RESUMEN

Maximal oxygen uptake (VO2max) is a determining indicator for cardiorespiratory capacity in endurance athletes, and epigenetics is crucial in its levels and variability. This initial study examined a broad plasma miRNA profile of twenty-three trained elite endurance athletes with similar training volumes but different VO2max in response to an acute maximal graded endurance test. Six were clustered as higher/lower levels based on their VO2max (75.4 ± 0.9 and 60.1 ± 5.0 mL.kg-1.min-1). Plasma was obtained from athletes before and after the test and 15 ng of total RNA was extracted and detected using an SYBR-based 1113 miRNA RT-qPCR panel. A total of 51 miRNAs were differentially expressed among group comparisons. Relative amounts of miRNA showed a clustering behavior among groups regarding distinct performance/time points. Significantly expressed miRNAs were used to perform functional bioinformatic analysis (DIANA tools). Fatty acid metabolism pathways were strongly targeted for the significantly different miRNAs in all performance groups and time points (p < 0.001). Although this pathway does not solely determine endurance performance, their significant contribution is certainly achieved through the involvement of miRNAs. A highly genetically dependent gold standard variable for performance evaluation in a homogeneous group of elite athletes allowed genetic/epigenetic aspects related to fatty acid pathways to emerge.

Asunto(s)

Atletas , MicroARN Circulante , Ácidos Grasos , Resistencia Física , Carrera , Humanos , Masculino , Resistencia Física/genética , Adulto , Ácidos Grasos/sangre , Ácidos Grasos/metabolismo , MicroARN Circulante/genética , MicroARN Circulante/sangre , Consumo de Oxígeno/genética , MicroARNs/genética , MicroARNs/sangre , Transducción de Señal/genética , Femenino

RESUMEN

The purpose of this study was to verify the association between angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) genotypes DD, DI, and II and caffeine (CAF) ingestion on endurance performance, heart rate, ratio of perceived exertion (RPE), and habitual caffeine intake (HCI) of adolescent athletes. Seventy-four male adolescent athletes (age: DD=16±1.7; DI=16±2.0; II=15±1.7 years) ingested CAF (6 mg/kg) or placebo (PLA) one hour before performing the Yo-Yo Intermittent Recovery level 1 (Yo-Yo IR1) test. No difference was found among groups for HCI. However, CAF increased the maximal distance covered and VO2max in DI and II genotype carriers compared to PLA (DD: Δ=31 m and 0.3 mL·kg-1·min-1; DI: Δ=286 m and 1.1 mL·kg-1·min-1; II: Δ=160 m and 1.4 mL·kg-1·min-1). Heart rate of DI and II genotype carriers increased with CAF compared to PLA, while RPE was higher in the II and lower in the DD genotypes. The correlations between HCI and maximal distance covered or VO2max were significant in the II genotype carriers with CAF. CAF increased endurance capacity, heart rate, and RPE in adolescent athletes with allele I, while endurance performance and aerobic power had a positive correlation to HCI in the II genotype group. These findings suggested that DD genotype were less responsive to CAF and that genetic variations should be taken into account when using CAF supplementation to enhance exercise performance.

Asunto(s)

Atletas , Cafeína , Genotipo , Frecuencia Cardíaca , Peptidil-Dipeptidasa A , Esfuerzo Físico , Humanos , Adolescente , Masculino , Frecuencia Cardíaca/efectos de los fármacos , Cafeína/administración & dosificación , Esfuerzo Físico/fisiología , Peptidil-Dipeptidasa A/genética , Rendimiento Atlético/fisiología , Resistencia Física/efectos de los fármacos , Resistencia Física/genética , Polimorfismo Genético/genética , Brasil , Consumo de Oxígeno/genética , Consumo de Oxígeno/efectos de los fármacos , Sustancias para Mejorar el Rendimiento/administración & dosificación

RESUMEN

PURPOSE: To examine the association of the single nucleotide polymorphism A1470T in the SLC16A1 gene with blood lactate accumulation during a graded exercise test and its associated metaboreflex. METHODS: Forty-six Latin-American men (Age: 27 ± 6 years; Body fat: 17.5 ± 4.7%) performed a graded exercise test on a treadmill for the assessment of maximal oxygen uptake (VO2max), lactate threshold (LT), ventilatory threshold (VT) and the exercise intensity corresponding to maximal fat oxidation rate (FATmax), via capillary blood samples and indirect calorimetry. Genomic DNA was extracted from a peripheral blood sample. Genotyping assay was carried out by real-time polymerase chain reaction to identify the A1470T polymorphism (rs1049434). RESULTS: Genotypes distribution were in Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium (X2 = 5.6, p > 0.05), observing allele frequencies of 0.47 and 0.53 for the A and T alleles, respectively. No difference in VO2max, body composition nor FATmax were observed across genotypes, whereas carriers of the TT genotype showed a higher LT (24.5 ± 2.2 vs. 15.6 ± 1.7 mL kg-1 min-1, p < 0.01) and VT in comparison to carriers of the AA + AT genotypes (32.5 ± 3.3 vs. 21.7 ± 1.5 mL kg-1 min-1, p < 0.01). Both, VO2max and the A1470T polymorphism were positively associated to the LT (R2 = 0.50, p < 0.01) and VT (R2 = 0.55, p < 0.01). Only VO2max was associated to FATmax (R2 = 0.39, p < 0.01). CONCLUSION: Independently of cardiorespiratory fitness, the A1470T polymorphism is associated to blood lactate accumulation and its associated ventilatory response during submaximal intensity exercise. However, the A1470 polymorphism does not influence fat oxidation capacity during exercise in young men.

Asunto(s)

Ácido Láctico , Transportadores de Ácidos Monocarboxílicos , Polimorfismo de Nucleótido Simple , Simportadores , Humanos , Masculino , Adulto , Ácido Láctico/sangre , Simportadores/genética , Transportadores de Ácidos Monocarboxílicos/genética , Transportadores de Ácidos Monocarboxílicos/metabolismo , Consumo de Oxígeno/genética , Consumo de Oxígeno/fisiología , Oxidación-Reducción , Prueba de Esfuerzo , Genotipo , Umbral Anaerobio/genética , Umbral Anaerobio/fisiología , Ejercicio Físico/fisiología , Metabolismo de los Lípidos/genética , Metabolismo de los Lípidos/fisiología

RESUMEN

NAD(P)+ transhydrogenase (NNT) is located in the inner mitochondrial membrane and catalyzes a reversible hydride transfer between NAD(H) and NADP(H) that is coupled to proton translocation between the intermembrane space and mitochondrial matrix. NNT activity has an essential role in maintaining the NADPH supply for antioxidant defense and biosynthetic pathways. In the present report, we evaluated the effects of chemical compounds used as inhibitors of NNT over the last five decades, namely, 4-chloro-7-nitrobenzofurazan (NBD-Cl), N,N'-dicyclohexylcarbodiimide (DCC), palmitoyl-CoA, palmitoyl-l-carnitine, and rhein, on NNT activity and mitochondrial respiratory function. Concentrations of these compounds that partially inhibited the forward and reverse NNT reactions in detergent-solubilized mouse liver mitochondria significantly impaired mitochondrial respiratory function, as estimated by ADP-stimulated and nonphosphorylating respiration. Among the tested compounds, NBD-Cl showed the best relationship between NNT inhibition and low impact on respiratory function. Despite this, NBD-Cl concentrations that partially inhibited NNT activity impaired mitochondrial respiratory function and significantly decreased the viability of cultured Nnt-/- mouse astrocytes. We conclude that even though the tested compounds indeed presented inhibitory effects on NNT activity, at effective concentrations, they cause important undesirable effects on mitochondrial respiratory function and cell viability.

Asunto(s)

Inhibidores Enzimáticos/farmacología , Mitocondrias Hepáticas/enzimología , NADP Transhidrogenasa AB-Específica/antagonistas & inhibidores , NADP Transhidrogenasa AB-Específica/metabolismo , Consumo de Oxígeno/efectos de los fármacos , Animales , Inhibidores Enzimáticos/química , Femenino , Ratones , Ratones Noqueados , Mitocondrias Hepáticas/genética , Proteínas Mitocondriales/antagonistas & inhibidores , Proteínas Mitocondriales/genética , Proteínas Mitocondriales/metabolismo , NADP Transhidrogenasa AB-Específica/genética , Consumo de Oxígeno/genética

RESUMEN

The heart is critically dependent on mitochondrial respiration for energy supply. Ischemia decreases oxygen availability, with catastrophic consequences for cellular energy systems. After a few minutes of ischemia, the mitochondrial respiratory chain halts, ATP levels drop and ion gradients across cell membranes collapse. Activation of cellular proteases and generation of reactive oxygen species by mitochondria during ischemia alter mitochondrial membrane permeability, causing mitochondrial swelling and fragmentation and eventually cell death. The mitochondria, therefore, are important targets of cardioprotection against ischemic injury. We have previously shown that ixazomib (IXA), a proteasome inhibitor used for treating multiple myeloma, effectively reduced the size of the infarct produced by global ischemia in isolated rat hearts and prevented degradation of the sarcoplasmic reticulum calcium release channel RyR2. The aim of this work was to further characterize the protective effect of IXA by determining its effect on mitochondrial morphology and function after ischemia. We also quantified the effect of IXA on levels of mitofusin-2, a protein involved in maintaining mitochondrial morphology and mitochondria-SR communication. We found that mitochondria were significantly preserved and functional parameters such as oxygen consumption, the ability to generate a membrane potential, and glutathione content were improved in mitochondria isolated from hearts perfused with IXA prior to ischemia. IXA also blocked the release of cytochrome c observed in ischemia and significantly preserved mitofusin-2 integrity. These beneficial effects resulted in a significant decrease in the left ventricular end diastolic pressure upon reperfusion and a smaller infarct in isolated hearts.

Asunto(s)

Compuestos de Boro/farmacología , Glicina/análogos & derivados , Corazón/efectos de los fármacos , Mitocondrias/efectos de los fármacos , Isquemia Miocárdica/tratamiento farmacológico , Animales , Quimotripsina/farmacología , Modelos Animales de Enfermedad , Glutatión/genética , Glutatión/metabolismo , Glicina/farmacología , Corazón/fisiopatología , Humanos , Potenciales de la Membrana/efectos de los fármacos , Mitocondrias/genética , Isquemia Miocárdica/genética , Isquemia Miocárdica/fisiopatología , Consumo de Oxígeno/genética , Complejo de la Endopetidasa Proteasomal/efectos de los fármacos , Inhibidores de Proteasoma/farmacología , Ratas

RESUMEN

The receptor activator of nuclear factor-κB (NF-κB) (RANK), its ligand (RANKL), and the decoy receptor osteoprotegerin (OPG) are a triad of proteins that regulate bone metabolism, and serum OPG is considered a biomarker for cardiovascular diseases and Type 2 diabetes; however, the implications of OPG in adipose tissue metabolism remains elusive. In this study, we investigate RANK-RANKL-OPG signaling in white adipose tissue browning. Histological analysis of osteoprotegerin knockout (OPG-/-) mice showed subcutaneous white adipose tissue (sWAT) browning, resistance for high-fat diet-induced weight gain, and preserved glucose metabolism compared with wild-type (WT) mice. Stromal vascular fraction (SVF) cells from sWAT of OPG-/- mice showed multilocular morphology and higher expression of brown adipocyte marker genes compared with those from the WT group. Infusion of RANKL induced browning and elevated respiratory rates in sWAT, along with increased whole body oxygen consumption in mice measured by indirect calorimetry. Subcutaneous WAT-derived SVF and 3T3-L1 cells, but not mature white adipocytes, differentiated into beige adipose tissue in the presence of RANKL. Moreover, SVF cells, even under white adipocyte differentiation, showed multilocular lipid droplet, lower lipid content, and increased expression of beige adipocyte markers with RANKL stimulation. In this study, we show for the first time the contribution of RANKL to increase energy expenditure by inducing beige adipocyte differentiation in preadipocytes.

Asunto(s)

Adipocitos Beige/metabolismo , Adipogénesis/genética , Tejido Adiposo Blanco/metabolismo , Obesidad/metabolismo , Osteoprotegerina/genética , Ligando RANK/metabolismo , Receptor Activador del Factor Nuclear kappa-B/metabolismo , Células 3T3-L1 , Adipocitos Beige/citología , Adipocitos Beige/ultraestructura , Adipocitos Blancos/citología , Adipocitos Blancos/metabolismo , Adipocitos Blancos/ultraestructura , Tejido Adiposo Beige/citología , Tejido Adiposo Beige/metabolismo , Tejido Adiposo Blanco/citología , Animales , Calorimetría Indirecta , Dieta Alta en Grasa , Metabolismo Energético/efectos de los fármacos , Metabolismo Energético/genética , Gotas Lipídicas/ultraestructura , Ratones , Ratones Noqueados , Osteoprotegerina/metabolismo , Consumo de Oxígeno/efectos de los fármacos , Consumo de Oxígeno/genética , Ligando RANK/farmacología , Transducción de Señal , Grasa Subcutánea/efectos de los fármacos , Grasa Subcutánea/metabolismo , Aumento de Peso/efectos de los fármacos , Aumento de Peso/genética

RESUMEN

Hypoxia is a frequent source of stress in the estuarine habitat of the white shrimp Litopenaeus vannamei. During hypoxia, L. vannamei gill cells rely more heavily on anaerobic glycolysis to obtain ATP. This is mediated by transcriptional up-regulation of glycolytic enzymes including glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase (GAPDH). The hypoxia inducible factor 1 (HIF-1) is an important transcriptional activator of several glycolytic enzymes during hypoxia in diverse animals, including crustaceans. In this work, we cloned and sequenced a fragment corresponding to the 5' flank of the GAPDH gene and identified a putative HIF-1 binding site, as well as sites for other transcription factors involved in the hypoxia signaling pathway. To investigate the role of HIF-1 in GAPDH regulation, we simultaneously injected double-stranded RNA (dsRNA) into shrimp to silence HIF-1α and HIF-1ß under normoxia, hypoxia, and hypoxia followed by reoxygenation, and then measured gill HIF-1α, HIF-1ß expression, GAPDH expression and activity, and glucose and lactate concentrations at 0, 3, 24 and 48 h. During normoxia, HIF-1 silencing induced up-regulation of GAPDH transcripts and activity, suggesting that expression is down-regulated via HIF-1 under these conditions. In contrast, HIF-1 silencing during hypoxia abolished the increases in GAPDH expression and activity, glucose and lactate concentrations. Finally, HIF-1 silencing during hypoxia-reoxygenation prevented the increase in GAPDH expression, however, those changes were not reflected in GAPDH activity and lactate accumulation. Altogether, these results indicate that GAPDH and glycolysis are transcriptionally regulated by HIF-1 in gills of white shrimp.

Asunto(s)

Gliceraldehído-3-Fosfato Deshidrogenasas/genética , Factor 1 Inducible por Hipoxia/genética , Penaeidae/genética , Secuencia de Aminoácidos/genética , Animales , Regulación de la Expresión Génica , Branquias/metabolismo , Glucólisis/genética , Hipoxia/genética , Consumo de Oxígeno/genética , Penaeidae/fisiología

RESUMEN

Among mitochondrial NADP-reducing enzymes, nicotinamide nucleotide transhydrogenase (NNT) establishes an elevated matrix NADPH/NADP+ by catalyzing the reduction of NADP+ at the expense of NADH oxidation coupled to inward proton translocation across the inner mitochondrial membrane. Here, we characterize NNT activity and mitochondrial redox balance in the brain using a congenic mouse model carrying the mutated Nnt gene from the C57BL/6J strain. The absence of NNT activity resulted in lower total NADPH sources activity in the brain mitochondria of young mice, an effect that was partially compensated in aged mice. Nonsynaptic mitochondria showed higher NNT activity than synaptic mitochondria. In the absence of NNT, an increased release of H2 O2 from mitochondria was observed when the metabolism of respiratory substrates occurred with restricted flux through relevant mitochondrial NADPH sources or when respiratory complex I was inhibited. In accordance, mitochondria from Nnt-/- brains were unable to sustain NADP in its reduced state when energized in the absence of carbon substrates, an effect aggravated after H2 O2 bolus metabolism. These data indicate that the lack of NNT in brain mitochondria impairs peroxide detoxification, but peroxide detoxification can be partially counterbalanced by concurrent NADPH sources depending on substrate availability. Notably, only brain mitochondria from Nnt-/- mice chronically fed a high-fat diet exhibited lower activity of the redox-sensitive aconitase, suggesting that brain mitochondrial redox balance requires NNT under the metabolic stress of a high-fat diet. Overall, the role of NNT in the brain mitochondria redox balance especially comes into play under mitochondrial respiratory defects or high-fat diet.

Asunto(s)

Química Encefálica/fisiología , Dieta Alta en Grasa , Metabolismo Energético/fisiología , Mitocondrias/metabolismo , NADP Transhidrogenasa AB-Específica/metabolismo , Envejecimiento , Animales , Química Encefálica/efectos de los fármacos , Complejo I de Transporte de Electrón , Metabolismo Energético/efectos de los fármacos , Peróxido de Hidrógeno/metabolismo , Potencial de la Membrana Mitocondrial , Ratones Congénicos , Ratones Endogámicos C57BL , Ratones Noqueados , Mitocondrias/efectos de los fármacos , Proteínas Mitocondriales/genética , Proteínas Mitocondriales/metabolismo , NADP/metabolismo , NADP Transhidrogenasa AB-Específica/genética , Oxidación-Reducción , Consumo de Oxígeno/genética , Consumo de Oxígeno/fisiología , Sinaptosomas/metabolismo

RESUMEN

The aim of this work was to develop a cryopreservation method of small liver biopsies for in situ mitochondrial function assessment. Herein we describe a detailed protocol for tissue collection, cryopreservation, high-resolution respirometry using complex I and II substrates, calculation and interpretation of respiratory parameters. Liver biopsies from cow and rat were sequentially frozen in a medium containing dimethylsulfoxide as cryoprotectant and stored for up to 3 months at -80 °C. Oxygen consumption rate studies of fresh and cryopreserved samples revealed that most respiratory parameters remained unchanged. Additionally, outer mitochondrial membrane integrity was assessed adding cytochrome c, proving that our cryopreservation method does not harm mitochondrial structure. In sum, we present a reliable way to cryopreserve small liver biopsies without affecting mitochondrial function. Our protocol will enable the transport and storage of samples, extending and facilitating mitochondrial function analysis of liver biopsies.

Asunto(s)

Criopreservación , Hígado/metabolismo , Mitocondrias Hepáticas/genética , Consumo de Oxígeno/genética , Animales , Biopsia , Complejo I de Transporte de Electrón/genética , Complejo I de Transporte de Electrón/fisiología , Hígado/fisiología , Mitocondrias Hepáticas/fisiología , Membranas Mitocondriales/metabolismo , Consumo de Oxígeno/fisiología , Ratas

RESUMEN

Naturally occurring genetic variation in plants can be very useful to dissect the complex regulation of primary metabolism as well as of physiological traits such as photosynthesis and photorespiration. The physiological and genetic mechanisms underlying natural variation in closely related species or accessions may provide important information that can be used to improve crop yield. In this chapter we describe in detail the use of a population of introgression lines (ILs), with the Solanum pennellii IL population as a study case, as a tool for the identification of genomic regions involved in the control of photosynthetic efficiency.

Asunto(s)

Regulación de la Expresión Génica de las Plantas , Genes de Plantas , Variación Genética , Fotosíntesis/genética , Carácter Cuantitativo Heredable , Solanum/genética , Dióxido de Carbono/análisis , Dióxido de Carbono/metabolismo , Quimera , Clorofila/metabolismo , Clorofila A , Mapeo Cromosómico , Cromosomas de las Plantas/química , Cruzamientos Genéticos , Fluorescencia , Marcadores Genéticos , Genotipo , Imagen Óptica/métodos , Oxígeno/análisis , Oxígeno/metabolismo , Consumo de Oxígeno/genética , Fenotipo , Fitomejoramiento , Hojas de la Planta/genética , Hojas de la Planta/metabolismo , Sitios de Carácter Cuantitativo , Solanum/metabolismo

RESUMEN

We analyzed commonly reported European and Asian obesity-related gene variants in a Mexican-Mestizo population through each single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) and a genetic risk score (GRS) based on 23 selected SNPs. Study subjects were physically active Mexican-Mestizo adults (n = 608) with body mass index (BMI) values from 18 to 55 kg/m2 . For each SNP and for the GRS, logistic models were performed to test for simple SNP associations with BMI, fat mass percentage (FMP), waist circumference (WC), and the interaction with VO2max and muscular endurance (ME). To further understand the SNP or GRS*physical fitness components, generalized linear models were performed. Obesity risk was significantly associated to 6 SNPs (ADRB2 rs1042713, APOB rs512535, PPARA rs1800206, TNFA rs361525, TRHR rs7832552 and rs16892496) after adjustment by gender, age, ancestry, VO2max , and ME. ME attenuated the influence of APOB rs512535 and TNFA rs361525 on obesity risk in FMP. WC was significantly associated to GRS. Both ME and VO2max attenuated GRS effect on WC. We report associations for 6 out of 23 SNPs and for the GRS, which confer obesity risk, a novel finding for Mexican-Mestizo physically active population. Also, the importance of including physical fitness components variables in obesity genetic risk studies is highlighted, with special regard to intervention purposes.

Asunto(s)

Etnicidad/genética , Predisposición Genética a la Enfermedad , Obesidad/genética , Aptitud Física , Adulto , Estudios de Casos y Controles , Femenino , Humanos , Masculino , México , Consumo de Oxígeno/genética , Resistencia Física , Polimorfismo de Nucleótido Simple/genética , Factores de Riesgo

RESUMEN

AIMS: Pancreatic ß-cells synthesize and release serotonin (5 hydroxytryptamine, 5HT); however, the role of 5HT receptors on glucose stimulated insulin secretion (GSIS) and the mechanisms mediating this function is not fully understood. The aims of this study were to determine the expression profile of 5HT receptors in murine MIN6 ß-cells and to examine the effects of pharmacological activation of 5HT receptor Htr2b on GSIS and mitochondrial function. MATERIALS AND METHODS: mRNA levels of 5HT receptors in MIN6 cells were quantified by RT qPCR. GSIS was assessed in MIN6 cells in response to global serotonergic activation with 5HT and pharmacological Htr2b activation or inhibition with BW723C86 or SB204741, respectively. In response to Htr2b activation also was evaluated the mRNA and protein levels of PGC1α and PPARy by RT-qPCR and western blotting and mitochondrial function by oxygen consumption rate (OCR) and ATP cellular content. RESULTS: We found that mRNA levels of most 5HT receptors were either very low or undetectable in MIN6 cells. By contrast, Htr2b mRNA was present at moderate levels in these cells. Preincubation (6 h) of MIN6 cells with 5HT or BW723C86 reduced GSIS and the effect of 5HT was prevented by SB204741. Preincubation with BW723C86 increased PGC1α and PPARy mRNA and protein levels and decreased mitochondrial respiration and ATP content in MIN6 cells. CONCLUSIONS: Our results indicate that prolonged Htr2b activation in murine ß-cells decreases glucose-stimulated insulin secretion and mitochondrial activity by mechanisms likely dependent on enhanced PGC1α/PPARy expression.

Asunto(s)

Insulina/metabolismo , PPAR gamma/genética , Coactivador 1-alfa del Receptor Activado por Proliferadores de Peroxisomas gamma/genética , Receptores de Serotonina/genética , Serotonina/metabolismo , Adenosina Trifosfato/metabolismo , Animales , Línea Celular , Regulación de la Expresión Génica/efectos de los fármacos , Glucosa/metabolismo , Humanos , Indoles/farmacología , Insulina/genética , Células Secretoras de Insulina/metabolismo , Islotes Pancreáticos/efectos de los fármacos , Islotes Pancreáticos/metabolismo , Ratones , Mitocondrias/genética , Mitocondrias/metabolismo , Consumo de Oxígeno/genética , PPAR gamma/biosíntesis , Coactivador 1-alfa del Receptor Activado por Proliferadores de Peroxisomas gamma/biosíntesis , Receptores de Serotonina/biosíntesis , Serotonina/genética , Serotonina/farmacología , Tiofenos/farmacología , Urea/análogos & derivados , Urea/farmacología

RESUMEN

The aim of this study was to demonstrate the effects of 6-week low-intensity training on changes in indicators of aerobic capacity and on HSPA1A, HSPB1, and LDHb expression in white blood cells in high level rowers. We hypothesized that the type of training would have an impact not only on the adaptation of athletes to the aerobic nature of the exercises, but also on the expression of genes, designated during exercises "until refusal". Nine Polish lightweight male rowers (21.8 ± 3.77 years of age, 74.2 ± 1.7 6 kg, 184.8 ± 4.58 cm) of high level participated in the experiment. To determine the anaerobic threshold (AnT) and peak oxygen uptake (VO2max) at the beginning and end of the 6-week training period, the subjects performed the test "till exhaustion", with increasing load. Directly before and after the test, blood samples were collected from the ulnar vein for isolation of RNA. Consecutively, reverse transcription and real time polymerase chain reaction amplification was performed. A significant influence of applied training on physiological parameters such as VO2max (P = 0.0001), AnT (W/AT) (P = 0.0007), and maximal acid lactate concentration (P = 0.018) as well as on HSPA1A expression (P = 0.0129) in rowers were detected. The 6-week low-intensity aerobic training significantly affected the physiological parameters and HSPA1A expression in the rowers. Therefore, we suggest that the response of leukocytes by activating HSPA1A was dependent on the type of training. The 6-week period proved sufficiently long to of adapting leukocytes in athletes to high intensity exercises.

Asunto(s)

Atletas , Ejercicio Físico , Regulación de la Expresión Génica , Proteínas de Choque Térmico HSP27/genética , Proteínas HSP70 de Choque Térmico/genética , L-Lactato Deshidrogenasa/genética , Proteínas de Choque Térmico HSP27/metabolismo , Proteínas HSP70 de Choque Térmico/metabolismo , Proteínas de Choque Térmico , Humanos , Isoenzimas/genética , Isoenzimas/metabolismo , L-Lactato Deshidrogenasa/metabolismo , Masculino , Chaperonas Moleculares , Consumo de Oxígeno/genética , Adulto Joven

RESUMEN

The biochemical mechanisms underlying the involvement of cytosolic ascorbate peroxidases (cAPXs) in photosynthesis are still unknown. In this study, rice plants doubly silenced in these genes (APX1/2) were exposed to moderate light (ML) and high light (HL) to assess the role of cAPXs in photosynthetic efficiency. APX1/2 mutants that were exposed to ML overexpressed seven and five proteins involved in photochemical activity and photorespiration, respectively. These plants also increased the pheophytin and chlorophyll levels, but the amount of five proteins that are important for Calvin cycle did not change. These responses in mutants were associated with Rubisco carboxylation rate, photosystem II (PSII) activity and potential photosynthesis, which were similar to non-transformed plants. The upregulation of photochemical proteins may be part of a compensatory mechanism for APX1/2 deficiency but apparently the finer-control for photosynthesis efficiency is dependent on Calvin cycle proteins. Conversely, under HL the mutants employed a different strategy, triggering downregulation of proteins related to photochemical activity, Calvin cycle and decreasing the levels of photosynthetic pigments. These changes were associated to strong impairment in PSII activity and Rubisco carboxylation. The upregulation of some photorespiratory proteins was maintained under that stressful condition and this response may have contributed to photoprotection in rice plants deficient in cAPXs. The data reveal that the two cAPXs are not essential for photosynthesis in rice or, alternatively, the deficient plants are able to trigger compensatory mechanisms to photosynthetic acclimation under ML and HL conditions. These mechanisms involve differential regulation in protein expression related to photochemistry, Calvin cycle and photorespiration.

Asunto(s)

Ascorbato Peroxidasas/metabolismo , Oryza/fisiología , Consumo de Oxígeno/fisiología , Fotosíntesis/fisiología , Proteínas de Plantas/metabolismo , Oxidorreductasas de Alcohol/genética , Oxidorreductasas de Alcohol/metabolismo , Ascorbato Peroxidasas/genética , Western Blotting , Catalasa/genética , Catalasa/metabolismo , Citosol/enzimología , Relación Dosis-Respuesta en la Radiación , Regulación de la Expresión Génica de las Plantas/efectos de la radiación , Glutamato-Amoníaco Ligasa/genética , Glutamato-Amoníaco Ligasa/metabolismo , Isoenzimas/genética , Isoenzimas/metabolismo , Luz , Complejos de Proteína Captadores de Luz/metabolismo , Mutación , Oryza/genética , Oryza/metabolismo , Consumo de Oxígeno/genética , Consumo de Oxígeno/efectos de la radiación , Feofitinas/metabolismo , Fotosíntesis/genética , Fotosíntesis/efectos de la radiación , Complejo de Proteína del Fotosistema II/metabolismo , Proteínas de Plantas/genética , Plantas Modificadas Genéticamente , Reacción en Cadena de la Polimerasa de Transcriptasa Inversa , Ribulosa-Bifosfato Carboxilasa/metabolismo , Superóxido Dismutasa/genética , Superóxido Dismutasa/metabolismo

RESUMEN

Sports efficiency in activities in which strength and speed are the determining factors has been associated to the ACTN3 gene, which is responsible for the expression of α-actinin-3. Soccer is a mainly aerobic sport because of its long duration, but the acute actions that define the game demand a lot of strength and speed. The purpose of the present study was to compare the performance capacity of soccer players with different genotype groups of ACTN3 (XX, RX, and RR) in strength, speed, and endurance tests. Two hundred professional players of Brazilian soccer first division teams participated in this study. Speed, jump, and endurance test results were compared with the polymorphisms of the ACTN3 gene. It was noticed that RR individuals spent less time to run a 10-m path, compared with XX individuals (p < 0.05). The RR individuals also presented lower time rates at the 20- and 30-m path, compared with RX and XX individuals (p < 0.05). In jump tests, RR individuals presented higher rates, compared with RX and XX individuals (p < 0.05). As for aerobic tests, the XX individuals presented higher rates of V[Combining Dot Above]O2 max, compared with the RR group (p < 0.05), and did not differ from the RX group. The main conclusion of this study is that soccer players of genotype ACTN3/RR are the fastest in short distances and present higher jump potential. ACTN3/XX individuals presented the highest aerobic capacity. These findings can be used in training load adjustment and can influence the development of tactical schemes in soccer matches.

Asunto(s)

Actinina/genética , Fuerza Muscular/genética , Resistencia Física/genética , Polimorfismo de Nucleótido Simple , Fútbol/fisiología , Adulto , Brasil , Marcadores Genéticos , Genotipo , Técnicas de Genotipaje , Humanos , Masculino , Consumo de Oxígeno/genética , Carrera/fisiología

RESUMEN

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the influence of the interaction between endothelial nitric oxide synthase gene (NOS3) polymorphisms at positions -786T>C, Glu298Asp and intron 4b/a, and cardiorespiratory fitness on plasma nitrite/nitrate levels, blood pressure, lipid profile, and prevalence of cardiometabolic disorders. SUBJECTS AND METHODS: Ninety-two volunteers were genotyped for NOS3 polymorphisms at positions (-786T>C and Glu298Asp) and (intron 4b/a) and divided according to the genotype: non-polymorphic (NP) and polymorphic (P). After that, they were subdivided according to the cardiorespiratory fitness associated with genotype: high (HNP and HP) and low (LNP and LP). RESULTS: The subjects with polymorphism for the interactions at positions Glu298Asp + intron 4b/a, and Glu298Asp+-786T>C showed the highest values in total cholesterol, as well as dyslipidemia. CONCLUSION: Our findings show that NOS3 gene polymorphisms at positions -786T>C, Glu298Asp, and intron 4b/a exert negative effects on the lipid profile compared with those who do not carry polymorphisms.

Asunto(s)

Dislipidemias/genética , Óxido Nítrico Sintasa de Tipo III/genética , Polimorfismo Genético/genética , Sistema Cardiovascular/fisiopatología , Colesterol/sangre , Dislipidemias/sangre , Dislipidemias/epidemiología , Métodos Epidemiológicos , Femenino , Genotipo , Ácido Glutámico/genética , Humanos , Intrones/genética , Masculino , Persona de Mediana Edad , Nitratos/sangre , Nitritos/sangre , Consumo de Oxígeno/genética , Regiones Promotoras Genéticas/genética , Sistema Respiratorio/fisiopatología

RESUMEN

OBJETIVO: Analisar a influência da associação dos polimorfismos do gene da sintase do óxido nítrico endotelial (NOS3) para as posições -786T>C, Glu298Asp e íntron 4b/a e a aptidão cardiorrespiratória sobre as concentrações de nitrito/nitrato, pressão arterial, perfil lipídico e prevalência de doenças cardiometabólicas em adultos. SUJEITOS E MÉTODOS: Noventa e duas pessoas foram divididas de acordo com o genótipo: não polimórficas (NP) e polimórficas (P). Posteriormente, foram subdivididas pela aptidão cardiorrespiratória associada ao genótipo: alta (ANP e AP) ou baixa (BNP e BP). RESULTADOS: Os indivíduos que apresentavam polimorfismo para as posições Glu298Asp+Íntron 4b/a e Glu298Asp+-786T>C e baixa aptidão cardiorrespiratória apresentaram maiores valores de colesterol total e maior prevalência de dislipidemia. CONCLUSÃO: Nossos dados demonstram que os polimorfismos do gene da NOS3 para essas duas associações influenciam os níveis de colesterol plasmático, e essa associação foi mais claramente observada quando os indivíduos apresentavam menor nível de aptidão cardiorrespiratória.

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OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the influence of the interaction between endothelial nitric oxide synthase gene (NOS3) polymorphisms at positions -786T>C, Glu298Asp and intron 4b/a, and cardiorespiratory fitness on plasma nitrite/nitrate levels, blood pressure, lipid profile, and prevalence of cardiometabolic disorders. SUBJECTS AND METHODS: Ninety-two volunteers were genotyped for NOS3 polymorphisms at positions (-786T>C and Glu298Asp) and (intron 4b/a) and divided according to the genotype: non-polymorphic (NP) and polymorphic (P). After that, they were subdivided according to the cardiorespiratory fitness associated with genotype: high (HNP and HP) and low (LNP and LP). RESULTS: The subjects with polymorphism for the interactions at positions Glu298Asp + intron 4b/a, and Glu298Asp+-786T>C showed the highest values in total cholesterol, as well as dyslipidemia. CONCLUSION: Our findings show that NOS3 gene polymorphisms at positions -786T>C, Glu298Asp, and intron 4b/a exert negative effects on the lipid profile compared with those who do not carry polymorphisms.

Asunto(s)

Femenino , Humanos , Masculino , Persona de Mediana Edad , Dislipidemias/genética , Óxido Nítrico Sintasa de Tipo III/genética , Polimorfismo Genético/genética , Sistema Cardiovascular/fisiopatología , Colesterol/sangre , Dislipidemias/sangre , Dislipidemias/epidemiología , Métodos Epidemiológicos , Genotipo , Ácido Glutámico/genética , Intrones/genética , Nitratos/sangre , Nitritos/sangre , Consumo de Oxígeno/genética , Regiones Promotoras Genéticas/genética , Sistema Respiratorio/fisiopatología

RESUMEN

Physical activity and fitness are associated with a lower prevalence of chronic diseases, such as heart disease, cancer, high blood pressure, and diabetes. This review discusses the body's response to an acute bout of exercise and long-term physiological adaptations to exercise training with an emphasis on endurance exercise. An overview is provided of skeletal muscle actions, muscle fiber types, and the major metabolic pathways involved in energy production. The importance of adequate fluid intake during exercise sessions to prevent impairments induced by dehydration on endurance exercise, muscular power, and strength is discussed. Physiological adaptations that result from regular exercise training such as increases in cardiorespiratory capacity and strength are mentioned. The review emphasizes the cardiovascular and metabolic adaptations that lead to improvements in maximal oxygen capacity.

Asunto(s)

Adaptación Fisiológica , Ejercicio Físico/fisiología , Adenosina Trifosfato/metabolismo , Factores de Edad , Presión Sanguínea/fisiología , Gasto Cardíaco/fisiología , Deshidratación/fisiopatología , Metabolismo Energético/fisiología , Glucólisis/fisiología , Frecuencia Cardíaca/fisiología , Humanos , Ácido Láctico/metabolismo , Mitocondrias Musculares/fisiología , Contracción Muscular/fisiología , Fibras Musculares Esqueléticas/fisiología , Músculo Esquelético/fisiología , Fosforilación Oxidativa , Consumo de Oxígeno/genética , Consumo de Oxígeno/fisiología , Fosfocreatina/metabolismo , Educación y Entrenamiento Físico , Resistencia Física/fisiología , Aptitud Física/fisiología , Volumen Plasmático/fisiología , Guías de Práctica Clínica como Asunto , Factores Sexuales

RESUMEN

Oryzias latipes (Adrianichthyidae), known as Japanese medaka or Japanese killifish, is a small 2-4 cm long fish common in rice paddies in coastal Southeast Asia and is also a popular aquarium fish. It has been widely used as a research model because of its small size and because it is very easy to rear. Alkalinity stress is considered to be one of the major stressors on fish in saline-alkaline water. As very little is known about molecular genetic responses of aquatic organisms to alkalinity stress, we examined genome-wide gene expression profiles of Japanese medaka in response to carbonate alkalinity stress. Adult fish were exposed to freshwater and high carbonate alkaline water in the laboratory. We designed a microarray containing 26,429 genes for measuring gene expression change in the gills of the fish exposed to high carbonate alkalinity stress. Among these genes, 512 were up-regulated and 501 were down-regulated in the gills. These differentially expressed genes can be divided into gene groups using gene ontology, including biological processes, cellular components and molecular function. These gene groups are related to acid-base and ion regulation, cellular stress response, metabolism, immune response, and reproduction processes. Biological pathways including amino sugar and nucleotide sugar metabolism, porphyrin and chlorophyll metabolism, metabolism of xenobiotics by cytochrome P450, drug metabolism, aminoacyl-tRNA biosynthesis, glycine, serine and threonine metabolism, ascorbate and aldarate metabolism, pentose and glucuronate interconversions, glutathione metabolism, and fructose and mannose metabolism were significantly up-regulated. Alkalinity stress stimulates the energy and ion regulation pathways, and it also slows down the pathways related to the immune system and reproduction.

Asunto(s)

Álcalis/farmacología , Perfilación de la Expresión Génica , Oryzias/genética , Estrés Fisiológico/efectos de los fármacos , Estrés Fisiológico/genética , Transcriptoma/genética , Equilibrio Ácido-Base/efectos de los fármacos , Equilibrio Ácido-Base/genética , Animales , Carbonatos/farmacología , Regulación hacia Abajo/efectos de los fármacos , Regulación hacia Abajo/genética , Oryzias/sangre , Oryzias/inmunología , Concentración Osmolar , Consumo de Oxígeno/efectos de los fármacos , Consumo de Oxígeno/genética , Reacción en Cadena en Tiempo Real de la Polimerasa , Reproducibilidad de los Resultados , Reproducción/efectos de los fármacos , Reproducción/genética , Regulación hacia Arriba/efectos de los fármacos , Regulación hacia Arriba/genética

RESUMEN

FUNDAMENTO: O gene da enzima conversora de angiotensina (gene ECA) tem sido amplamente estudado em relação a fenótipos de aptidão cardiorrespiratória, contudo a associação do genótipo da ECA com corridas de meia-distância tem sido pouco investigada. OBJETIVO: O presente estudo investigou a possível influência da enzima conversora de angiotensina (ECA) (I/D) sobre a aptidão cardiovascular e o desempenho em corridas de meia-distância por parte de brasileiros jovens do sexo masculino. A validade da previsão de VO2max em relação ao genótipo da ECA também foi analisada. MÉTODOS: Um grupo homogêneo de homens jovens moderadamente ativos foi avaliado em um teste de corrida (V1600 m; m.min-1) e em um teste adicional em esteira ergométrica para a determinação de VO2max. Posteriormente, o [(0,177*V1600m) + 8.101] VO2max real e previsto foi comparado com os genótipos da ECA. RESULTADOS: O VO2max e V1600m registrados para os genótipos DD, ID e II foram 45,6 (1,8); 51,9 (0,8) e 54,4 (1,0) mL.kg-1.min-1 e 211,2 (8,3); 249,1 (4,3) e 258,6 (5,4 ) m.min-1, respectivamente e foram significativamente mais baixos para os genótipos DD (p < 0,05). O VO2max real e previsto não diferiram entre si, apesar do genótipo da ECA, mas o nível de concordância entre os métodos de VO2max real e estimado foi menor para o genótipo DD. CONCLUSÃO: Concluiu-se que existe uma possível associação entre o genótipo da ECA, a aptidão cardiovascular e o desempenho em corridas de média distância de jovens do sexo masculino moderadamente ativos e que a precisão da previsão do VO2max também pode ser dependente do genótipo da ECA dos participantes.

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BACKGROUND: The angiotensin I-converting enzyme gene (ACE gene) has been broadly studied as for cardiorespiratory fitness phenotypes, but the association of the ACE genotype to middle-distance running has been poorly investigated. OBJECTIVE: This study investigated the possible influence of Angiotensin-Converting Enzyme (ACE) genotype (I/D) on cardiovascular fitness and middle-distance running performance of Brazilian young males. The validity of VO2max to predict the ACE genotype was also analyzed. METHODS: A homogeneous group of moderately active young males were evaluated in a 1,600 m running track test (V1600m; m.min-1) and in an incremental treadmill test for VO2max determination. Subsequently, the actual and the predicted [(0.177*V1600m) + 8.101] VO2max were compared to ACE genotypes. RESULTS: The VO2max and V1600m recorded for DD, ID and II genotypes were 45.6 (1.8); 51.9 (0.8) and 54.4 (1.0) mL.kg-1.min-1 and 211.2 (8.3); 249.1 (4.3) and 258.6 (5.4) m.min-1 respectively, and were significantly lower for DD carriers (p< 0.05). The actual and predicted VO2max did not differ from each other despite ACE genotype, but the agreement between actual and estimated VO2max methods was lower for the DD genotype. CONCLUSION: It was concluded that there is a possible association between ACE genotype, cardiovascular fitness and middle-distance running performance of moderately active young males and that the accuracy of VO2max prediction may also depend on the ACE genotype of the participants.

Asunto(s)

Humanos , Masculino , Adulto Joven , Fenómenos Fisiológicos Cardiovasculares , Consumo de Oxígeno/genética , Peptidil-Dipeptidasa A/genética , Aptitud Física/fisiología , Carrera/fisiología , Métodos Epidemiológicos , Prueba de Esfuerzo , Genotipo , Polimorfismo Genético/genética , Factores Sexuales