RESUMEN
Response facilitation has often been portrayed as a "low level" category of social learning, because the demonstrator's action, which is already in the observer's repertoire, automatically triggers that same action, rather than induces the learning of a new action. One way to rule out response facilitation consists of introducing a delay between the demonstrator's behavior and the observer's response to let their possible effects wear off. However, this may not rule out "delayed response facilitation" in which the subject could be continuously "mentally rehearsing" the demonstrated actions during the waiting period. We used a do-as-the-other-did paradigm in two orcas to study whether they displayed cognitive control regarding their production of familiar actions by (1) introducing a delay ranging from 60 to 150 s between observing and producing the actions and (2) interspersing distractor (non-target) actions performed by the demonstrator and by the subjects during the delay period. These two manipulations were aimed at preventing the mental rehearsal of the observed actions during the delay period. Both orcas copied the model's target actions on command after various delay periods, and crucially, despite the presence of distractor actions. These findings suggest that orcas are capable of selectively retrieving a representation of an observed action to generate a delayed matching response. Moreover, these results lend further support to the proposal that the subjects' performance relied not only on a mental representation of the specific actions that were requested to copy, but also flexibly on the abstract and domain general rule requested by the specific "copy command". Our findings strengthen the view that orcas and other cetaceans are capable of flexible and controlled social learning.
Asunto(s)
Conducta Imitativa , Aprendizaje Social , Animales , Conducta Imitativa/fisiología , Aprendizaje , Recuerdo MentalRESUMEN
Resumo Objetivo: Analisar os significados atribuídos à dinâmica familiar por homens que reproduziram a violência doméstica vivenciada na infância. Métodos: Trata-se de uma pesquisa qualitativa guiada à luz do Interacionismo Simbólico. Procurou-se conhecer a história oral de homens em processo jurídico junto à 2ᵃ Vara de Justiça pela Paz em Casa, situada no município de Salvador, Bahia, Brasil. Para tanto, utilizou-se entrevistas, as quais foram transcritas, textualizadas e transcriadas. A organização dos dados se deu com base na Análise de Conteúdo Temática. Resultados: As narrativas revelam que a interpretação das experiências de agressões físicas, psicológicas, negligência e testemunho da violência conjugal entre os pais na infância direcionou a construção dos significados de que a dinâmica familiar deve ser pautada no controle e dominação masculina sobre a esposa e filhos, princípios que nortearam os relacionamentos familiares na fase adulta. Conclusão: As histórias remetem para o significado de que a dinâmica familiar deve ser delineada com base na divisão sexual dos papéis, sendo o homem considerado o provedor e autoridade máxima da casa e a mulher responsável pelo cuidado dos filhos. Nota-se ainda a simbologia de que a interação entre pai e filhos deve ser estabelecida de maneira rude e severa. Estes significados predispõem à reprodução da violência durante a vida adulta, o que demonstra a importância de ações que viabilizem a ressignificação das interações familiares violentas, preferencialmente ainda na fase da infância.
Resumen Objetivo: Analizar el significado atribuido a la dinámica familiar por hombres que reprodujeron la violencia doméstica vivida en la infancia. Métodos: Se trata de un estudio cualitativo guiado según el interaccionismo simbólico. Se buscó conocer la historia oral de hombres en proceso judicial en el 2° Tribunal de Justica por la Paz en Casa, situado en el municipio de Salvador, estado de Bahia, Brasil. Para eso, se utilizaron entrevistas que fueron transcriptas, textualizadas y transcreadas. La organización de los datos se realizó con base en el análisis de contenido temático. Resultados: Las narrativas revelan que la interpretación de las experiencias de agresiones físicas, psicológicas, negligencia y testigo de la violencia conyugal entre los padres en la infancia llevó a la elaboración del significado de que la dinámica familiar debe estar marcada por el control y dominación masculina sobre la esposa e hijos, principios que guían las relaciones familiares en la fase adulta. Conclusión: Las historias remiten al significado de que la dinámica familiar debe estar definida con base en la división sexual de los roles, en que el hombre es considerado proveedor y autoridad máxima de la casa y la mujer responsable del cuidado de los hijos. Además, se observó la simbología de que la interacción entre padre e hijo debe establecerse de forma grosera y severa. Estos significados predisponen a la reproducción de la violencia durante la vida adulta, lo que demuestra la importancia de acciones que posibiliten la resignificación de las intervenciones familiares violentas, preferentemente aún en la fase de la infancia.
Abstract Objective: To analyze the meanings attributed to family dynamics by men who reproduced domestic violence suffered in their childhood. Methods: This is a qualitative research guided in the light of Symbolic Interactionism. We sought to know the oral history of men under criminal prosecutions before the 2ndCourt of Justice for Peace at Home, located in the city of Salvador, Bahia, Brazil. To this end, interviews were used, which were transcribed, textualized and transcribed. Data organization was based on content analysis. Results: The statements reveal that interpreting physical, psychological aggression, neglect and witness of domestic violence experiences between parents in childhood directed constructing the meanings that family dynamics must be based on male control and domination over the wife and children, principles that guided family relationships in adulthood. Conclusion: The stories refer to the meaning that family dynamics must be delineated based on sexual division of roles, with men being considered providers and maximum authority of the house, and women, responsible for children care. It is also noted the symbology that father-children interaction must be established in a rude and severe way. These meanings predispose to reproducing violence during adulthood, which demonstrates the importance of actions that make it possible to redefine violent family interactions, preferably still in childhood.
Asunto(s)
Humanos , Masculino , Adulto , Violencia Doméstica/legislación & jurisprudencia , Relaciones Familiares , Relaciones Familiares/psicología , Interaccionismo Simbólico , Conducta Imitativa , Maltrato a los Niños/psicología , Estudios de Evaluación como AsuntoRESUMEN
Across the lifespan and across populations, humans 'overimitate' causally unnecessary behaviors. Such irrelevant-action imitation facilitates faithful cultural transmission, but its immediate benefits to the imitator are controversial. Over short time scales, irrelevant-action imitation may bootstrap artifact exploration or interpersonal affiliation, and over longer time scales it may facilitate acquisition of either causal models or social conventions. To investigate these putative functions, we recruited community samples from two under-studied populations: Yasawa, Fiji, and Huatasani, Peru. We use a two-action puzzle box: first after a video demonstration, and again one month later. Treating age as a continuous variable, we reveal divergent developmental trajectories across sites. Yasawans (44 adults, M = 39.9 years, 23 women; 42 children, M = 9.8 years, 26 girls) resemble documented patterns, with irrelevant-action imitation increasing across childhood and plateauing in adulthood. In contrast, Huatasaneños (48 adults, M = 37.6 years, 33 women; 47 children, M = 9.3 years, 13 girls) evince a parabolic trajectory: adults at the site show the lowest irrelevant-action imitation of any demographic set in our sample. In addition, all age sets in both populations reduce their irrelevant actions at Time 2, but do not reduce their relevant-action imitation or goal attainment. Taken together, and considering the local cultural contexts, our results suggest that irrelevant-action imitation serves a short-term function and is sensitive to the social context of the demonstration.
Asunto(s)
Conducta Imitativa , Modelos Teóricos , Medio Social , Adulto , Factores de Edad , Niño , Conducta Infantil , Cultura , Femenino , Fiji , Humanos , Aprendizaje , Masculino , PerúRESUMEN
Mexican American adolescents report high rates of alcohol consumption as well as media use. Viewing alcohol images in the media is associated with increased alcohol consumption; however, to date, this association has not been examined across different ethnic groups in the United States. To bridge this gap, we examined the association between viewing alcohol use images in PG-13-rated movies and alcohol initiation in Mexican-heritage adolescents. A cohort of 1,154 Mexican-heritage youth, average age 14 years, was followed for 2 years; in 2008-2009, participants reported alcohol use in the past 30 days and again in 2010-2011. Exposure to alcohol use images in PG-13-rated movies was estimated from 50 movies randomly selected from a pool of 250 of the top box office hits in the United States using previously validated methods. A series of generalized linear models, adjusting for age, gender, peer and family alcohol use, family functioning, anxiety, sensation-seeking tendency, and acculturation were completed. Multiple imputation was utilized to address missing data. Overall, N = 652 participants reported no alcohol use in 2008-2009; by 2010-2011, 33.6% (n = 219) had initiated alcohol use. Adjusted models indicated an independent association between exposure to alcohol use images in PG-13-rated movies and alcohol initiation (comparing quartiles 3 to 1: RR =1.53; 95% CI [1.11, 2.10]). The findings emphasize that the relationship between viewing alcohol use scenes in American films and alcohol initiation holds among Mexican-heritage adolescents and underscore the need to limit adolescents' exposure to such powerful images in PG-13-rated movies.
Asunto(s)
Conducta del Adolescente/psicología , Consumo de Bebidas Alcohólicas/epidemiología , Conducta Imitativa , Americanos Mexicanos/psicología , Películas Cinematográficas/estadística & datos numéricos , Adolescente , Publicidad , Femenino , Humanos , Masculino , Grupo Paritario , ProbabilidadRESUMEN
Vocal imitation is a hallmark of human spoken language, which, along with other advanced cognitive skills, has fuelled the evolution of human culture. Comparative evidence has revealed that although the ability to copy sounds from conspecifics is mostly uniquely human among primates, a few distantly related taxa of birds and mammals have also independently evolved this capacity. Remarkably, field observations of killer whales have documented the existence of group-differentiated vocal dialects that are often referred to as traditions or cultures and are hypothesized to be acquired non-genetically. Here we use a do-as-I-do paradigm to study the abilities of a killer whale to imitate novel sounds uttered by conspecific (vocal imitative learning) and human models (vocal mimicry). We found that the subject made recognizable copies of all familiar and novel conspecific and human sounds tested and did so relatively quickly (most during the first 10 trials and three in the first attempt). Our results lend support to the hypothesis that the vocal variants observed in natural populations of this species can be socially learned by imitation. The capacity for vocal imitation shown in this study may scaffold the natural vocal traditions of killer whales in the wild.
Asunto(s)
Conducta Imitativa , Vocalización Animal , Orca/fisiología , Animales , Femenino , Humanos , Aprendizaje , Habla , Orca/psicologíaRESUMEN
PURPOSE: Despite the widespread use of hand movements as visual and kinesthetic cues to facilitate accurate speech produced by individuals with speech sound disorders (SSDs), no experimental investigation of gestural cues that mimic that spatiotemporal parameters of speech sounds (e.g., holding fingers and thumb together and "popping" them to cue /p/) currently exists. The purpose of this study was to examine the effectiveness of manual mimicry cues within a multisensory intervention of persisting childhood apraxia of speech (CAS). METHOD: A single-subject ABAB withdrawal design was implemented to assess the accuracy of vowel + /r/ combinations produced by a 21-year-old woman with persisting CAS. The effect of manual mimicry gestures paired with multisensory therapy consisting of verbal instructions and visual modeling was assessed via clinician and naïve listener ratings of target sound accuracy. RESULTS: According to the perceptual ratings of the treating clinician and 28 naïve listeners, the participant demonstrated improved speech sound accuracy as a function of the manual mimicry/multisensory therapy. CONCLUSIONS: These data offer preliminary support for the incorporation of gestural cues in therapy for CAS and other SSDs. The need for continued research on the interaction of speech and manual movements for individuals with SSDs is discussed.
Asunto(s)
Apraxias/rehabilitación , Señales (Psicología) , Mano , Lengua de Signos , Acústica del Lenguaje , Inteligibilidad del Habla , Trastorno Fonológico/rehabilitación , Logopedia , Patología del Habla y Lenguaje/métodos , Apraxias/diagnóstico , Apraxias/fisiopatología , Apraxias/psicología , Femenino , Humanos , Conducta Imitativa , Juicio , Percepción del Habla , Medición de la Producción del Habla , Trastorno Fonológico/diagnóstico , Trastorno Fonológico/fisiopatología , Trastorno Fonológico/psicología , Resultado del Tratamiento , Adulto JovenRESUMEN
Cetaceans are remarkable for exhibiting group-specific behavioral traditions or cultures in several behavioral domains (e.g., calls, behavioral tactics), and the question of whether they can be acquired socially, for example through imitative processes, remains open. Here we used a "Do as other does" paradigm to experimentally study the ability of a beluga to imitate familiar intransitive (body-oriented) actions demonstrated by a conspecific. The participant was first trained to copy three familiar behaviors on command (training phase) and then was tested for her ability to generalize the learned "Do as the other does" command to a different set of three familiar behaviors (testing phase). We found that the beluga (1) was capable of learning the copy command signal "Do what-the-other-does"; (2) exhibited high matching accuracy for trained behaviors (mean = 84% of correct performance) after making the first successful copy on command; (3) copied successfully the new set of three familiar generalization behaviors that were untrained to the copy command (range of first copy = 12 to 35 trials); and (4) deployed a high level of matching accuracy (mean = 83%) after making the first copy of an untrained behavior on command. This is the first evidence of contextual imitation of intransitive (body-oriented) movements in the beluga and adds to the reported findings on production imitation of sounds in this species and production imitation of sounds and motor actions in several cetaceans, especially dolphins and killer whales. Collectively these findings highlight the notion that cetaceans have a natural propensity at skillfully and proficiently matching the sounds and body movements demonstrated by conspecifics, a fitness-enhancing propensity in the context of cooperative hunting and anti-predatory defense tactics, and of alliance formation strategies that have been documented in these species' natural habitats. Future work should determine if the beluga can also imitate novel motor actions.
Asunto(s)
Percepción Auditiva/fisiología , Conducta Animal/fisiología , Ballena Beluga/psicología , Conducta Imitativa , Actividad Motora/fisiología , Animales , Femenino , Aprendizaje , Masculino , Desempeño PsicomotorRESUMEN
How does early social experience affect children's inferences and exploration? Following prior work on children's reasoning in pedagogical contexts, this study examined U.S. children with less experience in formal schooling and Yucatec Mayan children whose early social input is predominantly observational. In Experiment 1, U.S. 2-year-olds (n = 77) showed more restricted exploration of a toy following a pedagogical demonstration than an interrupted, accidental, or no demonstration (baseline). In Experiment 2, Yucatec Mayan and U.S. 2-year-olds (n = 66) showed more restricted exploration following a pedagogical than an observational demonstration, while only Mayan children showed more restriction with age. These results suggest that although schooling is not a necessary precursor for sensitivity to pedagogy, early social experience may influence children's inferences and exploration in pedagogical contexts.
Asunto(s)
Conducta Infantil/etnología , Comparación Transcultural , Conducta Exploratoria , Conducta Imitativa , Aprendizaje , Preescolar , Femenino , Humanos , Indígenas Norteamericanos/etnología , Masculino , México/etnología , Estados Unidos/etnologíaRESUMEN
Despite its recognized importance for cultural transmission, little is known about the role imitation plays in language learning. Three experiments examine how rates of imitation vary as a function of qualitative differences in the way language is used in a small indigenous community in Oaxaca, Mexico and three Western comparison groups. Data from one hundred thirty-eight 3- to 10-year-olds suggests that children selectively imitate when they understand the function of a given linguistic element because their culture makes frequent use of that function. When function is opaque, however, children imitate faithfully. This has implications for how children manage the imitation-innovation trade-off, and offers insight into why children imitate in language learning across development.
Asunto(s)
Conducta Infantil/etnología , Comprensión , Comparación Transcultural , Conducta Imitativa , Desarrollo del Lenguaje , Niño , Preescolar , Humanos , México/etnología , Suiza/etnología , Texas/etnologíaRESUMEN
The idea of a collective intelligence behind the complex natural structures built by organisms suggests that the organization of social networks is selected so as to optimize problem-solving competence at the group level. Here we study the influence of the social network topology on the performance of a group of agents whose task is to locate the global maxima of NK fitness landscapes. Agents cooperate by broadcasting messages informing on their fitness and use this information to imitate the fittest agent in their influence networks. In the case those messages convey accurate information on the proximity of the solution (i.e., for smooth fitness landscapes), we find that high connectivity as well as centralization boosts the group performance. For rugged landscapes, however, these characteristics are beneficial for small groups only. For large groups, it is advantageous to slow down the information transmission through the network to avoid local maximum traps. Long-range links and modularity have marginal effects on the performance of the group, except for a very narrow region of the model parameters.
Asunto(s)
Procesos de Grupo , Aprendizaje , Solución de Problemas , Apoyo Social , Algoritmos , Animales , Juegos Experimentales , Humanos , Conducta Imitativa , Individualidad , Modelos Teóricos , Motivación , ProbabilidadRESUMEN
In several previous studies, 18-month-old infants who were directly addressed demonstrated more robust imitative behaviors than infants who simply observed another's actions, leading theorists to suggest that child-directed interactions carried unique informational value. However, these data came exclusively from cultural communities where direct teaching is commonplace, raising the possibility that the findings reflect regularities in infants' social experiences rather than responses to innate or a priori learning mechanisms. The current studies consider infants' imitative learning from child-directed teaching and observed interaction in two cultural communities, a Yucatec Mayan village where infants have been described as experiencing relatively limited direct instruction (Study 1) and a US city where infants are regularly directly engaged (Study 2). Eighteen-month-old infants from each community participated in a within-subjects study design where they were directly taught to use novel objects on one day and observed actors using different objects on another day. Mayan infants showed relative increases in imitative behaviors on their second visit to the lab as compared to their first visit, but there was no effect of condition. US infants showed no difference in imitative behavior in the child-directed vs. observed conditions; however, infants who were directly addressed on their first visit showed significantly higher overall imitation rates than infants who observed on their first visit. Together, these findings call into question the idea that child-directed teaching holds automatic or universal informational value.
Asunto(s)
Desarrollo Infantil/fisiología , Desarrollo del Lenguaje , Aprendizaje Social/fisiología , Enseñanza , Niño , Comparación Transcultural , Diversidad Cultural , Femenino , Humanos , Conducta Imitativa/fisiología , Indígenas Norteamericanos , Lactante , Masculino , México , Conducta Social , Estados UnidosRESUMEN
Although evidence points to a role for kinesthetic empathy (i.e. spontaneous interpersonal movement imitation and synchronisation) in social interaction, its relationship with emotional and cognitive aspects of empathy is unknown. We compared empathy in Tango and Capoeira experts, which crucially depend on ongoing, mutual interpersonal synchronisation, with empathy in practitioners of Salsa and Breakdance, respectively, which demand less interpersonal synchronisation but are comparable concerning movements and setting. Kinesthetic empathy was increased in the Tango and Capoeira groups. Although no group differences in other aspects of empathy were detected, kinesthetic empathy correlated with emotional and cognitive empathy. Taken together, trait kinesthetic empathy varies in the general population, and appears increased in synchronisation experts.
Asunto(s)
Baile/psicología , Empatía/fisiología , Conducta Imitativa/fisiología , Relaciones Interpersonales , Movimiento/fisiología , Adulto , Emociones/fisiología , Femenino , Humanos , Masculino , Persona de Mediana Edad , Adulto JovenRESUMEN
[Introducción]: En el presente documento se resumen los conocimientos actuales acerca del tabaquismo en el cine, así como los enfoques actual y propuesto para reducir la repercusión de tales imágenes. El objetivo del informe es ayudar a que los países comprendan los fundamentos para adoptar medidas destinadas a limitar la representación del tabaquismo en las películas. Esto puede servir de ayuda a los Estados Parte del CMCT de la OMS para que pongan en práctica las recomendaciones específicas sobre el tabaquismo en el cine contenidas en las directrices para la aplicación del artículo 13. Es de esperar que este informe sea también útil en los países que aún no han suscrito el Convenio Marco para ayudarles a implantar este importante componente de una prohibición total de la publicidad, promoción y patrocinio del tabaco.
Asunto(s)
Uso de Tabaco , Industria del Tabaco , Conducta Imitativa , Factores de Riesgo , Maniobras Políticas , Películas CinematográficasRESUMEN
The current research focused on the influence of informational eating norms on people's food intake, and examined whether this influence was moderated by participants' self-construal levels. In two experiments, a two (intake norm manipulation: low vs. high) by two (self-construal manipulation: interdependent versus independent) between-participant factorial design was used. The studies were conducted in Brazil (Experiment 1) and in Germany (Experiment 2) as participants' self-construal levels differ between these countries. In Experiment 1, results indicated that participants exposed to a high-intake norm ate more than participants exposed to a low-intake norm. However, self-construal was not found to moderate the influence of food intake norms on participants' intake. In Experiment 2, replicating the results of Experiment 1, exposure to a high-intake norm increased participants' food intake, but self-construals again did not moderate modelling effects on food intake. Although differences in individuals' self-construal were found between both countries, they did not affect the magnitude of modelling effects on eating. Our studies provide evidence for cross-cultural similarity in the extent to which Brazilian and German female young adults are vulnerable to modelling effects on food intake, independent on their self-construal.
Asunto(s)
Ingestión de Alimentos/psicología , Conducta Imitativa , Autoimagen , Conducta Social , Adolescente , Adulto , Brasil , Comparación Transcultural , Femenino , Alemania , Humanos , Modelos Psicológicos , Autonomía Personal , Identificación Social , Adulto JovenRESUMEN
The inferior frontal gyrus and inferior parietal lobe have been characterized as human homologues of the monkey "mirror neuron" system, critical for both action production (AP) and action recognition (AR). However, data from brain lesion patients with selective impairment on only one of these tasks provide evidence of neural and cognitive dissociations. We sought to clarify the relationship between AP and AR, and their critical neural substrates, by directly comparing performance of 131 chronic left-hemisphere stroke patients on both tasks--to our knowledge, the largest lesion-based experimental investigation of action cognition to date. Using voxel-based lesion-symptom mapping, we found that lesions to primary motor and somatosensory cortices and inferior parietal lobule were associated with disproportionately impaired performance on AP, whereas lesions to lateral temporo-occipital cortex were associated with a relatively rare pattern of disproportionately impaired performance on AR. In contrast, damage to posterior middle temporal gyrus was associated with impairment on both AP and AR. The distinction between lateral temporo-occipital cortex, critical for recognition, and posterior middle temporal gyrus, important for both tasks, suggests a rough gradient from modality-specific to abstract representations in posterior temporal cortex, the first lesion-based evidence for this phenomenon. Overall, the results of this large patient study help to bring closure to a long-standing debate by showing that tool-related AP and AR critically depend on both common and distinct left hemisphere neural substrates, most of which are external to putative human mirror regions.
Asunto(s)
Encéfalo/patología , Mano/fisiopatología , Percepción de Movimiento/fisiología , Destreza Motora/fisiología , Reconocimiento en Psicología/fisiología , Accidente Cerebrovascular/patología , Adulto , Anciano , Anciano de 80 o más Años , Encéfalo/fisiopatología , Mapeo Encefálico , Enfermedad Crónica , Femenino , Lateralidad Funcional , Humanos , Conducta Imitativa/fisiología , Imagen por Resonancia Magnética , Masculino , Persona de Mediana Edad , Pruebas Neuropsicológicas , Accidente Cerebrovascular/fisiopatología , Accidente Cerebrovascular/psicología , Tomografía Computarizada por Rayos X , Grabación en VideoRESUMEN
PURPOSE: To compare abilities of imitating generic and sequential motion gesture schemes in family routines among children with Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD) and Specific Language Impairment (SLI) and to analyze the relation between imitation index and verbal production in the ASD group. METHODS: The sample was constituted by 2:1 pairing of 36 children, according to gender and age. All of them were diagnosed by a multidisciplinary team as belonging to the ASD group (n=24) or SLI group (n=12) and were under direct and indirect intervention in a school clinic. We have used the stage of imitation of the Assessment of Symbolic Maturity, which entails the imitation of nine generic and three sequential motion gesture schemes. RESULTS: There was a tendency to a better performance of the SLI group at imitating both generic and sequential gesture schemes. As we have related the ability of imitation to the verbal production in the ASD group, a direct relation between the production of phrases and the imitation of sequential schemes was detected. CONCLUSION: The ability to imitate gesture and sequential schemes could be compared, and a more prominent impairment was identified in children with autism. Among them, a direct significant relationship between the ability of imitating sequential gesture schemes in family routine and verbal production of words and sentences was verified.
Asunto(s)
Gestos , Conducta Imitativa , Trastorno Autístico/complicaciones , Trastorno Autístico/diagnóstico , Estudios de Casos y Controles , Niño , Relaciones Familiares , Femenino , Humanos , Desarrollo del Lenguaje , Trastornos del Lenguaje/complicaciones , Trastornos del Lenguaje/diagnóstico , MasculinoRESUMEN
This study reports a cross-cultural comparison of the vocal pitch patterns of 15 Mexican Spanish-speaking and 15 Belgian Flemish-speaking dyads, recorded during 5min of free-play in a laboratory setting. Both cultures have a tradition of dyadic face-to-face interaction but differ in language origins (i.e., Romanic versus Germanic). In total, 374 Mexican and 558 Flemish vocal exchanges were identified, analyzed and compared for their incidence of tonal synchrony (harmonic/pentatonic series), non-tonal synchrony (with/without imitations) and pitch and/or interval imitations. The main findings revealed that dyads in both cultures rely on tonal synchrony using similar pitch ratios and timing patterns. However, there were significant differences in the infants' vocal pitch imitation behavior. Additional video-analyzes on the contingency patterns involved in pitch imitation showed a cross-cultural difference in the maternal selective reinforcement of pitch imitation. The results are interpreted with regard to linguistic, developmental and cultural aspects and the 'musilanguage' model.
Asunto(s)
Comparación Transcultural , Conducta Imitativa/fisiología , Lingüística , Relaciones Madre-Hijo , Percepción de la Altura Tonal/fisiología , Bélgica , Femenino , Humanos , Lactante , Conducta del Lactante/fisiología , Lenguaje , Masculino , México , Madres , Juego e Implementos de Juego , Refuerzo en PsicologíaRESUMEN
OBJECTIVE: To assess the validity and reliability of the Brazilian Portuguese version of the Brief Assessment of Cognition in Schizophrenia by examining its temporal stability, internal consistency, and discriminant and convergent validity. METHODS: The Brief Assessment of Cognition in Schizophrenia was administered to 116 stable patients with schizophrenia and 58 matched control subjects. To assess concurrent validity, a subset of patients underwent a traditional neuropsychological assessment. RESULTS: The patients with schizophrenia performed significantly worse than the controls (p<0.001) on all subtests of the Brief Assessment of Cognition in Schizophrenia and on the total score, which attests to the discriminant validity of the test. The global score of the Brief Assessment of Cognition in Schizophrenia was significantly correlated with all of the subtests and with the global score for the standard battery. The Brief Assessment of Cognition in Schizophrenia also had good test-retest reliability (rho>0.8). The internal consistency of the Brief Assessment of Cognition in Schizophrenia was high (Cronbach's α ϝ 0.874). CONCLUSION: The Brazilian Portuguese version of the Brief Assessment of Cognition in Schizophrenia exhibits good reliability and discriminant and concurrent validity and is a promising tool for easily assessing cognitive impairment in schizophrenia and for comparing the performance of Brazilian patients with that of patients from other countries. .
Asunto(s)
Preescolar , Femenino , Humanos , Masculino , Trastornos Generalizados del Desarrollo Infantil/diagnóstico , Conducta Imitativa , Trastornos del Desarrollo del Lenguaje/diagnóstico , Estudios Longitudinales , Comunicación no Verbal , Pronóstico , Semántica , Medición de la Producción del Habla , Estadística como Asunto , Suecia , VocabularioRESUMEN
Purpose: To compare abilities of imitating generic and sequential motion gesture schemes in family routines among children with Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD) and Specific Language Impairment (SLI) and to analyze the relation between imitation index and verbal production in the ASD group. Methods: The sample was constituted by 2:1 pairing of 36 children, according to gender and age. All of them were diagnosed by a multidisciplinary team as belonging to the ASD group (n=24) or SLI group (n=12) and were under direct and indirect intervention in a school clinic. We have used the stage of imitation of the Assessment of Symbolic Maturity, which entails the imitation of nine generic and three sequential motion gesture schemes. Results: There was a tendency to a better performance of the SLI group at imitating both generic and sequential gesture schemes. As we have related the ability of imitation to the verbal production in the ASD group, a direct relation between the production of phrases and the imitation of sequential schemes was detected. Conclusion: The ability to imitate gesture and sequential schemes could be compared, and a more prominent impairment was identified in children with autism. Among them, a direct significant relationship between the ability of imitating sequential gesture schemes in family routine and verbal production of words and sentences was verified. .
Objetivo: Comparar as habilidades de imitação de esquemas gestuais simples e de sequências de ações em rotinas familiares de crianças com Transtorno do Espectro do Autismo (TEA) e com Transtorno Específico de Linguagem e Fala (TEL) e analisar a relação entre o índice de imitação e a produção verbal das crianças do Grupo TEA. Métodos: A amostra foi constituída pelo pareamento 2:1 de 36 crianças, de acordo com gênero e faixa etária. Todas foram diagnosticadas por equipe multidisciplinar como pertencentes ao Grupo TEA (n=24) ou grupo TEL (n=12) e atendidas em intervenção direta e indireta em clínicaescola. Utilizamos a etapa de imitação da Avaliação da Maturidade Simbólica, que compreende a imitação de nove esquemas gestuais simples e de três esquemas gestuais sequenciais. Resultados: Observamos tendência de melhor desempenho do Grupo TEL na imitação de esquemas gestuais tanto simples como sequenciais. Ao relacionarmos a habilidade de imitação à produção verbal do Grupo TEA, verificamos relação direta entre produção de frases e imitação de esquemas sequenciais. Conclusão: Foi possível comparar a habilidade de imitação gestual e de esquema sequencial e verificar maior comprometimento de desempenho nas crianças com diagnóstico compatível com o Espectro do Autismo. Dentre estas, verificouse relação direta significativa entre a habilidade de imitação de sequências de rotinas familiares e a produção verbal de palavras e frases. .
Asunto(s)
Niño , Femenino , Humanos , Masculino , Gestos , Conducta Imitativa , Trastorno Autístico/complicaciones , Trastorno Autístico/diagnóstico , Estudios de Casos y Controles , Relaciones Familiares , Desarrollo del Lenguaje , Trastornos del Lenguaje/complicaciones , Trastornos del Lenguaje/diagnósticoRESUMEN
This chapter examines Peruvian Quechua children's learning by observing and pitching in. The children concentrate attentively when they observe the activities of the adults and they exercise autonomy in the context of adults' encouragement of measured behaviors while always showing respectful silence in the presence of their elders.