Trastorno Depresivo Mayor , Electroencefalografía , Ritmo Teta , Humanos , Trastorno Depresivo Mayor/fisiopatología , Adolescente , Masculino , Femenino , Ritmo Teta/fisiología , Estudios Transversales , Niño , Corteza Cerebral/fisiopatología , Factores de Tiempo , Sueño/fisiologíaRESUMEN
BACKGROUND: Borderline personality disorder (BPD) is a severe mental illness, with high rates of co-morbid depression and suicidality. Despite the importance of optimizing treatment in BPD, little is known about how neural processes relate to individual treatment response. This study examines how baseline regional brain blood oxygen level dependent (BOLD) activation during a functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) task of emotion regulation is related to treatment response following a six-month randomized clinical trial of Dialectical Behavior Therapy (DBT) or Selective Serotonin Reuptake Inhibitor (SSRI) treatment. METHODS: Unmedicated females with BPD (N = 37), with recent suicidal behavior or self-injury, underwent an fMRI task in which negative personal memories were presented and they were asked to distance (i.e., downregulate their emotional response) or immerse (i.e., experience emotions freely). Patients were then randomized to DBT (N = 16) or SSRI (N = 21) treatment, with baseline and post-treatment depression and BPD severity assessed. RESULTS: BOLD activity in prefrontal cortex, anterior cingulate, and insula was associated with distancing. Baseline BOLD during distancing in dorsolateral, ventrolateral, and orbital prefrontal cortex (dlPFC, vlPFC, OFC) differentially predicted depression response across treatment groups, with higher activity predicting better response in the SSRI group, and lower activity predicting better response in the DBT group. LIMITATIONS: All female samples. DISCUSSION: Findings indicate that greater prefrontal engagement during emotion regulation may predict more antidepressant benefit from SSRIs, whereas lower engagement may predict better response to DBT. These results suggest different mechanisms of action for SSRI and DBT treatment, and this may allow fMRI to guide individualized treatment selection.
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Trastorno de Personalidad Limítrofe , Regulación Emocional , Imagen por Resonancia Magnética , Corteza Prefrontal , Inhibidores Selectivos de la Recaptación de Serotonina , Humanos , Trastorno de Personalidad Limítrofe/fisiopatología , Trastorno de Personalidad Limítrofe/terapia , Trastorno de Personalidad Limítrofe/tratamiento farmacológico , Trastorno de Personalidad Limítrofe/diagnóstico por imagen , Femenino , Regulación Emocional/fisiología , Corteza Prefrontal/fisiopatología , Corteza Prefrontal/diagnóstico por imagen , Adulto , Inhibidores Selectivos de la Recaptación de Serotonina/uso terapéutico , Inhibidores Selectivos de la Recaptación de Serotonina/farmacología , Terapia Conductual Dialéctica , Adulto Joven , Resultado del Tratamiento , Giro del Cíngulo/fisiopatología , Giro del Cíngulo/diagnóstico por imagen , Corteza Cerebral/diagnóstico por imagen , Corteza Cerebral/fisiopatología , Emociones/fisiología , Conducta Autodestructiva/fisiopatología , Conducta Autodestructiva/terapiaRESUMEN
Previous studies in small samples have identified inconsistent cortical abnormalities in major depressive disorder (MDD). Despite genetic influences on MDD and the brain, it is unclear how genetic risk for MDD is translated into spatially patterned cortical vulnerability. Here, we initially examined voxel-wise differences in cortical function and structure using the largest multi-modal MRI data from 1660 MDD patients and 1341 controls. Combined with the Allen Human Brain Atlas, we then adopted transcription-neuroimaging spatial correlation and the newly developed ensemble-based gene category enrichment analysis to identify gene categories with expression related to cortical changes in MDD. Results showed that patients had relatively circumscribed impairments in local functional properties and broadly distributed disruptions in global functional connectivity, consistently characterized by hyper-function in associative areas and hypo-function in primary regions. Moreover, the local functional alterations were correlated with genes enriched for biological functions related to MDD in general (e.g., endoplasmic reticulum stress, mitogen-activated protein kinase, histone acetylation, and DNA methylation); and the global functional connectivity changes were associated with not only MDD-general, but also brain-relevant genes (e.g., neuron, synapse, axon, glial cell, and neurotransmitters). Our findings may provide important insights into the transcriptomic signatures of regional cortical vulnerability to MDD.
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Trastorno Depresivo Mayor , Transcriptoma , Humanos , Trastorno Depresivo Mayor/genética , Trastorno Depresivo Mayor/fisiopatología , Femenino , Masculino , Adulto , Corteza Cerebral/fisiopatología , Corteza Cerebral/diagnóstico por imagen , Corteza Cerebral/metabolismo , Persona de Mediana Edad , Imagen por Resonancia Magnética , Perfilación de la Expresión GénicaRESUMEN
PURPOSE: The discovery of the glymphatic system, crucial for cerebrospinal and interstitial fluid exchange, has enhanced our grasp of brain protein balance and its potential role in neurodegenerative disease prevention and therapy. Detecting early neurodegenerative shifts via noninvasive biomarkers could be key in identifying at-risk individuals for Alzheimer's disease (AD). Our research explores a diffusion tensor imaging (DTI) method that measures cortical mean diffusivity (cMD), potentially a more sensitive indicator of neurodegeneration than traditional macrostructural methods. MATERIALS AND METHODS: We analyzed 67 post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD)-diagnosed veterans from the Alzheimer's Disease Neuroimaging Initiative database. Participants underwent structural MRI, DTI, Aß PET imaging, and cognitive testing. We focused on the DTI-ALPS technique to assess glymphatic function and its relation to cMD, cortical Aß accumulation, and thickness, accounting for age and APOE ε4 allele variations. RESULTS: The cohort, all male with an average age of 68.1 (SD 3.4), showed a strong inverse correlation between DTI-ALPS and cMD in AD-affected regions, especially in the entorhinal, parahippocampal, and fusiform areas. Higher DTI-ALPS readings were consistently linked with greater cortical thickness, independent of Aß deposits and genetic risk factors. Age and cMD emerged as inversely proportional predictors of DTI-ALPS, indicating a complex interaction with age. CONCLUSION: The study confirms a meaningful association between glymphatic efficiency and cMD in AD-sensitive zones, accentuating cortical microstructural alterations in PTSD. It positions DTI-ALPS as a viable biomarker for assessing glymphatic function in PTSD, implicating changes in DTI-ALPS as indicative of glymphatic impairment.
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Enfermedad de Alzheimer , Corteza Cerebral , Imagen de Difusión Tensora , Sistema Glinfático , Trastornos por Estrés Postraumático , Veteranos , Humanos , Trastornos por Estrés Postraumático/diagnóstico por imagen , Trastornos por Estrés Postraumático/fisiopatología , Trastornos por Estrés Postraumático/patología , Masculino , Anciano , Sistema Glinfático/diagnóstico por imagen , Sistema Glinfático/fisiopatología , Corteza Cerebral/diagnóstico por imagen , Corteza Cerebral/patología , Corteza Cerebral/fisiopatología , Persona de Mediana Edad , Veteranos/psicología , Enfermedad de Alzheimer/diagnóstico por imagen , Enfermedad de Alzheimer/patología , Enfermedad de Alzheimer/fisiopatología , Imagen por Resonancia Magnética , Tomografía de Emisión de Positrones , Péptidos beta-Amiloides/metabolismoRESUMEN
INTRODUCTION: Structural and functional abnormalities in the cortical-striatal network (CSN) are hypothesised to play a key role in the pathogenesis of neurological disease-associated fatigue. Some small-scale functional MRI (fMRI) studies have suggested that poststroke fatigue (PSF) is related to focal functional connectivity (FC) changes. To date, there has been no published large-scale fMRI study on PSF. This planned study will examine the role of the CSN FC on PSF. METHODS AND ANALYSIS: The planned study will be a prospective cohort study conducted at the Neurology Unit of the Prince of Wales Hospital. We will recruit 738 participants. The project duration will be 36 months. A psychiatrist will administer the Fatigue Severity Scale (FSS) at 3 months (P1) following the index stroke. PSF is defined as an FSS Score≥4.0. PSF severity will be defined by the FSS total score at P1. Participants with PSF at P1 will undergo two follow-up assessments at 9 (P2) and 15 (P3) months post stroke. PSF remission at P2 or P3 will be defined as a 50% reduction in FSS. Participants will undergo MRI examinations within 2 weeks of the 3-month poststroke assessment. Structural MRI, resting-state fMRI and diffusion tensor imaging will be performed. FC, structural connectivity, infarcts, cerebral microbleeds and white matter hyperintensities will be analysed. For the primary analysis, the effect of PSF on the FC, structural connectivity and diffusion metrics of CSN of stroke survivors, voxel-wise two-sample t-tests will be performed with FDR correction for multiple comparison and significance level set at p<0.05. ETHICS AND DISSEMINATION: Ethical approval was obtained from the Joint Chinese University of Hong Kong-New Territories East Cluster clinical research ethics committee. The study findings will be shared through peer-reviewed journal publications, national and international conferences and social media platforms.
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Fatiga , Imagen por Resonancia Magnética , Accidente Cerebrovascular , Humanos , Imagen por Resonancia Magnética/métodos , Accidente Cerebrovascular/diagnóstico por imagen , Accidente Cerebrovascular/fisiopatología , Accidente Cerebrovascular/complicaciones , Estudios de Casos y Controles , Estudios Prospectivos , Fatiga/etiología , Fatiga/fisiopatología , Femenino , Cuerpo Estriado/diagnóstico por imagen , Cuerpo Estriado/fisiopatología , Corteza Cerebral/diagnóstico por imagen , Corteza Cerebral/fisiopatología , Masculino , Adulto , Persona de Mediana EdadRESUMEN
The deficit in social interaction skills among individuals with autism spectrum disorder (ASD) is strongly influenced by personal experiences and social environments. Neuroimaging studies have previously highlighted the link between social impairment and brain activity in ASD. This study aims to develop a method for assessing and identifying ASD using a social cognitive game-based paradigm combined with electroencephalo-graphy (EEG) signaling features. Typically developing (TD) participants and autistic preadolescents and teenagers were recruited to participate in a social game while 12-channel EEG signals were recorded. The EEG signals underwent preprocessing to analyze local brain activities, including event-related potentials (ERPs) and time-frequency features. Additionally, the global brain network's functional connectivity between brain regions was evaluated using phase-lag indices (PLIs). Subsequently, machine learning models were employed to assess the neurophysiological features. Results indicated pronounced ERP components, particularly the late positive potential (LPP), in parietal regions during social training. Autistic preadolescents and teenagers exhibited lower LPP amplitudes and larger P200 amplitudes compared to TD participants. Reduced theta synchronization was also observed in the ASD group. Aberrant functional connectivity within certain time intervals was noted in the ASD group. Machine learning analysis revealed that support-vector machines achieved a sensitivity of 100%, specificity of 91.7%, and accuracy of 95.8% as part of the performance evaluation when utilizing ERP and brain oscillation features for ASD characterization. These findings suggest that social interaction difficulties in autism are linked to specific brain activation patterns. Traditional behavioral assessments face challenges of subjectivity and accuracy, indicating the potential use of social training interfaces and EEG features for cognitive assessment in ASD.
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Trastorno del Espectro Autista , Electroencefalografía , Potenciales Evocados , Aprendizaje Automático , Humanos , Trastorno del Espectro Autista/fisiopatología , Adolescente , Electroencefalografía/métodos , Niño , Masculino , Femenino , Potenciales Evocados/fisiología , Corteza Cerebral/fisiopatología , Corteza Cerebral/diagnóstico por imagen , Juegos de Video , Algoritmos , Teléfono Inteligente , Interacción SocialRESUMEN
By connecting old and recent notions, different spatial scales, and research domains, we introduce a novel framework on the consequences of brain injury focusing on a key role of slow waves. We argue that the long-standing finding of EEG slow waves after brain injury reflects the intrusion of sleep-like cortical dynamics during wakefulness; we illustrate how these dynamics are generated and how they can lead to functional network disruption and behavioral impairment. Finally, we outline a scenario whereby post-injury slow waves can be modulated to reawaken parts of the brain that have fallen asleep to optimize rehabilitation strategies and promote recovery.
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Lesiones Encefálicas , Electroencefalografía , Sueño , Vigilia , Vigilia/fisiología , Humanos , Lesiones Encefálicas/fisiopatología , Sueño/fisiología , Corteza Cerebral/fisiopatología , Animales , Encéfalo/fisiopatología , Red Nerviosa/fisiopatologíaRESUMEN
BACKGROUND: The insula and dorsal anterior cingulate cortex (dACC) are core brain regions involved in pain processing and central sensitization, a shared mechanism across various chronic pain conditions. Methods to modulate these regions may serve to reduce central sensitization, though it is unclear which target may be most efficacious for different measures of central sensitization. OBJECTIVE/HYPOTHESIS: Investigate the effect of low-intensity focused ultrasound (LIFU) to the anterior insula (AI), posterior insula (PI), or dACC on conditioned pain modulation (CPM) and temporal summation of pain (TSP). METHODS: N = 16 volunteers underwent TSP and CPM pain tasks pre/post a 10 min LIFU intervention to either the AI, PI, dACC or Sham stimulation. Pain ratings were collected pre/post LIFU. RESULTS: Only LIFU to the PI significantly attenuated pain ratings during the TSP protocol. No effects were found for the CPM task for any of the LIFU targets. LIFU pressure modulated group means but did not affect overall group differences. CONCLUSIONS: LIFU to the PI reduced temporal summation of pain. This may, in part, be due to dosing (pressure) of LIFU. Inhibition of the PI with LIFU may be a future potential therapy in chronic pain populations demonstrating central sensitization. The minimal effective dose of LIFU for efficacious neuromodulation will help to translate LIFU for therapeutic options.
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Corteza Insular , Humanos , Masculino , Femenino , Adulto , Adulto Joven , Corteza Insular/fisiología , Corteza Insular/diagnóstico por imagen , Dimensión del Dolor , Manejo del Dolor/métodos , Dolor , Terapia por Ultrasonido/métodos , Corteza Cerebral/fisiología , Corteza Cerebral/diagnóstico por imagen , Corteza Cerebral/fisiopatologíaRESUMEN
BACKGROUND: Anhedonia is an enduring symptom of subthreshold depression (StD) and predict later onset of major depressive disorder (MDD). Brain structural covariance describes the inter-regional distribution of morphological changes compared to healthy controls (HC) and reflects brain maturation and disease progression. We investigated neural correlates of anhedonia from the structural covariance. METHODS: T1-weighted brain magnetic resonance images were acquired from 79 young adults (26 StD, 30 MDD, and 23 HC). Intra-individual structural covariance networks of 68 cortical surface area (CSAs), 68 cortical thicknesses (CTs), and 14 subcortical volumes were constructed. Group-level hubs and principal edges were defined using the global and regional graph metrics, compared between groups, and examined for the association with anhedonia severity. RESULTS: Global network metrics were comparable among the StD, MDD, and HC. StD exhibited lower centralities of left pallidal volume than HC. StD showed higher centralities than HC in the CSAs of right rostral anterior cingulate cortex (ACC) and pars triangularis, and in the CT of left pars orbitalis. Less anhedonia was associated with higher centralities of left pallidum and right amygdala, higher edge betweenness centralities in the structural covariance (EBSC) of left postcentral gyrus-parahippocampal gyrus and LIPL-right amygdala. More anhedonia was associated with higher centralities of left inferior parietal lobule (LIPL), left postcentral gyrus, left caudal ACC, and higher EBSC of LIPL-left postcentral gyrus, LIPL-right lateral occipital gyrus, and left caudal ACC-parahippocampal gyrus. LIMITATIONS: This study has a cross-sectional design. CONCLUSIONS: Structural covariance of brain morphologies within the salience and limbic networks, and among the salience-limbic-default mode-somatomotor-visual networks, are possible neural correlates of anhedonia in depression.
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Anhedonia , Trastorno Depresivo Mayor , Imagen por Resonancia Magnética , Humanos , Anhedonia/fisiología , Masculino , Femenino , Adulto Joven , Trastorno Depresivo Mayor/diagnóstico por imagen , Trastorno Depresivo Mayor/fisiopatología , Trastorno Depresivo Mayor/patología , Adulto , Depresión/diagnóstico por imagen , Depresión/fisiopatología , Corteza Cerebral/diagnóstico por imagen , Corteza Cerebral/patología , Corteza Cerebral/fisiopatología , Encéfalo/diagnóstico por imagen , Encéfalo/patología , Encéfalo/fisiopatología , Amígdala del Cerebelo/diagnóstico por imagen , Amígdala del Cerebelo/patología , Amígdala del Cerebelo/fisiopatología , Giro del Cíngulo/diagnóstico por imagen , Giro del Cíngulo/patología , Giro del Cíngulo/fisiopatología , Red Nerviosa/diagnóstico por imagen , Red Nerviosa/fisiopatologíaRESUMEN
BACKGROUND: Increased 4-12 Hz oscillatory activity in the cortico-basal ganglia-thalamo-cortical (CBGTC) loop is reported in dystonia. Coherence analysis is a measure of linear coupling between two signals, revealing oscillatory activity drives that are common across motor units. By performing coherence analysis, activity of the CBGTC-loop can be measured with modalities like local field potentials (LFPs), electromyography (EMG), and electro-encephalography (EEG). The aim of this study is to perform a systematic review on the use of coherence analysis for clinical assessment and treatment of dystonia. METHODS: A systematic review was performed on a search in Embase and PubMed on June 28th, 2023. All studies incorporating coherence analysis and an adult dystonia cohort were included. Three authors evaluated the eligibility of the articles. Quality was assessed using the QUADAS-2 checklist. RESULTS: A total of 41 articles were included, with data of 395 adult dystonia patients. In the selected records, six different types of coherence were investigated: corticocortical, corticopallidal, corticomuscular, pallidopallidal, pallidomuscular, and intermuscular coherence. Various types of 4-12 coherence were found to be increased in all dystonia subtypes. CONCLUSION: There is increased 4-12 Hz coherence found between the cortex, basal ganglia, and affected muscles in all dystonia subtypes. However, the relationship between 4-12 Hz coherence and the dystonic clinical state has not been established. DBS treatment leads to a reduction of 4-12 Hz coherence. In combination with the results of this review, the 4-12 Hz frequency band can be used as a promising phenomenon for the development of a biomarker.
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Distonía , Humanos , Distonía/fisiopatología , Distonía/terapia , Electromiografía/métodos , Trastornos Distónicos/fisiopatología , Trastornos Distónicos/terapia , Trastornos Distónicos/diagnóstico , Electroencefalografía/métodos , Ganglios Basales/fisiopatología , Corteza Cerebral/fisiopatologíaRESUMEN
OBJECTIVE: While evoked potentials elicited by single pulse electrical stimulation (SPES) may assist seizure onset zone (SOZ) localization during intracranial EEG (iEEG) monitoring, induced high frequency activity has also shown promising utility. We aimed to predict SOZ sites using induced cortico-cortical spectral responses (CCSRs) as an index of excitability within epileptogenic networks. METHODS: SPES was conducted in 27 epilepsy patients undergoing iEEG monitoring and CCSRs were quantified by significant early (10-200 ms) increases in power from 10 to 250 Hz. Using response power as CCSR network connection strengths, graph centrality measures (metrics quantifying each site's influence within the network) were used to predict whether sites were within the SOZ. RESULTS: Across patients with successful surgical outcomes, greater CCSR centrality predicted SOZ sites and SOZ sites targeted for surgical treatment with median AUCs of 0.85 and 0.91, respectively. We found that the alignment between predicted and targeted SOZ sites predicted surgical outcome with an AUC of 0.79. CONCLUSIONS: These findings indicate that network analysis of CCSRs can be used to identify increased excitability of SOZ sites and discriminate important surgical targets within the SOZ. SIGNIFICANCE: CCSRs may supplement traditional passive iEEG monitoring in seizure localization, potentially reducing the need for recording numerous seizures.
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Estimulación Eléctrica , Convulsiones , Humanos , Masculino , Femenino , Adulto , Convulsiones/fisiopatología , Convulsiones/cirugía , Convulsiones/diagnóstico , Estimulación Eléctrica/métodos , Adulto Joven , Adolescente , Electrocorticografía/métodos , Persona de Mediana Edad , Electroencefalografía/métodos , Red Nerviosa/fisiopatología , Potenciales Evocados/fisiología , Corteza Cerebral/fisiopatología , Epilepsia/fisiopatología , Epilepsia/cirugía , Epilepsia/diagnósticoRESUMEN
OBJECTIVES: Absence seizures impair psychosocial function, yet their detailed neuronal basis remains unknown. Recent work in a rat model suggests that cortical arousal state changes prior to seizures and that single neurons show diverse firing patterns during seizures. Our aim was to extend these investigations to a mouse model with studies of neuronal activity and arousal state to facilitate future fundamental investigations of absence epilepsy. METHODS: We performed in vivo extracellular single unit recordings on awake head-fixed C3H/HeJ mice. Mice were implanted with tripolar electrodes for cortical electroencephalography (EEG). Extracellular single unit recordings were obtained with glass micropipettes in the somatosensory barrel cortex, while animals ambulated freely on a running wheel. Signals were digitized and analyzed during seizures and at baseline. RESULTS: Neuronal activity was recorded from 36 cortical neurons in 19 mice while EEG showed characteristic 7-8 Hz spike-wave discharges. Different single neurons showed distinct firing patterns during seizures, but the overall mean population neuronal firing rate during seizures was no different from pre-seizure baseline. However, the rhythmicity of neuronal firing during seizures was significantly increased (p < 0.001). In addition, beginning 10s prior to seizure initiation, we observed a progressive decrease in cortical high frequency (>40 Hz) EEG and an increase in lower frequency (1-39 Hz) activity suggesting decreased arousal state. SIGNIFICANCE: We found that the awake head-fixed C3H/HeJ mouse model demonstrated rhythmic neuronal firing during seizures, and a decreased cortical arousal state prior to seizure onset. Unlike the rat model we did not observe an overall decrease in neuronal firing during seizures. Similarities and differences across species strengthen the ability to investigate fundamental key mechanisms. Future work in the mouse model will identify the molecular basis of neurons with different firing patterns, their role in seizure initiation and behavioral deficits, with ultimate translation to human absence epilepsy.
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Nivel de Alerta , Modelos Animales de Enfermedad , Electroencefalografía , Epilepsia Tipo Ausencia , Ratones Endogámicos C3H , Neuronas , Animales , Epilepsia Tipo Ausencia/fisiopatología , Ratones , Nivel de Alerta/fisiología , Neuronas/fisiología , Masculino , Potenciales de Acción/fisiología , Corteza Cerebral/fisiopatología , Periodicidad , Corteza Somatosensorial/fisiopatologíaRESUMEN
Thrombospondins (TSPs) are astrocyte-secreted extracellular matrix proteins that play key roles as regulators of synaptogenesis in the central nervous system. We previously showed that TSP1/2 are upregulated in the partial neocortical isolation model ("undercut" or "UC" below) of posttraumatic epileptogenesis and may contribute to abnormal axonal sprouting, aberrant synaptogenesis and epileptiform discharges in the UC cortex. These results led to the hypothesis that posttraumatic epileptogeneis would be reduced in TSP1/2 knockout (TSP1/2 KO) mice. To test the hypothesis, we made UC lesions at P21, and subsequent experiments were conducted 14d later at P35. Ex vivo extracellular single or multi-electrode field potential recordings were obtained from layer V in cortical slices at P35 and in vivo video-EEGs of spontaneous epileptiform bursts were recorded to examine the effect of TSP1/2 deletion on epileptogenesis following cortical injury. Immunohistochemical experiments were performed to assess the effect of TSP1/2 KO + UC on the number of putative excitatory synapses and the expression of TSP4 and HEVIN, other astrocytic proteins known to up-regulate excitatory synapse formation. Unexpectedly, our results showed that, compared with WT + UC mice, TSP1/2 KO + UC mice displayed increased epileptiform activity, as indicated by 1) increased incidence and more rapid propagation of evoked and spontaneous epileptiform discharges in UC neocortical slices; 2) increased occurrence of spontaneous epileptiform discharges in vivo. There was an associated increase in the density of VLUT1/PSD95-IR colocalizations (putative excitatory synapses) and significantly upregulated TSP4- and HEVIN-IR in TSP1/2 KO + UC versus WT + UC mice. Results suggest that TSP1/2 deletion plays a potential epileptogenic role following neocortical injury, associated with compensatory upregulation of TSP4 and HEVIN, which may contribute to the increase in the density of excitatory synapses and resulting neural network hyperexcitability.
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Ratones Noqueados , Trombospondina 1 , Trombospondinas , Animales , Trombospondinas/genética , Trombospondinas/metabolismo , Trombospondina 1/genética , Trombospondina 1/metabolismo , Ratones , Masculino , Ratones Endogámicos C57BL , Corteza Cerebral/metabolismo , Corteza Cerebral/fisiopatología , Epilepsia/genética , Epilepsia/fisiopatología , Epilepsia/metabolismo , Sinapsis/metabolismo , Electroencefalografía , Neocórtex/metabolismo , Neocórtex/fisiopatologíaRESUMEN
OBJECTIVE: To assess the value of combining brain and autonomic measures to discriminate the subjective perception of pain from other sensory-cognitive activations. METHODS: 20 healthy individuals received 2 types of tonic painful stimulation delivered to the hand: electrical stimuli and immersion in 10 Celsius degree (°C) water, which were contrasted with non-painful immersion in 15 °C water, and stressful cognitive testing. High-density electroencephalography (EEG) and autonomic measures (pupillary, electrodermal and cardiovascular) were continuously recorded, and the accuracy of pain detection based on combinations of electrophysiological features was assessed using machine learning procedures. RESULTS: Painful stimuli induced a significant decrease in contralateral EEG alpha power. Cardiac, electrodermal and pupillary reactivities occurred in both painful and stressful conditions. Classification models, trained on leave-one-out cross-validation folds, showed low accuracy (61-73%) of cortical and autonomic features taken independently, while their combination significantly improved accuracy to 93% in individual reports. CONCLUSIONS: Changes in cortical oscillations reflecting somatosensory salience and autonomic changes reflecting arousal can be triggered by many activating signals other than pain; conversely, the simultaneous occurrence of somatosensory activation plus strong autonomic arousal has great probability of reflecting pain uniquely. SIGNIFICANCE: Combining changes in cortical and autonomic reactivities appears critical to derive accurate indexes of acute pain perception.
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Sistema Nervioso Autónomo , Electroencefalografía , Dolor , Humanos , Masculino , Femenino , Adulto , Sistema Nervioso Autónomo/fisiopatología , Dolor/fisiopatología , Dolor/diagnóstico , Electroencefalografía/métodos , Corteza Cerebral/fisiopatología , Adulto Joven , Dimensión del Dolor/métodos , Respuesta Galvánica de la Piel/fisiología , Percepción del Dolor/fisiología , Estimulación Eléctrica/métodosRESUMEN
OBJECTIVES: Motor symptoms of Parkinson's disease improve during REM sleep behavior disorder movement episodes. Our aim was to study cortical activity during these movement episodes, in patients with and without Parkinson's disease, in order to investigate the cortical involvement in the generation of its electromyographic activity and its potential relationship with Parkinson's disease. METHODS: We looked retrospectively in our polysomnography database for patients with REM sleep behavior disorder, analyzing fifteen patients in total, seven with idiopathic REM sleep behavior disorder and eight associated with Parkinson's disease. We selected segments of REM sleep with the presence of movements (evidenced by electromyographic activation), and studied movement-related changes in cortical activity by averaging the electroencephalographic signal (premotor potential) and by means of time/frequency transforms. RESULTS: We found a premotor potential and an energy decrease of alpha-beta oscillatory activity preceding the onset of electromyographic activity, together with an increase of gamma activity for the duration of the movement. All these changes were similarly present in REM sleep behavior disorder patients with and without Parkinson's disease. CONCLUSIONS: Movement-related changes in electroencephalographic activity observed in REM sleep behavior disorder are similar to those observed during voluntary movements, regardless of the presence of Parkinson's disease motor symptoms. SIGNIFICANCE: These results suggest a main involvement of the cortex in the generation of the movements during REM sleep.