RESUMEN
There is no safe and effective prevention for insulin-dependent diabetes (IDDM) mellitus, which makes it highly dependent on its treatment. This systematic review with meta-analyses of randomized clinical trials investigated the overall effects of dietary supplements of vitamins, minerals, trace elements, and non-essential compounds with antioxidant properties, fatty acids, and amino acids in IDDM. Searches of MEDLINE, Embase, CENTRAL, LILACS, The Grey Literature Report, and ClinicaTrials.gov, and citations from previous reviews were used to identify reports published through July 2023. The Risk of Bias 2 (RoB2) tool was used to analyze the risk of bias and GRADE was used to assess the quality of the results. Fifty-eight studies (n=3,044) were included in qualitative analyses and seventeen (n=723) in meta-analyses. Qualitative analyses showed few positive effects on some metabolic function markers, such as endothelial and renal function and lipid profile. Meta-analyses showed a positive effect of omega-3 on glycated hemoglobin (HbA1c) (RMD=-0.33; 95%CI: -0.53, -0.12, P=0.002; I2=0%; GRADE: low quality; 4 studies) and of vitamin D on fasting C-peptide (FCP) (RMD=0.05; 95%CI: 0.01, 0.9, P=0.023; I2=0%; GRADE: very low quality; 4 studies). Most studies showed bias concern or high risk of bias. A recommendation for dietary supplementation in IDDM cannot be made because of the few positive results within different interventions and markers, the serious risk of bias in the included studies, and the low quality of evidence from meta-analyses. The positive result of vitamin D on FCP is preliminary, requiring further investigation.
Asunto(s)
Diabetes Mellitus Tipo 1 , Suplementos Dietéticos , Humanos , Complicaciones de la Diabetes/prevención & control , Diabetes Mellitus Tipo 1/sangre , Diabetes Mellitus Tipo 1/dietoterapia , Diabetes Mellitus Tipo 1/tratamiento farmacológico , Progresión de la Enfermedad , Hemoglobina Glucada/análisis , Ensayos Clínicos Controlados Aleatorios como Asunto , Vitaminas/administración & dosificaciónRESUMEN
Resumo Contexto O pé diabético é uma complicação do diabetes melito (DM), sendo a maior causa de amputação dos membros inferiores. Objetivos Avaliar a prática de medidas de autocuidado com os pés, segundo sexo e escolaridade, em pacientes portadores de DM na região nordeste no estado da Bahia. Métodos Estudo quantitativo, observacional, analítico, transversal, realizado com 88 pacientes portadores de DM, em consulta de rotina, de fevereiro a março de 2020. A coleta de dados foi executada através da aplicação de questionários socioeconômico e do autocuidado com os pés (conhecimento sobre pé diabético, hábitos de cuidado/inspeção dos pés e procura pela Unidade de Saúde na presença de alterações com a saúde dos pés). Resultados Do total, 58% dos indivíduos desconhecia o termo "pé diabético", porém possuíam cuidados mínimos adequados com os pés, como inspecioná-los (60,2%), hidratá-los (65,9%), não andar descalço (81,8%) e cortar as unhas (92%), apesar de 90,9% não utilizar sapatos considerados adequados. Houve relação entre menor nível de escolaridade e pior desempenho nas questões referentes a andar descalço, hidratar os pés, cortar as unhas, usar calçados adequados e identificar micoses (p < 0,05), porém não houve associação da realização das medidas de autocuidado e sexo. Conclusão Os portadores de DM entrevistados não realizaram todas as medidas de autocuidado com os pés e desconheciam o termo "pé diabético". Houve associação entre menor escolaridade e menor capacidade de realização dessas medidas, o que sugere que o letramento em saúde seria importante para melhoria desse autocuidado, contribuindo para diminuição de complicações e amputações dos pés.
Abstract Background The diabetic foot is a complication of diabetes mellitus (DM) and is the most common cause of lower limb amputation. Objectives To assess foot self-care practices by sex and educational level in DM patients from the Northeast of Brazil, state of Bahia. Methods This was a quantitative, cross-sectional, observational, analytical study with 88 DM patients seen at routine consultations from February to March of 2020. Data were collected using questionnaires on socioeconomic data and self-care of feet (knowledge about the diabetic foot, habits related to care/inspection of feet, and visits to the Healthcare Center when changes to foot health are detected). Results 58% of the sample did not know the term "diabetic foot", but a majority did perform minimum adequate foot care practices, such as inspecting feet (60.2%), moisturizing feet (65.9%), avoiding walking barefoot (81.8%), and trimming toenails (92%), although 90.9% did not wear footwear considered appropriate. There was a relationship between lower educational level and worse performance in questions relating to walking barefoot, moisturizing feet, trimming toenails, wearing appropriate footwear, and identifying mycoses (p < 0.05), but there was no association between performing self-care activities and sex. Conclusions Interviewed patientswith DM did not perform all foot self-care activities and did not know what the term "diabetic foot" means. There was an association between lower educational level and reduced capacity to perform these activities, which suggests that health literacy is important to improve self-care of feet, contributing to reduce complications and foot amputations.
Asunto(s)
Humanos , Masculino , Femenino , Adulto , Persona de Mediana Edad , Anciano , Autocuidado/métodos , Pie Diabético/epidemiología , Complicaciones de la Diabetes/prevención & control , Educación en Salud , Estudios Transversales , Diabetes Mellitus/prevención & control , Epidemiología AnalíticaRESUMEN
Resumen Introducción: La enfermedad cardiovascular en mujeres ha sido un apartado con diversas investigaciones que han intentado llegar a los factores de riesgo más determinantes o las vías moleculares más específicas para explicar el riesgo aumentado que poseen las mujeres respecto a los hombres. Objetivo: Dar una visión global de esta situación al lector, involucrando especialmente aquella población de mujeres que padece diabetes mellitus tipo 2, cuya condición es un factor de riesgo independiente para el desarrollo de enfermedad cardiovascular, de gran costo y morbimortalidad mundiales. Métodos: Se realizó una búsqueda en PubMed y Google Scholar con términos MeSH y términos comunes y se obtuvieron algunas referencias cruzadas a criterio de los autores. Conclusiones: Es necesario implementar en la práctica médica diaria un contexto específico de prevención de riesgo cardiovascular mediante programas de educación continuada o por medio de las entidades prestadoras de servicios de salud para evitar la progresión de enfermedad cardiovascular en las mujeres diabéticas antes de llegar a desenlaces mayores y potencialmente fatales.
Abstract Introduction: Cardiovascular disease in woman has been an issue with plenty of investigations towards the finding of the most determinant risk factors o the specific molecular paths to explain the increased risk in women compared to men. Objective: To give to the reader a global vision of this situation, involving specially the type 2 diabetes mellitus woman population, whose condition is an independent risk factor to the development of the cardiovascular disease with great cost and morbidity and mortality worldwide. Methods: A PUBMED and Google Scholar search was performed with MeSH and common terms and were obtained some cross-references at the discretion of the authors. Conclusions: It is necessary to implement a specific context of cardiovascular risk prevention in daily medical practice through continuing education programs or through health service providers to prevent the progression of cardiovascular disease in diabetic women before reaching major outcomes and potentially fatal.
Asunto(s)
Humanos , Femenino , Diabetes Mellitus/epidemiología , Factores de Riesgo de Enfermedad Cardiaca , Enfermedades Cardiovasculares/prevención & control , Complicaciones de la Diabetes/prevención & control , Diabetes Mellitus Tipo 2/epidemiologíaRESUMEN
Introducción: Hay escasos estudios realizados para valorar la asociación entre el nivel de conocimientos sobre la diabetes mellitus tipo 2 y las actitudes que tienen los pacientes para mejorar el control de su enfermedad. Objetivo: Determinar la asociación entre el nivel de conocimientos y las actitudes preventivas sobre las complicaciones crónicas en pacientes con diabetes mellitus tipo 2. Métodos: Estudio transversal analítico en pacientes con diabetes tipo 2 de Chiclayo, Perú. Se indagó la asociación entre actitudes preventivas y nivel de conocimientos, además se exploró asociación con edad, sexo, nivel de instrucción, instrucción diabetológica previa, antecedentes familiares, hospitalizaciones previas, tiempo de enfermedad. Resultados: De 150 pacientes, el 60 por ciento fueron mujeres. El 40,0 por ciento presentó un nivel de conocimientos intermedio y un 84,7 por ciento reportaron actitudes preventivas favorables. Se encontró que los pacientes con nivel de conocimiento adecuado tenían 43 por ciento mayor frecuencia de presentar actitudes preventivas favorables (razón de prevalencia = 1,43). Los pacientes que tenían entre 7 a 15 años de enfermedad resultaron asociados positivamente a tener actitudes preventivas favorables (razón de prevalencia = 1,32). Conclusiones: Los pacientes diabéticos con conocimientos adecuados sobre su enfermedad tienen actitudes preventivas favorables frente a su padecimiento y sus complicaciones crónicas. Adicionalmente, los pacientes diagnosticados entre 7 - 15 años atrás tienen mejores actitudes preventivas(AU)
Introduction: There are few studies carried out to assess the association between the level of knowledge about type 2 diabetes mellitus and the attitudes that patients have to improve the control of their disease. Objective: To determine the association between the level of knowledge and preventive attitudes about chronic complications in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus. Methods: Analytical cross-sectional study in patients with type 2 diabetes in Chiclayo, Peru. The association between preventive attitudes and level of knowledge was investigated, as well as the association with age, sex, level of education, previous diabetic education, family history, previous hospitalizations, time of illness. Results: Of 150 patients, 60 percent were women. 40.0 percent presented an intermediate level of knowledge and 84.7 percent reported favorable preventive attitudes. It was found that patients with an adequate level of knowledge had a 43 percent higher frequency of presenting favorable preventive attitudes (Prevalence ratio = 1,43). Patients who had between 7 and 15 years of disease were positively associated with having favorable preventive attitudes (Prevalence ratio = 1,32). Conclusions: Diabetic patients with adequate knowledge about their disease have favorable preventive attitudes towards their condition and its chronic complications. In addition, patients diagnosed between 7 - 15 years ago have better preventive attitudes(AU)
Asunto(s)
Humanos , Diabetes Mellitus Tipo 2 , Anamnesis , Estudios Transversales , Conocimiento , Complicaciones de la Diabetes/prevención & controlRESUMEN
OBJECTIVES: This study was carried out to evaluate the effects of flavonoids present in leaves of Passiflora edulis fruit on complications induced by diabetes in rats. METHODS: The extract of P. edulis leaf was obtained by 70% ethanol maceration. From the dry extract, the fractions were obtained by consecutive liquid-liquid partition with hexane, ethyl acetate and n-butanol. The content of isoorientin of ethyl acetate and n-butanol fractions was determined by ultra-performance liquid chromatography coupled with electrospray and triple quadrupole ionization (TQD) analysis in tandem mass spectrometry (UPLC-ESI-Tq-MS). Only Fr-BuOH was used to treat diabetic or not Wistar rats. Biochemical parameters, platelet aggregation and production of reactive species were evaluated. KEY FINDINGS: The UPLC-ESI-Tq-MS analysis revealed the presence of several flavonoids, among which we identified five possible flavonoids c-heterosides (luteolin-7-O-pyranosyl-3-O-glucoside, apigenin-6-8-di-C-glycoside, apigenin-6-C-arabinoside-8-C-glycoside, isoorientin, isovitexin). The diabetic rats (treated intraperitoneally with alloxan, 150 mg/kg) treated with Fr-BuOH (20 mg/kg/day for 90 days) presented improvement in blood glucose, serum levels of fructosamine, lipid profile and urea. Furthermore, the Fr-BuOH reduced both platelet aggregation and the production of oxidant species in diabetic animals. CONCLUSIONS: These results suggested that flavonoid C-glycosides present in the Fr-BuOH may be beneficial for the diabetic state, preventing complications induced by diabetes.
Asunto(s)
Complicaciones de la Diabetes/prevención & control , Diabetes Mellitus Experimental/tratamiento farmacológico , Flavonoides/uso terapéutico , Glicósidos/uso terapéutico , Passiflora/química , Fitoterapia , Extractos Vegetales/uso terapéutico , Animales , Antioxidantes/farmacología , Antioxidantes/uso terapéutico , Apigenina/análisis , Apigenina/farmacología , Apigenina/uso terapéutico , Glucemia/metabolismo , Cromatografía Líquida de Alta Presión , Complicaciones de la Diabetes/sangre , Diabetes Mellitus Experimental/sangre , Diabetes Mellitus Experimental/complicaciones , Flavonas/análisis , Flavonas/farmacología , Flavonas/uso terapéutico , Flavonoides/análisis , Flavonoides/farmacología , Fructosamina/sangre , Glucósidos/análisis , Glucósidos/farmacología , Glucósidos/uso terapéutico , Glicósidos/análisis , Glicósidos/farmacología , Luteolina/análisis , Luteolina/farmacología , Luteolina/uso terapéutico , Masculino , Extractos Vegetales/química , Extractos Vegetales/farmacología , Hojas de la Planta/química , Agregación Plaquetaria/efectos de los fármacos , Ratas Wistar , Espectrometría de Masas en TándemRESUMEN
Diabetes is the most common endocrinopathy, in 2014, 8.6% of the population suffered from diabetes, and it was responsible for at least 3.7 million deaths per year. It is estimated that by that by 2050 more than 30% of the population will have this disease. In cardiovascular surgery, it is described that 5.2% of patients are undiagnosed diabetics and this rises to 10% -28% in non-cardiac surgeries. The adverse results are markedly high in those patients with poor glycemic control including an increase of more than 50% in mortality, as well as an increase in respiratory infections, surgical site infection, urinary infection, heart attack and acute kidney injury among others. During the preoperative period of patients with diabetes, it is important to review glycemic control and its current treatment, in addition to providing the patient instructions on how to adjust medications. Intraoperatively, any condition that leads to an uncontrolled increase in surgical stress must be controlled, since this in turn generates hyperglycemia. Knowledge of insulins, their pharmacology and schedules is essential to maintain blood glucose intraoperatively in normal ranges. Different practical algorithms are proposed for the correct and safe management of hyperglycemia in the perioperative period. All care should be continued in the postoperative period defining the continuity of the insulin therapies established and the postoperative care of the patient.
La diabetes es la endocrinopatía más común, en 2014, el 8,6% de la población padecía diabetes siendo responsable de 3,7 millones de muertes por año. Se estima que para el 2050 más del 30% de la población tendrá diabetes. En cirugía cardiovascular el 5,2% de los pacientes son diabéticos no diagnosticados, cifra que aumenta hasta 10%-28% en cirugías no cardíacas. Los resultados adversos son marcadamente elevados en aquellos pacientes con mal control incluyendo un aumento del 50% en la mortalidad, así mismo, incremento de infecciones respiratorias, infección del sitio quirúrgico, infección urinaria, infarto agudo de miocardio y lesión renal aguda, entre otros. Durante el preoperatorio de pacientes con diabetes, es importante revisar el control glucémico y su tratamiento, además de proporcionar al paciente instrucciones por escrito sobre cómo ajustarlo. En el intraoperatorio se debe controlar cualquier condición que lleve a un aumento del estrés quirúrgico pues este a su vez genera hiperglucemia. Es fundamental el conocimiento de las insulinas, su farmacología y esquemas para mantener glucemias en el intraoperatorio en rangos normales. Se proponen diferentes algoritmos prácticos para el correcto y seguro manejo de la hiperglucemia en el perioperatorio. La atención debe continuarse en el posoperatorio definiendo continuidad de terapias insulínicas instauradas y el adecuado cuidado del paciente.
Asunto(s)
Humanos , Cuidados Preoperatorios , Complicaciones de la Diabetes/prevención & control , Control Glucémico , Complicaciones Posoperatorias/prevención & control , Tamizaje Masivo , Diabetes Mellitus/diagnóstico , Hiperglucemia/prevención & control , Hipoglucemia/prevención & control , Hipoglucemiantes/administración & dosificación , Insulina/administración & dosificación , Complicaciones Intraoperatorias/prevención & controlRESUMEN
BACKGROUND: There is ample evidence that gestational diabetes mellitus has a direct influence on urinary incontinence and pelvic floor muscles. There are no standardized pelvic floor muscle exercise programs in the literature for the physiotherapy and differ in the type of exercise, intensity, type and duration of application, and the frequency and duration of treatment sessions. The aim of this systematic review will be to investigate that Pelvic Floor Muscle Training can prevent and/or decrease the pregnancy specific urinary incontinence in women with gestational diabetes mellitus or gestational hyperglycemia. METHODS: We will perform a systematic review according to the Cochrane methodology of Randomized Controlled Trials. An overall search strategy will be developed and adapted for Embase, MEDLINE, LILACS, and CENTRAL databases, with the date of consultation until June 2020. The MeSH terms used will be "Pregnancy", "Hyperglycemia", "Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2", "Diabetes Mellitus, Type 1", "Pregnancy in Diabetics", "Diabetes, Gestational", "Urinary Incontinence", "Pelvic Floor Muscle Strength". Primary outcomes: improvement or cure of pregnancy specific urinary incontinence (which can be assessed by questionnaires, and tools such as tampon test, voiding diary, urodynamic study). Secondary outcomes: improvement of pelvic floor muscle strength (pelvic floor functional assessment, perineometer, electromyography, functional ultrasonography), improved quality of life (questionnaires), presence or absence of postpartum Urinary Incontinence and adverse effects. Quality assessment by Cochrane instrument. Metanalysis if plausible, will be performed by the software Review Manager 5.3. DISCUSSION: The present study will be the first to analyze the effectiveness of pelvic floor exercises in pregnant women with Gestational Diabetes Mellitus or Hyperglycemia, who suffer from pregnancy specific urinary incontinence. Randomized Controlled Trials design will be chosen because they present the highest level of evidence. It is expected to obtain robust and conclusive evidence to support clinical practice, in addition to promoting studies on the theme and contributing to new studies. TRIAL REGISTRATION: Systematic review registration: PROSPERO CRD42017065281.
Asunto(s)
Complicaciones de la Diabetes/prevención & control , Diabetes Gestacional/rehabilitación , Terapia por Ejercicio/métodos , Diafragma Pélvico/fisiopatología , Incontinencia Urinaria/prevención & control , Complicaciones de la Diabetes/etiología , Complicaciones de la Diabetes/fisiopatología , Complicaciones de la Diabetes/rehabilitación , Femenino , Humanos , Embarazo , Calidad de Vida , Ensayos Clínicos Controlados Aleatorios como Asunto , Revisiones Sistemáticas como Asunto , Resultado del Tratamiento , Incontinencia Urinaria/etiología , Incontinencia Urinaria/fisiopatología , Incontinencia Urinaria/rehabilitaciónRESUMEN
Introducción: la diabetes mellitus (DM) es una enfermedad endocrino-metabólica, vascular, crónica, producida por una interacción variable de factores genéticos y ambientales. Actualmente la DM2 es considerada por algunos autores como pandémica, sin la existencia de signos de reducción de las tasas de incidencia. Objetivo: identificar los parámetros clínicos, bioquímicos y metabólicos predictores de complicaciones micro y macrovasculares en personas con diabetes mellitus tipo 2. Método: se realizó un estudio analítico de tipo casos y controles con pacientes ingresados en el Centro de Atención al Diabético de Bayamo (CAD), Granma, desde el año 2010 al 2017, 81 con alguna complicación microvascular, 40 con alguna complicación macrovascular y 162 sin ninguna complicación. Resultados: en el análisis univariado se observó que el tiempo de evolución de la enfermedad y la HTA descontrolada fueron los factores de riesgo para el desarrollo de una complicación microvascular, mientras que a estas se le unieron el tabaquismo y la hipercolesterolemia como factores de riesgo para el desarrollo de complicaciones macrovasculares. Las variables que mostraron una relación independiente con el riesgo dedesarrollar alguna complicación microvascular fueron el tiempo de evolución de la enfermedad y la HTA descontrolada, mientras que para el desarrollo de complicaciones macrovasculares fueron el tiempo de evolución de la enfermedad y el tabaquismo. Conclusiones: el tiempo de evolución de la diabetes y la HTA descontrolada y el tiempo de evolución de la enfermedad y el tabaquismo se asocian de forma independiente con la aparición de complicaciones microvasculares y macrovasculates respectivamente(AU)
Introduction: diabetes mellitus (DM) is an endocrine-metabolic, vascular, chronic disease, produced by a variable interaction of genetic and environmental factors. Currently DM2 is considered by some authors as pandemic, without the existence of signs of reduction of incidence rates. Objective: to identify clinical, biochemical and metabolic parameters predictors of micro and macrovascular complications in people with type 2 diabetes mellitus. Method: an analytical case and control study was conducted with patients admitted to the Bayamo Diabetic Care Center (CAD), Granma, from 2010 to 2017, 81 with some microvascular complications, 40 with some macrovascular complications and 162 without any complications. Results: the univariate analysis found that disease progression time and uncontrolled HTA were the risk factors for the development of a microvascular complication, while these were joined by smoking and hypercholesterolemia as risk factors for the development of macrovascular complications. The variables that showed an independent relationship with the risk of developing some microvascular complications were the time of disease evolution and uncontrolled HTA, while for the development of macrovascular complications were the time of disease evolution and smoking. Conclusions: the time of evolution of diabetes and uncontrolled HTA and the time of disease and smoking evolution are independently associated with the emergence of microvascular and macrovasculate complications respectively(EU)
Asunto(s)
Humanos , Diabetes Mellitus Tipo 2/epidemiología , Diabetes Mellitus Tipo 2/metabolismo , Complicaciones de la Diabetes/prevención & control , Factores de RiesgoAsunto(s)
Infecciones por Coronavirus/epidemiología , Diabetes Mellitus/terapia , Neumonía Viral/epidemiología , Telemedicina/legislación & jurisprudencia , Telemedicina/métodos , Inteligencia Artificial , Betacoronavirus , Brasil/epidemiología , COVID-19 , Infecciones por Coronavirus/prevención & control , Complicaciones de la Diabetes/prevención & control , Diabetes Mellitus/psicología , Registros Electrónicos de Salud , Accesibilidad a los Servicios de Salud , Humanos , Pandemias/prevención & control , Neumonía Viral/prevención & control , Calidad de Vida , SARS-CoV-2 , Comunicación por VideoconferenciaRESUMEN
The results of the Diabetes Control and Complications Trial (DCCT) have given rise to much encouragement in the battle to stave off the complications of type 1 diabetes, showing dramatic declines in the development of severe retinopathy, nephropathy, and neuropathy in those treated intensively compared with conventional therapy. Particularly encouraging has been the continuing difference between the two groups despite both having similar HbA1c (â¼8%) since the end of DCCT, when 96% of participants entered the observational Epidemiology of Diabetes Interventions and Complications (EDIC) study. This continuing relative benefit has been termed "metabolic memory," which implies altered metabolic regulation. Based on evidence from both the Epidemiology of Diabetes Complications (EDC) prospective cohort study of childhood-onset type 1 diabetes and DCCT/EDIC, we show that the metabolic memory effect can be largely explained by lower cumulative glycemic exposure in the intensive therapy group, and, on average, the development of complications increases with greater glycemic exposure, irrespective of whether this results from a high exposure for a short time or a lower exposure for a longer time. Thus, there is no need for a concept like "metabolic memory" to explain these observations. Potential mechanisms explaining the cumulative glycemic effect are also briefly discussed.
Asunto(s)
Glucemia/metabolismo , Complicaciones de la Diabetes/prevención & control , Diabetes Mellitus Tipo 1/tratamiento farmacológico , Hemoglobina Glucada/metabolismo , Hipoglucemiantes/uso terapéutico , Insulina/uso terapéutico , Estudios de Cohortes , Complicaciones de la Diabetes/metabolismo , Diabetes Mellitus Tipo 1/complicaciones , Diabetes Mellitus Tipo 1/metabolismo , Nefropatías Diabéticas/metabolismo , Nefropatías Diabéticas/prevención & control , Neuropatías Diabéticas/metabolismo , Neuropatías Diabéticas/prevención & control , Retinopatía Diabética/metabolismo , Retinopatía Diabética/prevención & control , Humanos , Planificación de Atención al Paciente , Estudios Prospectivos , Ensayos Clínicos Controlados Aleatorios como Asunto , Factores de TiempoRESUMEN
RESUMO Objetivo: avaliar o risco de ulceração nos pés de pessoas com diabetes mellitus atendidas na atenção primária. Método: estudo transversal analítico realizado em Teresina, Piauí, com 308 pacientes, sendo incluídos maiores de 18 anos diagnosticados com diabetes mellitus e excluídos aqueles com ulceração ativa e/ou neuropatia atribuída a outros agravos. Os dados foram coletados mediante formulário sociodemográfico, clínico e de classificação do risco de ulceração nos pés, no período de fevereiro a agosto de 2019. A análise ocorreu a partir de estatísticas descritiva e inferencial. Resultados: dos participantes, 56,5% tinham mais de 60 anos, 59,7% não realizavam o controle da glicemia, 56,2% não praticavam atividade física, 51,3% estavam com sobrepeso e 54,2% apresentaram grau de risco 1 para ulceração nos pés. A situação conjugal, ocupação e diabetes mellitus há mais de 10 anos, controle glicêmico inadequado, hipertensão arterial, dislipidemia e obesidade tiveram associação estatisticamente significativa com o risco de ulceração. Aqueles com pele seca, deformidades, reflexo do tornozelo e percepção de vibração no hálux alterados apresentaram mais probabilidade de ulceração nos pés. Constatou-se que o exame clínico dos pés e a sensibilidade preservada ao monofilamento foram fatores de proteção. Conclusão: observouse que os aspectos sociodemográficos e clínicos interferem na probabilidade de ulceração, sendo que a maioria apresentou risco baixo. Além disso, no exame clínico dos pés, as alterações na sensibilidade vibratória e no reflexo do tornozelo aumentaram a probabilidade de ulceração, destacando-se que a classificação do risco de ulceração é imprescindível na assistência às pessoas com diabetes mellitus.
RESUMEN Objetivo: evaluar el riesgo de ulceración del pie en personas con diabetes mellitus tratadas en atención primaria. Método: estudio analítico transversal realizado en Teresina, Piauí, con 308 pacientes, incluidos los mayores de 18 años diagnosticados de diabetes mellitus y excluidos aquéllos con ulceración activa y / o neuropatía atribuida a otras condiciones. Los datos se recogieronde febrero a agosto de 2019 por medio de un formulario sociodemográfico, clínico y de clasificación de riesgo para la ulceración en el pie. El análisis se realizó a través de estadística descriptiva e inferencial. Resultados: el 56,5% de los participantes tenía más de 60 años, el 59,7% no realizaba control glucémico, el 56,2% no practicaba actividad física, el 51,3% tenía sobrepeso y el 54,2% tenía un grado de riesgo 1 de ulceración del pie. La situación conjugal, ocupación, diabetes mellitus durante más de 10 años, el inadecuado control glucémico, la hipertensión arterial, la dislipidemia y la obesidad tuvieron una asociación estadísticamente significativa con el riesgo de ulceración. Aquéllos con piel seca, deformidades, reflejo del tendón de Aquiles alterado y percepción alterada de la vibración del hallux tenían más probabilidades de ulceración de pies. Se encontró que el examen clínico de los pies y la sensibilidad conservada al monofilamento eran factores protectores. Conclusión: se observó que los aspectos sociodemográficos y clínicos interfieren con la probabilidad de ulceración, siendo la mayoría de bajo riesgo. Además, en el examen clínico de los pies, los cambios en la sensibilidad vibratoria y en el reflejo del tendón de Aquiles aumentaron la probabilidad de ulceración, destacando que la clasificación del riesgo de ulceración es esencial en la atención de las personas con diabetes mellitus.
ABSTRACT Objective: to evaluate the risk of foot ulceration in people with diabetes mellitus treated in primary care. Method: this is a cross-sectional analytical study carried out in Teresina, Piauí, with 308 patients, including those over 18 years old diagnosed with diabetes mellitus and excluding those with active ulceration and/ or neuropathy attributed to other conditions. The data were collected using a sociodemographic, clinical, and risk classification form for the foot ulceration, from February to August 2019. The analysis was based on descriptive and inferential statistics. Results: in the study, 56.5% of the participants were over 60 years old, 59.7% did not perform glycemic control, 56.2% did not practice physical activity, 51.3% were overweight and 54.2% had a degree of risk 1 for foot ulceration. Marital status, occupation, and diabetes mellitus for more than 10 years, inadequate glycemic control, arterial hypertension, dyslipidemia, and obesity had a statistically significant association with the risk of ulceration. Those with dry skin, deformities, ankle reflexes, and altered perception of hallux vibration were more likely to have foot ulcers. We found that the clinical examination of the feet and the preserved sensitivity to the monofilament were protective factors. Conclusion: we observed that the sociodemographic and clinical aspects interfere with the probability of ulceration and most of them present a low risk. Also, in the clinical examination of the feet, changes in vibratory sensitivity and ankle reflex increased the likelihood of ulceration, noting that the classification of the risk of ulceration is essential in assisting people with diabetes mellitus.
Asunto(s)
Humanos , Atención Primaria de Salud , Factores de Riesgo , Pie Diabético , Complicaciones de la Diabetes/prevención & control , Enfermería de Atención PrimariaRESUMEN
Long-term hyperglycemia maintenance is responsible for increased protein glycation and formation of advanced glycation end products (AGEs), both are associated with the onset of diabetes mellitus complications. Efforts have been made to discover new agents having antiglycation potential. The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of the hydroethanolic extract and the ethyl acetate and methanolic fractions of Simaba trichilioides roots on the formation of AGEs. In an in vitro model system of protein glycation, incubations with hydroethanolic extract, ethyl acetate or methanolic fractions of S. trichilioides decreased the fluorescent AGEs, and markers of tyrosine and tryptophan oxidation. Protein crosslinking was reduced in the presence of the ethyl acetate fraction of S. trichilioides. Simaba trichilioides roots seem to be a promising source of compounds having ability to prevent glycoxidation changes, with potential applications in complementary therapies for management of diabetic complications.
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Productos Finales de Glicación Avanzada/antagonistas & inhibidores , Glicosilación/efectos de los fármacos , Extractos Vegetales/farmacología , Simaroubaceae/química , Complicaciones de la Diabetes/prevención & control , Humanos , Hiperglucemia/complicaciones , Oxidación-Reducción , Raíces de Plantas/química , SolventesRESUMEN
BACKGROUND: Breastfeeding offers benefits to mother and child but is frequently not practiced among women whose pregnancy is complicated by gestational diabetes mellitus. Factors associated with not initiating or not maintaining breastfeeding among these women have been little investigated. RESEARCH AIMS: (1) To evaluate the frequency of breastfeeding for 30 days among women with a recent pregnancy complicated by gestational diabetes and (2) to determine factors associated with not initiating or not maintaining breastfeeding. METHODS: Between January 2014 and July 2017 we enrolled women with gestational diabetes at high-risk prenatal services in three Brazilian cities. We collected baseline sociodemographic and health data and followed up with participants by telephone. Using Kaplan-Meier curves, we calculated the proportions of participants not initiating breastfeeding or not maintaining it for at least 30 days. We used Poisson regression with robust variance to identify factors related to this outcome. RESULTS: Of the 2328 participants with complete information, 2236 (96.1%) initiated breastfeeding, and 2166 (93.1%) maintained breastfeeding for 30 days. Not having breastfed the previous infant (relative risk [RR] = 5.02, 95% CI [3.39, 7.45]), smoking during pregnancy (RR = 2.37, 95% CI [1.48, 3.80]), infant with health problems (RR = 2.25, 95% CI [1.27, 3.99]), early preterm birth (RR = 2.49, 95% CI [1.07, 5.77]), and not intending to breastfeed (RR = 3.73, 95% CI [1.89, 7.33]) were related to not maintaining breastfeeding for at least 30 days. CONCLUSIONS: Breastfeeding initiation was nearly universal among participants, and most maintained breastfeeding for 30 days. Factors relating to not breastfeeding at 30 days were easily identifiable.
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Lactancia Materna/métodos , Diabetes Gestacional/fisiopatología , Adulto , Brasil , Lactancia Materna/efectos adversos , Complicaciones de la Diabetes/prevención & control , Complicaciones de la Diabetes/terapia , Diabetes Gestacional/psicología , Femenino , Humanos , Intención , Estimación de Kaplan-Meier , Estudios Longitudinales , Distribución de Poisson , Embarazo , Estudios ProspectivosRESUMEN
BACKGROUND: Self-care is essential for the prevention of complications in patients with diabetes, but several authors report that even with health education programs, the incidence of complications in patients with diabetes continues to increase. OBJECTIVE: We aimed to examine adherence to self-care strategies and the repercussions of adherence on the clinical profiles of individuals with type 2 diabetes. METHODS: We performed a systematic review according to the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-analyses (PRISMA) guidelines. We searched for related studies in 4 databases: PubMed, Web of Science, Scopus, and Latin American and Caribbean Health Science Literature (LILACS). We included observational studies in English and Portuguese that evaluated the effects of selfcare in individuals with type 2 diabetes. RESULTS: The search resulted in the identification of 615 articles, of which 34 met all the inclusion criteria. General self-care was considered unsatisfactory. Physical exercise was classified as the self-care activity that was performed less frequently by individuals with type 2 diabetes mellitus; adherence to medication was the most frequent behavior among volunteers. CONCLUSION: The studies indicated poor adherence of the population to good self-care practices, reflected by the increase in complications related to DM.
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Complicaciones de la Diabetes/prevención & control , Diabetes Mellitus Tipo 2/complicaciones , Diabetes Mellitus Tipo 2/terapia , Autocuidado , Adulto , Automonitorización de la Glucosa Sanguínea , Complicaciones de la Diabetes/etiología , Diabetes Mellitus Tipo 2/prevención & control , Ejercicio Físico , Educación en Salud , Estilo de Vida Saludable , Humanos , Cooperación del Paciente , Prevención SecundariaRESUMEN
Diabetes is a major and costly health concern worldwide, with high morbidity, disability, mortality, and impaired quality of life. The vast majority of people living with diabetes have type 2 diabetes. Historically, the main strategy to reduce complications of type 2 diabetes has been intensive glycemic control. However, the body of evidence shows no meaningful benefit of intensive (compared with moderate) glycemic control for microvascular and macrovascular outcomes important to patients, with the exception of reduced rates of non-fatal myocardial infarction. Intensive glycemic control does, however, increase the risk of severe hypoglycemia and incurs additional burden by way of polypharmacy, side effects, and cost. Additionally, data from cardiovascular outcomes trials showed that cardiovascular, kidney, and mortality outcomes may be improved with use of specific classes of glucose lowering drugs largely independently of their glycemic effects. Therefore, delivering evidence based, patient centered care to people with type 2 diabetes requires a paradigm shift and departure from the predominantly glucocentric view of diabetes management. Instead of prioritizing intensive glycemic control, the focus needs to be on ensuring access to adequate diabetes care, aligning glycemic targets to patients' goals and situations, minimizing short term and long term complications, reducing the burden of treatment, and improving quality of life.
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Complicaciones de la Diabetes/prevención & control , Diabetes Mellitus Tipo 2/tratamiento farmacológico , Hipoglucemia/epidemiología , Hipoglucemiantes/administración & dosificación , Calidad de Vida , Glucemia/análisis , Glucemia/efectos de los fármacos , Complicaciones de la Diabetes/sangre , Diabetes Mellitus Tipo 2/sangre , Diabetes Mellitus Tipo 2/complicaciones , Medicina Basada en la Evidencia/métodos , Medicina Basada en la Evidencia/normas , Humanos , Hiperglucemia/sangre , Hiperglucemia/tratamiento farmacológico , Hipoglucemia/inducido químicamente , Hipoglucemiantes/efectos adversos , Incidencia , Metaanálisis como Asunto , Atención Dirigida al Paciente/métodos , Atención Dirigida al Paciente/normas , Guías de Práctica Clínica como Asunto , Revisiones Sistemáticas como Asunto , Resultado del TratamientoAsunto(s)
Enfermedades Cardiovasculares/etiología , Enfermedades Cardiovasculares/prevención & control , Medición de Riesgo/métodos , Consumo de Bebidas Alcohólicas/efectos adversos , Consumo de Bebidas Alcohólicas/prevención & control , Brasil , Complicaciones de la Diabetes/prevención & control , Diabetes Mellitus/prevención & control , Dislipidemias/complicaciones , Dislipidemias/prevención & control , Ejercicio Físico/fisiología , Humanos , Hipertensión/complicaciones , Hipertensión/prevención & control , Síndrome Metabólico/complicaciones , Síndrome Metabólico/prevención & control , Sobrepeso/complicaciones , Sobrepeso/prevención & control , Factores de Riesgo , Factores Sexuales , Fumar/efectos adversos , Sociedades MédicasRESUMEN
BACKGROUND: Effective education is considered essential for people with type 1 diabetes mellitus (T1DM) to adhere to a complex and long-term medical regimen and to delay or prevent the onset of diabetes-related complications. OBJECTIVE: We compared the effect of a compact, cost-effective, education program (CEPT1) vs a long-term program on the metabolic control of children and adolescents with T1DM. METHODS: Young people aged 8 to 21 years with T1DM were randomized to a short-term (experimental) or an extensive education program (control). The experimental group participated in three sessions of 90 minutes, with one session per week, containing five short videos. The control group attended an extended program delivered through 45-minute PowerPoint lectures, with one class every 3 months. The primary outcome was change in glycated hemoglobin A1c (HbA1c) levels from baseline to endpoint (baseline, 3, 6, 9, and 12 months). RESULTS: In total, 62 patients were randomized to the experimental (CEPT1) (n = 32) or control (n = 30) groups. Both groups showed comparable improvement in HbA1c levels at the end of 12 months (P = .183). In a per-protocol analysis, the mean HbA1c level reduction was -2.3% (-2.6, -2.0) in the experimental group and - 1.8% (-2.0, -1.5) in the control group (P = .008). CONCLUSION: CEPT1 was comparable with an extensive education program in reducing HbA1c levels. In a per-protocol analysis, the CEPT1 was more effective than the control program in reducing HbA1c levels. CEPT1 is a simple and cost-effective tool that can equally be used in settings with limited resources and specialized centers.
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Glucemia/metabolismo , Diabetes Mellitus Tipo 1/metabolismo , Diabetes Mellitus Tipo 1/terapia , Educación del Paciente como Asunto/métodos , Adolescente , Niño , Complicaciones de la Diabetes/prevención & control , Diabetes Mellitus Tipo 1/sangre , Femenino , Hemoglobina Glucada/análisis , Hemoglobina Glucada/metabolismo , Humanos , Masculino , Proyectos Piloto , Factores de Tiempo , Resultado del Tratamiento , Adulto JovenRESUMEN
Abstract Background: Primary angioplasty (PA) with placement of either bare metal or drug-eluting stents (DES) represents the main strategy in the treatment of ST-elevation myocardial infarction (STEMI). Diabetic patients, however, represent a special population in STEMI, with high rates of restenosis and unfavorable clinical outcomes, and with the use of DES, level of evidence A and indication class II, being indicated to reduce these damages. Objectives: To evaluate the DES rate of use in patients with STEMI and in the subgroup of diabetics assisted in the public versus private health network in Sergipe. Methods: This is a population-based, cross-sectional study with a quantitative approach using the data from the VICTIM Register. These were collected in the only four hospitals with capacity to perform PA in Sergipe, from December 2014 to March 2017. Results: A total of 707 patients diagnosed with STEMI were evaluated, of which 589 were attended at SUS and 118 at the private network. The use of DES in PA was lower in SUS compared to the private network in both the total sample (10.5% vs 82.4%, p<0.001) and in subgroup diabetic patients (8.7% vs 90.6%, p < 0.001), respectively. In all hypotheses tested, the level of significance was 5% (p < 0.05). Conclusions: The study reveals a disparity in the use of DES during the performance of PA between the public and private network, both in the total sample and the subgroup for diabetics, with lower rates for SUS users, demonstrating the challenges that need to be overcome in order to achieve quality improvements of the services provided.
Resumo Fundamento: A angioplastia primária (AP) com colocação de stent, seja ele convencional ou farmacológico, representa a principal estratégia no tratamento do infarto agudo do miocárdio com supradesnivelamento do segmento ST (IAMCSST). Os pacientes diabéticos, entretanto, representam população especial no IAMCSST, com altas taxas de reestenose e desfechos clínicos desfavoráveis, devendo-se indicar o uso de stents farmacológicos (SF), nível de evidência A e classe de indicação II, para redução destes danos. Objetivo: Avaliar a taxa de uso de SF em pacientes com IAMCSST e no subgrupo dos diabéticos assistidos na rede pública versus privada de saúde em Sergipe. Métodos: Trata-se de um estudo populacional, transversal, com abordagem quantitativa, que utilizou os dados do Registro VICTIM. Estes foram coletados nos quatro únicos hospitais com capacidade para realizar AP em Sergipe, no período de dezembro de 2014 a março de 2017. Em todas as hipóteses testadas, o nível de significância adotado foi de 5% (p < 0,05). Resultados: Foram avaliados 707 pacientes diagnosticados com IAMCSST, dos quais 589 foram atendidos pelo SUS e 118 pela rede privada. O uso de SF na AP foi menor no SUS em comparação com a rede privada, tanto no total da amostra (10,5% vs 82,4%; p < 0,001) quanto no subgrupo dos pacientes diabéticos (8,7% vs 90,6%; p < 0,001), respectivamente. Conclusões: O estudo revela disparidade no uso de SF durante a realização de AP entre a rede pública e privada, tanto na amostra total quanto no subgrupo dos diabéticos, com menores taxas para usuários do SUS, demonstrando os desafios que necessitam ser vencidos para se atingir melhorias na qualidade dos serviços prestados.