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Introducción: Las principales alteraciones funcionales del asma bronquial son la obstrucción del flujo aéreo, su reversibilidad, variabilidad y la hiperrespuesta bronquial. Objetivo: Determinar el estado clínico-funcional en pacientes con asma que asisten por primera vez a consulta de neumología. Material y Métodos: Se realizó un estudio descriptivo transversal con 110 pacientes que asistieron por primera vez y fueron atendidos por asma en la consulta externa del Hospital Neumológico Benéfico Jurídico (HNBJ) en el año 2014-2015, se comprobó por la clínica y la espirometría la severidad de la enfermedad. Entre las variables de estudio están: edad, sexo, antecedentes patológicos familiares de asma o alergia, índice de masa corporal, gravedad o severidad del asma. Resultados: Predominó el asma de mayor gravedad entre los pacientes comprendidos entre los 40-59 años, con riesgo 4,4 veces superior en mayores de 40 años. El sexo femenino presentó 2,1 veces más riesgo. El 75,5 por ciento de pacientes tenía antecedentes patológicos familiares (APF) de asma o alergia y riesgo 3,4 veces superior de mayor gravedad. Más de la mitad presentó antecedentes patológicos personales (APP) de otras enfermedades y mayor proporción de asma de mayor gravedad. El 53.6 por ciento presentó sobrepeso u obesidad y 4,1 veces más riesgo de mayor gravedad. La mayoría de los pacientes no presentó adicción tabáquica. Conclusiones: Los pacientes mayores de 40 años, sexo femenino y con APF de asma o alergia, presentan asma de mayor gravedad. La obesidad es frecuente en pacientes asmáticos y constituye un riesgo importante de padecer asma más grave. Existe bajo porcentaje de asmáticos fumadores aunque esta condición favorece a padecer un asma más grave(AU)

Introduction: The main functional alterations in bronchial asthma are the obstruction of the air flow, its reversibility, variability, and bronchial hyper- responsiveness. Objective: To determine the clinical and functional conditions in patients with asthma who go to the outpatient pneumology service for the first time. Material and Methods: A cross-sectional descriptive study was conducted in 110 patients with asthma that were treated for the first time in the outpatient department of the Pneumology Service at the "Benéfico Jurídico" Teaching Hospital in Havana from June 1st,2014 to June 31st,2015. The severity of asthma was confirmed by clinical diagnosis and spirometric tests. The variables consisted of age, sex, family pathological antecedents of asthma or allergy, body mass index, and seriousness or severity of asthma. Results: The most serious asthma prevailed in patients aged 40 to 59 years, and the patients 40 years old and older presented 4.4 times higher risks. The female sex exhibited 2.1 times higher risks. 75.5 percent of patients with family pathological antecedents (FPA) of asthma or allergy showed 3.4 times higher risk levels for more serious conditions. More than half of patients presented personal pathological antecedents (PPA) of other diseases and a more serious asthma. 53.6 percent were overweight or obese who were 4.1 times at higher risks of suffering from more serious conditions. Most patients did not report smoking addiction. Conclusions: Asthmatic patients over 40 years showed a more serious asthma during their first visit to the outpatient pneumology service, and the female sex prevailed. Asthma or allergy, FPA and PPA were the risk factors for suffering from both asthma and more serious conditions. There is a low percentage of smoking asthmatics although this condition provokes more serious symptoms(AU)

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PURPOSE: We sought to understand the relative advantage of pharmacies compared to doctors' offices for delivering HPV vaccination to adolescents. METHODS: Participants were a national sample of 1500 U.S. parents of adolescents ages 11-17 recruited in 2014-15. In an online survey, items informed by Diffusion of Innovation Theory assessed parents' perceptions of the relative advantages of HPV vaccine delivery in pharmacies and doctors' offices. PRINCIPLE FINDINGS: Many parents believed doctor's offices offered a better health care environment than pharmacies, with more privacy (77%) and a safer place for vaccination (70%). However, many parents also believed pharmacies were more accessible than doctors' offices, requiring less time for vaccinations (71%) and offering more convenient hours (59%). Parents were more willing to get their children HPV vaccine from pharmacists if they indicated more relative advantages in vaccine delivery in pharmacies (ß = .29; p < .001) and believed patient accessibility more important than health care environment (ß = .20; p < .001). CONCLUSIONS: To be more appealing to parents as HPV vaccine providers, pharmacy providers within community and hospital settings should build on their relative advantage with respect to accessibility and enhance their appeal of their healthcare environment.

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O curso de medicina pode ser fonte de ansiedade? Várias são as situações a que o estudante de medicina é exposto, e que são de elevada tensão, como: a singularidade de cada paciente; a verdade relativa e provisória em medicina, o que obriga a convivência com dúvidas e incertezas; a imensidão de conhecimentos necessários em reduzido tempo de formação; a inexistência e ineficácia de tratamento específico para várias doenças, o que exige que atue de forma a aliviar o sofrimento, e pouca influência sobre a evolução da história natural da enfermidade. Cada estudante, entretanto, reage a essas tensões de acordo com sua maturidade emocional, e muitas delas são inevitáveis e se dissipam naturalmente, sem maior consequência, à medida que avança no curso. É importante que o estudante seja provocado a desenvolver juízo crítico e discernimento, para que não se limite à objetividade da medicina, nem aceite passivamente esquemas, normas, diretrizes, e que esse desafio o projete para sua inserção decisiva em defesa do bem-estar do paciente. (AU)

Can medical school be a source of anxiety? There are several situations to which the medical student is exposed, and which are of high tension, such as: the singularity of each patient; the relative and provisional truth in medicine, which requires the coexistence with doubts and uncertainties; the immensity of knowledge required in a short period of training; the inexistence and inefficacy of specific treatment for various diseases, which requires that it act in a way to relieve suffering, and little influence on the evolution of the natural history of the disease. Each student, however, reacts to these tensions according to their emotional maturity, and many of them are inevitable and dissipate naturally, without further consequence, as the course progresses. It is important that the student be challenged to develop critical judgment and discernment, so that it is not limited to the objectivity of medicine, or passively accepted schemes, norms, guidelines, and that this challenge projects him to his decisive insertion in defense of the well-being of the patient. (AU)

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Introducción: Saber lo que piensan los pacientes en relación con el cuidado que se les brinda y el grado de satisfacción que poseen es una oportunidad para construir un indicador de resultado que indique al personal de salud cuáles son las transformaciones e innovaciones pertinentes. Objetivo: Evaluar el nivel de satisfacción del paciente y la atención brindada en la consulta ortopédica a través de la teoría de colas. Métodos: Se realizó un estudio descriptivo, longitudinal, experimental y prospectivo. El universo de trabajo fue un área de la consulta de ortopedia (muestra = 96 pacientes), en una entidad hospitalaria del municipio holguinero, en el primer trimestre de 2016. Se determinó el índice de satisfacción del paciente en la consulta y se diagnosticaron las líneas de esperas (parámetros evaluados) a través de la teoría de colas. A su vez, se utilizaron técnicas estadísticas de ortopedia mediante el método de pronósticos como la regresión y las pruebas no paramétricas. Resultados: Se determinó un índice de satisfacción del paciente con la consulta de 1,827. Se detectaron problemas en la accesibilidad. Se corroboraron deficiencias en la asignación de turnos y poco aprovechamiento del sistema. Se evidenció que las colas se comportaron de manera regular. Quedó demostrada la necesidad de aumentar la demanda del servicio ortopédico para mejorar la accesibilidad en la consulta. Conclusiones: Los hospitales deben prestarle gran importancia a la calidad asistencial para lograr un alto nivel de satisfacción en los pacientes. Con esta investigación se comprobó que la teoría de colas es una de las técnicas más pertinentes en la gestión de las líneas de espera y, por tanto, permite evaluar la satisfacción de los pacientes en la consulta(AU)

Introduction: Knowing what patients think about the care they are given and their degree of satisfaction is an opportunity to construct a result indicator that tells health personnel what the relevant transformations and innovations should be. Objective: To evaluate, through the waiting lines, the level of patient satisfaction and the care provided in the orthopedic consultation. Methods: A descriptive, longitudinal, experimental and prospective study was carried out. The universe of work was an area of the orthopedic consultation (sample = 96 patients), in a hospital entity in Holguin municipality, in 2016 first quarter. The patient satisfaction index was determined in the orthopedic consultation using Saaty mathematician multi-criteria method and the waiting lines (evaluated parameters) were diagnosed through the queuing theory. In turn, statistical forecasting techniques were used, such as regression and nonparametric tests. Results: The patient satisfaction index was determined with the consultation of 1,827. Accessibility problems were detected. Deficiencies in scheduling appointments and little use of the system were corroborated. It was shown queues behaved in a regular manner. The need to increase the orthopedic service was demonstrated to improve accessibility in the consultation. Conclusions: Hospitals must pay much attention to the quality of care to achieve high level of patient satisfaction. This research proved that queuing theory is one of the most relevant techniques in the management of waiting lines and, therefore, this theory allows to measure the satisfaction of patients in the orthopedic consultation(AU)

Introduction: Le fait de savoir ce que les patients pensent des soins de santé fournis et quel est leur degré de satisfaction constitue une opportunité pour créer un indicateur de résultats montrant au personnel médical quelles sont les changements et les innovations nécessaires pour améliorer le service. Objectif: Évaluer le niveau de satisfaction du patient et les soins de santé fournis dans un service d'orthopédie à travers des files d'attente. Méthodes: Une étude descriptive, longitudinale, expérimentale et prospective a été réalisée au premier trimestre de 2016 dans un service d'orthopédie (échantillon = 96 patients) d'un centre hospitalier de la municipalité de Holguín. Le taux de satisfaction du patient dans le service d'orthopédie a été déterminé par la méthode mathématique d'analyse multicritère de Saaty, tandis que les files d'attente (paramètres évalués) ont été définies par la théorie des queues. En même temps, on a utilisé des techniques statistiques de pronostic telles que la régression et les tests non paramétriques. Résultats: Le taux de satisfaction du patient a été déterminé par la consultation de 1 827 patients. On a trouvé des problèmes d'accessibilité au service, une mauvaise distribution des consultations programmées, et une faible utilisation du système. On a également constaté que le comportement des files d'attente n'était pas optimal. On a mis en évidence que la demande du service d'orthopédie doit augmenter pour améliorer l'accessibilité aux consultations. Conclusions: Les hôpitaux doivent prêter attention à la qualité des soins de santé pour atteindre un haut niveau de satisfaction des patients. Cette étude a démontré que la théorie des queues est l'une des techniques les plus appropriées pour la gestion des files d'attente et, par conséquent, permet d'évaluer la satisfaction des patients en consultation(AU)

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La interconsulta médica en pacientes hospitalizados constituye una actividad habitual entre los especialistas en medicina interna. Sin embargo, a pesar de su impacto e importancia crecientes, no se ha establecido un modelo que defina sus características, sus objetivos o la información que debe contener. En este trabajo, desde el Grupo de Asistencia Compartida e Interconsultas de la Sociedad Española de Medicina Interna, se proponen unas recomendaciones generales respecto a la forma de solicitar y de responder una interconsulta médica hospitalaria, así como un formato para la misma (AU)

Medical interconsultation for hospitalised patients is a regular activity among internal medicine specialists. However, despite its growing impact and importance, a model that defines its characteristics, objectives and information has not been established. This study, conducted by the Shared Care and Interconsultations Group of the Spanish Society of Internal Medicine, proposes a number of general recommendations concerning the method for requesting and responding to hospital medical interconsultations, as well as a format for these interconsultations (AU)

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PURPOSE: Research on the field of organizational ethics to investigate to which extent ophthalmologic clinics, inserted in the competitive atmosphere, in the condition of organizations in search of survival, subordinate ethics to competitiveness in the managerial praxis, that is, in the administrative sphere. METHODS: Kohlberg is taken as theoretical reference, approaching the theme of ethical subordination to competitiveness. The instrument to evaluate moral behaviors of organizations, elaborated by Licht, is applied. The quantitative method is used, adopting analytic instruments, such as Q of Yule and non parametric tests, when dealing with the data of 41 ophthalmologic clinics. RESULTS: The results of the research seem to indicate that administrators of ophthalmologic clinics of greater performance subordinate ethical principles to competitiveness, seeking to assure the survival of the company and, when confronted with the instrument to evaluate their moral behavior, proposed by Kohlberg, have a significantly smaller presence in the postconventional stage than administrators of ophthalmologic clinics with a smaller performance. One may affirm, according to non parametric tests, at the level of significance of 0.05, that the levels of moral development of the two groups differ significantly. CONCLUSIONS: The obtained results are according to the literature, especially concerning the "paradox of the ethical subordination and competitiveness". They also suggest that the warrant of the survival of the company tends to reduce the perception of the groups in power regarding the problems that happen in the community, and that a reduction of the ethical values subordinated to competition occurs, and such reduction provokes growing feelings of economical disputes in the social sphere.

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