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Urban areas' performance in water, energy, infrastructure, and socio-economic sectors is intertwined and measurable through Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) 6-13. Effective synergy among these is critical for sustainability. This study constructs an indicator framework that reflects progress towards these urban SDGs in China. Findings indicate underperformance in SDGs 8-11, suggesting the need for transformative actions. Through network analysis, the research reveals complementarities among these SDGs. Notably, the SDG space divides into socio-economic and ecological clusters, with SDG 6 (Clean Water and Sanitation) central to both. Additionally, SDG 8 (Decent Work and Economic Growth) and SDG 9 (Industry, Innovation, and Infrastructure) act as bridges, while greater synergies exist between SDG 12 (Responsible Consumption and Production) and SDG 13 (Climate Action). An in-depth view at the indicator-level shows a core-periphery structure, emphasizing indicators like SDG 6.2 (Wastewater Treatment Rate) and SDG 6.6 (Recycled Water Production Capacity per capita) as pivotal. This study confirms the urban SDG space's stability and predictiveness, underscoring its value in steering well-aligned policy decisions for sustainable growth.
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Desarrollo Sostenible , Abastecimiento de Agua , China , Ciudades , Conservación de los Recursos Naturales/métodosRESUMEN
Work to reduce environmental pollution from the health system is hampered by an absence of consensus on the definition of environmentally sustainable health care and the relevant measurement needed. This scoping review aims to encourage standardisation across sustainability efforts by examining how environmentally sustainable health care is defined and measured in current literature. We conducted a scoping review to identify candidate publications that included either a definition or description of environmentally sustainable health care or a measurement of the impact of health care on the environment. 328 publications were included in the final analysis. 52 publications included definitions or descriptions of environmentally sustainable health care. Results of the study highlight the heterogeneity in the current definition, measurement, and measurement calculation methods of environmentally sustainable health care in published literature. Work is needed to create more harmonised definitions and measurement to support progress and reduce environmental pollution from health care.
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Atención a la Salud , Humanos , Desarrollo Sostenible , Contaminación Ambiental , Conservación de los Recursos NaturalesRESUMEN
The presence of livestock inside protected areas, or "livestock encroachment," is a global conservation concern because livestock is broadly thought to negatively affect wildlife. The Maasai Mara National Reserve (MMNR), Kenya, exemplifies this tension as livestock is believed to have resulted in the declining wildlife populations, contributing to the strict and sometimes violent exclusion measures targeting Maasai pastoralists. However, research embedded in the real-world setting that draws insights from the social-ecological contexts is lacking. In this study, we conducted 19 mo of ecological monitoring covering 60 sites in MMNR and found that cattle presence inside the reserve did not significantly impact most co-occurring wild herbivores at the current intensity. Using the Hierarchical Modeling of Species Communities and Gaussian copula graphic models, we showed that cattle had no direct associations-neither negative nor positive-with nearly all wild herbivores despite frequently sharing the same space. Moreover, we did not detect resource degradation correlated with cattle presence near the MMNR boundary. Given the colonial legacy and land use history of Mara, entering MMNR becomes the only viable option for many herders. These results corroborate the emerging perspective that the ecological impacts of extensively herded livestock on wildlife might be more nuanced than previously thought. To effectively balance the needs of people, livestock, and wildlife, the current rigid livestock exclusion measures need to be reassessed to holistically consider herbivore ecology, local land use history, and modern politics of protected area management.
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Conservación de los Recursos Naturales , Ganado , Animales , Kenia , Bovinos , Herbivoria , Ecosistema , Animales SalvajesRESUMEN
In this study, we applied a multivariate logistic regression model to identify deforested areas and evaluate the current effects on environmental variables in the Brazilian state of Rondônia, located in the southwestern Amazon region using data from the MODIS/Terra sensor. The variables albedo, temperature, evapotranspiration, vegetation index, and gross primary productivity were analyzed from 2000 to 2022, with surface type data from the PRODES project as the dependent variable. The accuracy of the models was evaluated by the parameters area under the curve (AUC), pseudo R2, and Akaike information criterion, in addition to statistical tests. The results indicated that deforested areas had higher albedo (25%) and higher surface temperatures (3.2 °C) compared to forested areas. There was a significant reduction of the EVI (16%), indicating water stress, and a decrease in GPP (18%) and ETr (23%) due to the loss of plant biomass. The most precise model (91.6%) included only surface temperature and albedo, providing important information about the environmental impacts of deforestation in humid tropical regions.
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Conservación de los Recursos Naturales , Monitoreo del Ambiente , Bosques , Brasil , Modelos Logísticos , TemperaturaRESUMEN
Understanding the effects of mining activities on Amazonian streams and their impact on aquatic communities is of paramount importance in the current context of resource overexploitation in society. In this study, we assessed the significance of the environment and interspecific interactions on the organization patterns of semiaquatic insect species in a mineral extraction region in the eastern Amazon. We utilized the morpho functional characteristics of 22 species from the suborder Gerromorpha (Heteropteran), considering both the abundance and sexual dimorphism of these species. Additionally, we quantified the density of riparian vegetation surrounding each stream to categorize sampling points and evaluate whether there are differences in species distribution patterns among categories. We sampled 16 sites, categorized into two treatments based on the percentage of riparian vegetation in forested and deforested areas located in the Capim River Basin. We did not find the action of environmental filters on the total assembly; however, we found significant morphological divergence for all the traits analyzed. On the other hand, the separation of streams into treatments with different portions of riparian vegetation showed that there are significant differences between them regarding species distribution patterns. Forested streams within a 500-m radius have species distributed over a larger area, indicating that these streams have greater resource availability or that species can use these resources more efficiently. Our results demonstrate the importance of riparian vegetation for the studied communities, as well as for mitigating the impacts caused by mining activities.
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Monitoreo del Ambiente , Ríos , Animales , Ríos/química , Brasil , Ecosistema , Minería , Bosques , Biodiversidad , Insectos , Conservación de los Recursos NaturalesRESUMEN
INTRODUCTION: Incorporating rare and threatened healing plants from Traditional Chinese Medicine (TCM) into modern medicine is a hopeful way to expand treatment choices and encourage the long-term use of plant resources. These plants have been used in Traditional Chinese Medicine for a long time. They have powerful healing properties, including the ability to reduce inflammation and fight cancer. They also protect nerves and the heart. METHOD: A thorough study of all the scientific studies, clinical trials, ethnobotanical surveys, and conservation reports that were found were all looked at in relation to rare and threatened medical plants used in TCM. We looked through databases like PubMed, Scopus, and Web of Science for relevant pieces. Studies published in peer-reviewed journals, reports from reputable conservation organisations, and written down traditional knowledge were all considered to be relevant. RESULTS: Key results show that plants like Dendrobium, Panax notoginseng, Taxus chinensis, and Cistanche deserticola can be used as medicines and that there are good ways to protect them. Some of the conservation methods that have been named are agroforestry, community-based management, current breeding techniques, and sustainable gathering. Collaboration in research, clinical trials, personalised medicine, regulatory harmonisation, and public education programs are all part of the integration with modern medicine. These programs try to solve problems like scientific proof, protection, and cultural integration. CONCLUSION: When rare and threatened medical plants from Traditional Chinese Medicine (TCM) are used in modern medicine, it can improve health and help protect wildlife. Using both old information and new science discoveries together can lead to new treatments and long-term uses for these plant materials. Large-scale clinical studies, new ways of growing plants, and looking into how TCM herbs and regular drugs can work together should be the main topics of future study. For global healthcare to improve and for these important plant resources to be used in the long term, academics, healthcare workers, lawmakers, and local communities must work together.
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Conservación de los Recursos Naturales , Especies en Peligro de Extinción , Medicina Tradicional China , Plantas Medicinales , Plantas Medicinales/química , Medicina Tradicional China/métodos , Medicamentos Herbarios Chinos/uso terapéutico , HumanosRESUMEN
This article is an Invited Commentary on Stephenson et al. (2024). This commentary attempts to provide broader context of the research within the body of literature on species loss and ecosystem functioning and highlights its relevance to conservation and global change.
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Cambio Climático , Ecosistema , Bosques , Animales , Conservación de los Recursos Naturales , Heces/químicaRESUMEN
Exploring the physical fractions of organic carbon and influencing mechanisms in grassland, forest, and farmland soils in wind erosion area can provide scientific basis for carbon sequestration, land utilization, wind prevention measure making, and fertility restoration of sloping farmland in the region. We examined the differentiation of aggregate organic carbon and density fractionation organic carbon in 0-15 cm soil layer across grassland, forest, and sloping farmland with 350 m long and 5° slope gradient in the wind erosion area of Meilisi District, Qiqihar, Heilongjiang, as well as the sloping farmland in the downhill section, middle section, and uphill section with every 100 m apart from the bottom to the top. The results showed that soil aggregates >2 mm were all destroyed across grassland, forest, and farmland soils, while the percentage of aggregates <0.053 mm was significantly higher than that of other sizes. The percentage of various soil aggregates, organic carbon content from density fractionations, and the proportion of organic carbon in the heavy fraction aggregates in farmland were significantly lower than that in grassland and forest soils. Soil aggregates in the uphill section of farmland were completely destroyed, and organic carbon content in various size aggregates and density fractionations gradually decreased with increasing slope. The proportion of organic carbon in the heavy fraction aggregates decreased, but that in light fraction aggregates increased gradually. Soil organic carbon and available potassium were key factors affecting aggregate stability, aggregate organic carbon content, and organic carbon content in density fractionations, while the loss of organic carbon in aggregate led to a decrease in aggregate stability. In summary, compared with grassland and forest soils, the stability of soil aggregates, the aggregate organic carbon content, the organic carbon content in density fractionations, and the proportion of organic carbon in heavy fraction aggregates in farmland all decreased in the wind erosion area of Northeast China. With the increases of slope, the aggregate organic carbon content, the organic carbon content in density fractionations, and the proportion of organic carbon in the heavy fraction aggregates in sloping farmland all decreased. Planting trees, conserving and expanding grassland area, and increasing the application of organic materials in sloping farmland in wind erosion area are effective approaches to stabilize and increase carbon storage, improve soil structure, and enhance soil quality.
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Carbono , Compuestos Orgánicos , Suelo , Viento , China , Carbono/análisis , Carbono/química , Suelo/química , Compuestos Orgánicos/análisis , Productos Agrícolas/crecimiento & desarrollo , Pradera , Erosión del Suelo , Bosques , Árboles/crecimiento & desarrollo , Poaceae/crecimiento & desarrollo , Conservación de los Recursos Naturales , EcosistemaRESUMEN
In this paper, we collected the individual tree point cloud data in the plots of Larix olgensis plantations with different thinning intensities in Mengjiagang Forest Farm, applied the fractal analysis theory to extract box dimensions (Db) on MATLAB platform, and characterized the structural complexity of L. olgensis. We assessed the effect of different thinning intensities and tree attributes on the structural complexity of L. olgensis. The results showed significant differences in L. olgensis Db between control (CK: 1.68±0.07), low and medium intensity thinning (T1, T2, T3: 1.74±0.07), and high intensity thinning (T4: 1.81±0.06), which indicated that the thinning intensity increased tree structural complexity. For trunk attribute, the diameter at breast height and tree height was significantly positively correlated with Db, while the height-to-diameter ratio was significantly negatively correlated with Db. For canopy attribute, crown volume, surface area, projected area, and crown diameter was significantly positively correlated with Db. Hegyi competition index was significantly negatively correlated with Db in the control and low-moderate-intensity thinning treatments, but not significantly correlated with Db in the high-intensity thinning treatment. It indicated that thinning influenced L. olgensis structural complexity, with trunk attribute and canopy attribute as the main drivers of L. olgensis structural complexity.
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Agricultura Forestal , Larix , Larix/crecimiento & desarrollo , Agricultura Forestal/métodos , China , Ecosistema , Conservación de los Recursos Naturales , Bosques , FractalesRESUMEN
Soil microorganisms play a crucial role as a link between vegetation and soil nutrient cycling. However, it is unclear how vegetation and soil influence microbial community during the ecological restoration process of the Mu Us Desert. Using phospholipid fatty acid (PLFA) markers and integrating shrub, herbaceous plants, and soil factors, we explored the characteristics and regulations of soil microbial community changes. In this study, we used and took the soil after 10, 30, 50, and 70 years of Caragana korshinskii sand-fixing forest restoration, with moving dunes as a control (0 year). The results showed that the ecological restoration effect index increased significantly with the increase of recovery years. The total PLFA contents in 0, 10, 30, 50, and 70 years were 47.75, 55.89, 63.53, 67.23, and 82.29 nmol·g-1, respectively. With the increases of ecological restoration index, the biomass of fungi and bacteria, as well as the ratio of Gram-positive to Gram-negative bacteria, all showed significant increase, while the biomass of Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacterial communities, and the ratio of fungi to bacteria, demonstrated significant decrease. Shrub, herbaceous plants, and soil factors could explain 72.4% of the vari-ation of soil microbial community composition, with higher contribution of soil factors than vegetation factors. The total content of phospholipid fatty acids of soil microbial community in Mu Us Desert increased with the increases of restoration years. Soil water content, pH, total nitrogen, and soil organic carbon were the main driving factors affecting the characteristics of soil microbial community. With the increases of restoration years of C. korshinskii sand-fixation forests in the Mu Us Desert, there were significant changes in the structure of soil microbial communities, which were primarily driven by soil factors.
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Caragana , Clima Desértico , Microbiota , Microbiología del Suelo , Caragana/crecimiento & desarrollo , China , Bosques , Fosfolípidos/análisis , Restauración y Remediación Ambiental/métodos , Suelo/química , Arena , Ácidos Grasos/análisis , Conservación de los Recursos NaturalesRESUMEN
Clarifying vegetation changes and the driving factors can provide references for ecological restoration and sustainable social development. We analyzed vegetation distribution and trend changes in Henan Province and its basin zoning (Haihe River basin zoning, Yellow River basin zoning, Huaihe River basin zoning, Yangtze River basin zoning), with fractional vegetation cover data from 2000 to 2020 based on the Google Earth Engine platform, and by combining Theil-Sen Median trend analysis, Mann-Kendall test, and Hurst index. We also utilized factor detection and factor interaction to explore the individual and mutual influences of natural and anthropogenic factors on vegetation at different scales. The results showed that the fractional vegetation cover (FVC) in Henan Province exhibited a distribution pattern of higher coverage in the south and lower in the north during the study period, predominantly characterized by moderate to high vegetation coverage. The Yangtze River basin zoning had the highest coverage. FVC in Henan Province and its zoning exhibited a consistent pattern of fluctuating upward trends, with all areas showing significant improvement. Particularly, the Yangtze River basin zoning had the largest area of improvement. According to the Hurst index, apart from the possibility of continued improvement in the Huaihe River basin zoning, other zoning would be likely to shift from improvement to degradation in the future. Vegetation changes in Henan Province and its zoning were the result of combined effects of anthropogenic and natural factors, with the influence of these factors changing over time and the dominant factors varying by region. Anthropogenic factors such as land use/cover type and nighttime lighting had a stronger impact on vegetation than natural factors like elevation, slope, and annual mean low temperature. The interaction between factors, particularly between anthropogenic and natural factors, exhibited a nonlinear enhancing pattern.
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Ecosistema , Monitoreo del Ambiente , Ríos , China , Monitoreo del Ambiente/métodos , Conservación de los Recursos Naturales , Desarrollo de la Planta , Sistemas de Información Geográfica , PlantasRESUMEN
Ecological security pattern is an important spatial way to maintain ecological processes and ensure the stability of ecosystem functions. As the implementation of landscape planning and decision-making, it is critically needed to consider the consistency of differentiated methods and their spatial outputs in the construction of ecological security patterns and the matching and applicability of research objects. From the perspective of integration, we combined the regional topography and landscape characteristics, integrated the morphological spatial pattern analysis and the importance evaluation results of ecosystem services to identify the ecological source, and constructed the ecological security pattern of the Ansai District of Yan'an City, the main implementation area of the Grain-for-Green Project on the Loess Plateau. The results showed that the structural and functional construction methods had low consistency in the identification of spatial protection priority. The integration-oriented method could complement each other and achieve the dual goals of structural connectivity and functional improvement. There were 202 ecological sources in the study area, with a total area of 391.58 km2, accounting for 13.3% of the total area of the study area. There were 110 ecological corridors in the study area, with a total length of 599 km, which were mainly distributed around the river channel, showing a distribution pattern of 'short and narrow dense in the north and south, long and wide in the middle'. The structure-function integration method provides new insights for ecological restoration planning of land space and promotes the research of landscape pattern, process and service.
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Conservación de los Recursos Naturales , Ecosistema , China , Conservación de los Recursos Naturales/métodos , Altitud , Ecología/métodos , Planificación Ambiental , Monitoreo del Ambiente/métodosRESUMEN
Investigating the wind speed flow field and aerodynamic characteristics of shelterbelts with different structural features is of significant importance for the rational arrangement of shelterbelts and the mitigation of wind-blown sand disasters. Considering five cross-sectional shapes of shelterbelts (rectangle, windward right-angle triangle, leeward right-angle triangle, isosceles triangle, and parabolic) and four layout forms (single shelterbelt, L-shaped network, U-shaped network, and rectangular network), we conducted computational fluid dynamics (CFD) simulations using the large eddy simulation (LES) turbulence model to understand mean wind speed flow field and turbulence structure of shelterbelts with different structural features, and investigated the effects of shelterbelt cross-sectional shapes and layout forms on windbreak indicators, such as protection distance and area. We considered tree canopies as porous media and conducted simulation with the 'Tsujimatsu' shelterbelt in Japan with a total height (H) of 7 m, canopy height of 5.8 m, and a canopy base width of 2 m. The results showed that the average relative errors of mean wind speed and turbulent kinetic energy at different heights obtained by numerical simulations and field measurement were small, being 5.5% and 12%, respectively, indicating that the porous medium canopy model successfully reproduced the mean wind speed and turbulent kinetic energy in the leeward area of the shelterbelt. The rectangular cross-section shelterbelt, with the largest canopy volume, significantly obstructed airflow. The mean wind speed and turbulent kinetic energy showed a notable reduction in the leeward area near the shelterbelt, especially in the upper region (z≥0.5H, where z denoted the height), showing the largest protection range. The parabolic cross-section shelterbelt ranked second in terms of protection range, followed by shelterbelts with windward right-angle, leeward right-angle, and isosceles triangular cross-sections. In the downstream area where horizontal distance x≥10H, the mean wind speed and turbulent kinetic energy of shelterbelts with different cross-sectional shapes tended to be the same. Comparing the flow field structures of single shelterbelts and L-shaped, U-shaped, and rectangular networks, it revealed that the more shelterbelts oriented perpendicular to the incoming wind speed, the more pronounced the wind speed attenuation behind the canopy, a longer distance would be required for airflow to recover to the incoming wind speed. In contrast, the wind protection effect of shelterbelts paralleled to the wind direction was extremely limited, making the U-shaped and rectangular networks more effective in wind protection than single shelterbelts and L-shaped networks. The findings would provide references for the structural configuration and optimal layout of shelterbelt systems.
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Simulación por Computador , Bosques , Viento , Modelos Teóricos , Conservación de los Recursos Naturales , Pinus/crecimiento & desarrollo , Ecosistema , Árboles/crecimiento & desarrollo , ChinaRESUMEN
Clarifying the matching degree and the trade-offs and synergies between supply and demand of ecosystem services is of significance for scientific division of management zoning and sustainable urban development. We calculated the supply and demand of ecosystem services at the sub-district (town) scale of Taiyuan based on multi-source data, explored the coldspots and hotspots area of the supply-demand ratio and the trade-offs and synergies of six ecosystem services using the Getis-Ord Gi* tool and correlation analysis, and proposed strategies based on the regional characteristics of natural-resource and socio-economy. Results showed the distribution of the supply and demand of ecosystem services had a spatial heterogeneity. In terms of supply, the area with high supply of carbon storage, air purification, thermal environment regulation and recreation service were located in the east and west parts, that of soil conservation in the west and water yield in the south part. In terms of demand, the demand distribution of carbon storage, thermal environment regulation, water yield and recreation service were characterized by high in the central and east-south area, and low in the periphery, and high demand of air purification in south and north parts, soil conservation in west part. There were substantial mismatches between the demand and supply of ecosystem services. The risk levels of the supply and demand of six ecosystem services showed a decreasing pattern from the Fenhe River to the eastern and western mountains. There were trade-offs between water yield and other five ecosystem services in their supply, while air purification and soil conservation had trade-offs with other four ecosystem services in demand. Based on the regional ecological management framework, we divided the study area into three primary zones and eight secondary zones, and proposed differentiated ecological management strategies to provide theoretical support for ecological zoning. The results could provide a basis for balancing the relationship of supply and demand of ecosystem services and promoting the sustainable development of the city.
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Ciudades , Conservación de los Recursos Naturales , Ecosistema , China , Ecología , Monitoreo del AmbienteRESUMEN
Understanding the responses of ecosystem service trade-offs and synergies in metropolitan areas to the multidimensional expansion of urban space is of great significance for the optimization of regional land spatial pattern and high-quality development. With the Guangfo Metropolitan Area as research region, we used land use data and natural ecological environment data from 2000 to 2020 to measure the expansion characteristics of urban space in the dimensions of scale, distribution, and morphology by using the landscape pattern indices. We further calculated four main ecosystem services: urban cooling, habitat quality, recreation, and water conservation by the InVEST model, quantified the trade-off and synergistic relationship of multiple ecosystem services by the coupling coordination degree model, and explored its response to multidimensional urban spatial expansion by using the multi-scale geographically weighted regression model. The results showed that urban land use scale in the Guangfo Metropolitan Area continued to increase from 2000 to 2020, with an accelerated growth rate from 2010 to 2020. The ave-rage patch area of urban land in the central area and the urban land of small patches in the northeast increased, evolving from a "dual-center" structure to a "single-center" one. The distance between urban land patches in the Guangfo Metropolitan Area was relatively small, indicating a compact distribution of urban land. The distance between newly developed urban land patches was also small, but had gradually increased in recent years. The patch shape of urban land was relatively regular and less complex, but the complexity of the newly added urban land gra-dually increased. The ecosystem service trade-offs and synergies in the Guangfo Metropolitan Area had undergone significant changes, with a decrease in synergies and an increase in trade-off, and extreme trade-offs had gradually become dominant. The response of ecosystem services synergies to changes in urban land use scale was the most intense and had spatial heterogeneity, while the response to the change of distribution and morphological characte-ristics of urban land showed periodic differences.
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Ciudades , Conservación de los Recursos Naturales , Ecosistema , China , Planificación de Ciudades , Urbanización , Monitoreo del Ambiente/métodos , Modelos TeóricosRESUMEN
Real-time assessment of ecological environment quality in arid and semi-arid regions is crucial for the sustainable development of ecological environments in China. In this study, we constructed a topsoil remote sensing ecological index (TRSEI) by coupling five indicators, greenness, wetness, dryness, topsoil grain size, and heat, with the Google Earth Engine (GEE). With the index, we evaluated the ecological environment quality of Wuchuan County from 1990 to 2020, and examined the spatio-temporal variations of ecological environment quality and its driving factors by using univariate linear regression, multiple regression residual analysis, and Hurst index. Results showed that the first principal component of the TRSEI in the study area contributed over 70%, with a mean eigenvalue of 0.148, indicating the effective integration of various ecological indicators by TRSEI. The topsoil grain size index was essential for the assessment of ecological environment quality in arid and semi-arid regions. From 1990 to 2020, the fluctuation range of TRSEI in the study area was between 0.289 and 0.458, showing an overall slight deterioration trend. The ecological environment quality of cropland and de-farming region had improved, with the improved area accounting for 47.9% of the total area. The grassland, barren land, and construction land areas had deteriorated, with the deteriorated area accounting for 52.1% of the total area. In the future, 36.9% of the regions would experience continuous improvement in ecological environment quality, while 41.4% might continue to dete-riorate. Human activities were the primary driving factor for the changes in ecological environment quality in arid and semi-arid regions, accounting for 88.6% of the total area. Climate change also had a significant impact, accounting for 11.4% of the total area. The TRSEI could effectively assess the ecological environment quality of arid and semi-arid regions, providing a scientific basis for ecological conservation and construction in these areas.
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Clima Desértico , Ecosistema , Monitoreo del Ambiente , Tecnología de Sensores Remotos , China , Tecnología de Sensores Remotos/métodos , Monitoreo del Ambiente/métodos , Conservación de los Recursos Naturales/métodos , Ecología/métodosRESUMEN
Wildlife resources are strategic resources of a country, and the investigation of which is a key task for effective management in protection and utilization. Since the 1990s, two national surveys of terrestrial wildlife resources have been carried out in China, and the situation of wildlife resources has been known to a certain extent. Due to the complexity and difficulty of national wildlife survey, we are still not able to grasp the background and dynamics of wildlife resources as a whole promptly and effectively. The results and effectiveness of wildlife resources investigation will directly affect the decision-making related in wildlife protection. According to Law of the People's Republic of China on the Protection of Wildlife and Regulations of the People's Republic of China for the Implementation of the Protection of Terrestrial Wildlife, it is imperative to carry out the third national survey of terrestrial wildlife resources, and to be integrated with the national strategy of ecological civilization construction. The aims of this review were to summarize the earlier experiences in time, to further improve the investigation scheme and technical methods, to serve the third national survey of terrestrial wildlife resources, in addition to obtain more comprehensive and reliable data of wildlife resources, grasp the development trend of domestic wildlife resources, and provide more effective supports for the wildlife conservation in China.
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Animales Salvajes , Conservación de los Recursos Naturales , China , Animales , Ecosistema , Recolección de Datos , Encuestas y CuestionariosRESUMEN
We assessed the diversity, composition, and distribution of bird species in patches of semi-humid evergreen broad-leaved forest by selecting eight natural forest communities in the central Yunnan Plateau, which is a representative distribution area of semi-humid broad-leaved evergreen forest. Field observations were conducted from April to August 2023 by the sample line and sample point method, and eight survey routes of 3-4 km in length were established. The results showed that 1) A total of 1286 birds were recorded, belonging to 102 species in 7 orders and 30 families. The three most abundant families were Muscicapidae (14 species), Leiothrichidae (9 species), and Phylloscopidae (7 species); 2) Species of Oriental origin, Palaearctic origin, and widespread species accounted for 81.4%, 4.9%, and 13.7% of observations, respectively; 3) The average number of bird species surveyed in forest patches was 32.0±3.5; the Shannon index of birds was lower in secondary, semi-humid evergreen broad-leaved forests (1.536±0.110) than in primary forest communities (2.037±0.100); 4) Species composition exhibited considerable variation between patches, with the presence of dominant and common species, and the difference in rare species; 5) Considering the ecological groups of birds based on diet, invertebrate-eating and omnivorous birds, herbivorous birds, and carnivorous birds accounted for 84.3%, 11.8%, and 3.9%, respectively. The coexistence of birds with similar diets was maintained by diluting interspecific competition, mainly through partitioning of the vertical feeding space. For the conservation of bird species diversity and rare species, all patches of native semi-humid evergreenbroad-leaved forest are of conservation value.
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Biodiversidad , Aves , Bosques , Animales , China , Aves/clasificación , Árboles/crecimiento & desarrollo , Árboles/clasificación , Conservación de los Recursos NaturalesRESUMEN
Ecosystem regime shifts refer to the drastically changes of an ecosystem from one state to another after suffering disturbances that exceed the thresholds. Although land desertification and grassland degradation, which are common in the cold and arid regions, are gradual processes, sudden changes can also occur when the duration or intensity of disturbances exceed the thresholds. Therefore, the study of ecosystem regime shifts is of great significance to the management of ecosystems in cold and arid regions. In this review, we summarized the evolution of ecosystem regime shift theory and early warning signals, and analyzed the problems of land desertification and grassland degradation in cold and arid regions, as well as potential responses of ecosystems to different stresses. We further put forward research frameworks for the evolution and mutation characteristics of the rain-fed artificial sand fixation system and alpine meadows. The future research needed to be strengthened in identifying the key drivers of ecosystem regime shifts at different stages, determining the corresponding thresholds, emphasizing the mechanism of water-limited mutation induced by extreme climatic events and its early warning, and promoting the application of regime shift research to ecosystem management in arid and arid regions.
Asunto(s)
Conservación de los Recursos Naturales , Clima Desértico , Ecosistema , Conservación de los Recursos Naturales/métodos , Pradera , Frío , China , Cambio ClimáticoRESUMEN
"Planting conifer and reserving broadleaved tree" is an effective way to restore broad-leaved pine forest of temperate zone in Northeast China. Liberation cutting can promote the growth of Korean pine (Pinus koraiensis) under forest crown and accelerate the succession. However, how liberation cutting intensity affects the growth of Korean pine in secondary forest is still unclear. Taking the "Planting conifer and reserving broadleaved tree" Korean pine forest in Changbai Mountain as the object, we constructed a growth model of diameter at breast height (DBH) and tree height of Korean pine with double dummy variables (liberation cutting intensity and tree classification) to predict the growth of Korean pine plantation under different liberation cutting intensities, i.e. control (no liberation cutting), light-intensity liberation cutting (retaining upper canopy closure 0.6), medium-intensity liberation cutting (0.4), heavy-intensity liberation cutting (0.2) and clear cutting (cutting all upper broadleaf trees) stands. We analyzed the effects of liberation cutting intensities on DBH, tree height, and the ratio of tree height to DBH. The results showed that among six theoretical growth equations, the Gompertz model on the DBH (R2=0.46) and tree height (R2=0.81) was optimal basic model. The R2 of the DBH model was increased to 0.65 and 0.89, respectively, after the single dummy variable and the double dummy variable were introduced into the basic model, while the R2 of the tree height model was increased to 0.84 and 0.94. Therefore, the double dummy variable model was the most suitable for predicting the growth of Korean pine. The growth of DBH of pressed tree increased with the increases of liberation cutting intensity (increase by 145.8%-933.3%) during the whole simulation period (0-80 a). Average and dominant trees showed the same pattern at 42 and 60 a. In the early and middle stages of liberation cutting (20 and 42 a), clear cutting and heavy-intensity liberation cutting had similar effects on the height growth of dominant trees (64.8%-68.5%), average trees (100.0%-144.2%), and pressed trees (138.5%-183.9%). The effects of medium-intensity liberation cutting and light-intensity liberation cutting on the height growth were similar (24.3%-35.1%, 56.0%-92.3%, 84.6%-103.2%). While in the middle and late period (42 and 80 a), height growth of three grade trees increased with the increases of liberation cutting intensity. Under each liberation cutting intensity, the ratio of height to DBH of the dominant, average, and pressed trees increased successively, ranging from 0.50-0.95, 0.64-1.23, and 0.73-4.33, respectively. Only the pressed tree decreased with the increases of liberation cutting intensity at 0-80 a. Therefore, about 40 years after the implementation of liberation cutting, the promoting effect of different liberation cutting intensities on DBH growth was significantly weakened, the promoting effect on tree height growth was significantly enhanced, and the ratio of tree height to diameter began to increase. In order to alleviate forest competition, second liberation cutting should be carried out for light-intensity liberation cutting and medium-intensity liberation cutting stands to further release the growth potential of Korean pine, and thinning management should be carried out in clear cutting and heavy-intensity liberation cutting stands.