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OBJECTIVES: Some patients undergo both computed tomography (CT) and ultrasound (US) sequentially as part of the same evaluation for acute cholecystitis (AC). Our goal was to perform a systematic review and meta-analysis comparing the diagnostic performance of US and CT in the diagnosis of AC. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Databases were searched for relevant published studies through November 2023. The primary objective was to compare the head-to-head performance of US and CT using surgical intervention or clinical follow-up as the reference standard. For the secondary analysis, all individual US and CT studies were analyzed. The pooled sensitivities, specificities, and areas under the curve (AUCs) were determined along with 95% confidence intervals (CIs). The prevalence of imaging findings was also evaluated. RESULTS: Sixty-four studies met the inclusion criteria. In the primary analysis of head-to-head studies (n = 5), CT had a pooled sensitivity of 83.9% (95% CI, 78.4-88.2%) versus 79.0% (95% CI, 68.8-86.6%) of US (p = 0.44). The pooled specificity of CT was 94% (95% CI, 82.0-98.0%) versus 93.6% (95% CI, 79.4-98.2%) of US (p = 0.85). The concordance of positive or negative test between both modalities was 82.3% (95% CI, 72.1-89.4%). US and CT led to a positive change in management in only 4 to 8% of cases, respectively, when ordered sequentially after the other test. CONCLUSION: The diagnostic performance of CT is comparable to US for the diagnosis of acute cholecystitis, with a high rate of concordance between the two modalities. CLINICAL RELEVANCE STATEMENT: A subsequent US after a positive or negative CT for suspected acute cholecystitis may be unnecessary in most cases. KEY POINTS: When there is clinical suspicion of acute cholecystitis, patients will often undergo both CT and US. CT has similar sensitivity and specificity compared to US for the diagnosis of acute cholecystitis. The concordance rate between CT and US for the diagnosis of acute cholecystitis is 82.3%.

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BACKGROUND AND AIM: Surgical cholecystectomy is the gold standard strategy for the management of acute cholecystitis (AC). However, some patients are considered unfit for surgery due to certain comorbid conditions. As such, we aimed to compare less invasive treatment strategies such as endoscopic ultrasound-guided gallbladder drainage (EUS-GBD) and percutaneous gallbladder drainage (PT-GBD) for the management of patients with AC who are suboptimal candidates for surgical cholecystectomy. METHODS: A comprehensive search of multiple electronic databases was performed to identify all the studies comparing EUS-GBD versus PT-GBD for patients with AC who were unfit for surgery. A subgroup analysis was also performed for comparison of the group undergoing drainage via cautery-enhanced lumen-apposing metal stents (LAMS) versus PT-GBD. The outcomes included technical and clinical success, adverse events (AEs), recurrent cholecystitis, reintervention, and hospital readmission. RESULTS: Eleven studies including 1155 patients were included in the statistical analysis. There was no difference between PT-GBD and EUS-GBD in all the evaluated outcomes. On the subgroup analysis, the endoscopic approach with cautery-enhanced LAMS was associated with lower rates of adverse events (RD = - 0.33 (95% CI - 0.52 to - 0.14; p = 0.0006), recurrent cholecystitis (- 0.05 RD (95% CI - 0.09 to - 0.02; p = 0.02), and hospital readmission (- 0.36 RD (95% CI-0.70 to - 0.03; p = 0.03) when compared to PT-GBD. All other outcomes were similar in the subgroup analyses. CONCLUSIONS: EUS-GBD using cautery-enhanced LAMS is superior to PT-GBD in terms of safety profile, recurrent cholecystitis, and hospital readmission rates in the management of patients with acute cholecystitis who are suboptimal candidates for cholecystectomy. However, when cautery-enhanced LAMS are not used, the outcomes of EUS-GBD and PT-GBD are similar. Thus, EUS-GBD with cautery-enhanced LAMS should be considered the preferable approach for gallbladder drainage for this challenging population.

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Occasionally, cholecystectomy is not possible because the patient is not suitable for surgery, and non-operative management should be performed. In these patients, the non-operative management can be through the percutaneous transhepatic gallbladder drainage (PTGBD) or the endoscopic gallbladder drainage. We decided to compare the efficacy and safety of PTGBD and EUS-GBD in the non-operative management of patients with acute cholecystitis. We conducted a systematic review in different databases, such as PubMed, OVID, Medline, and Cochrane Databases. This meta-analysis considers studies published until September 2021. Six studies were selected (2 RCTs). These studies included 749 patients. The mean age was 72.81 ±7.41 years, and males represented 57.4%. EUS-GBD technical success was lower than PTGBD (RR, 0.97; 95% CI, 0.95-0.99), whereas clinical success and adverse events rates were similar in both groups. Twenty-one deaths were reported in all six studies. The global mortality rate was 2.80%, without differences in both groups (2.84% and 2.77% in the EUS-GBD group and the PTGBD groups, respectively). EUS-GBD and PTGBD were successful techniques for gallbladder drainage in patients with acute cholecystitis who are non-tributary for surgery. EUS-GBD has a similar clinical success rate and a similar adverse events rate in comparison to PTGBD. The high technical success and the low adverse events rate of the EUS approach to gallbladder make this technique an excellent alternative for patients with acute cholecystitis who cannot be undergoing surgery.

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RESUMEN La vesícula izquierda (VI) es una rara anomalía de la vía biliar que, cuando enferma, no suele dar sín tomas diferentes de aquella normoposicionada, haciendo infrecuente su diagnóstico preoperatorio. Presentamos el caso de una colecistitis aguda en un paciente con VI, resuelto en forma segura por vía laparoscópica. Un paciente ingresa por un cuadro típico de colecistitis aguda. Como hallazgo in traoperatorio se constata una vesícula biliar inflamada, ubicada en posición siniestra. Se modificó la ubicación de los puertos de trabajo y se realizó colangiografía transvesicular por punción, antes de iniciar la disección del hilio vesicular. Luego de identificar el conducto cístico, se realizó colangiografía transcística que confirmó la anatomía de la vía biliar completa y expedita. Se completó la colecistec tomía laparoscópica en forma segura. El hallazgo de una VI obliga al cirujano a cambiar la técnica de una colecistectomía laparoscópica. Esta anomalía incrementa el riesgo de lesiones de la vía biliar. La disección cuidadosa del hilio vesicular logrando una visión crítica de seguridad y el uso de colangiogra fía intraoperatoria son de extrema importancia para una colecistectomía segura.

ABSTRACT Left-sided gallbladder (LSGB) is a rare bile duct abnormality, usually found during a cholecystectomy. Symptoms usually do not differ from those of a normally positioned gallbladder, making the preoperative diagnosis extremely uncommon. We report the case of an acute cholecystitis in a patient whit LSGB, safely managed with laparoscopic surgery. A 24-year-old male patient was admitted to our institution with clinical and radiological signs of acute cholecystitis. The intraoperative finding of an acute cholecystitis in a LSGB made us modify ports positioning and a cholangiograhy was done by direct puncture of the gallbladder before hilum dissection. After the cystic duct was identified, a transcystic cholangiography was performed which confirmed a complete and clear bile duct anatomy and laparoscopic cholecystectomy was safely completed. The intraoperative finding of a LSGB makes the surgeon change some aspects of the usual technique to perform a safe cholecystectomy as LSGB significantly increases the risk of common bile duct injuries. Meticulous dissection of the gallbladder hilum to achieve a critical view of safety and the systematic use of intraoperative cholangiography are extremely important to perform a safe laparoscopic cholecystectomy.

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La colecistitis aguda es la inflamación aguda de la vesícula biliar, originada por la obstrucción de la salida de la bilis causada generalmente por cálculos (litos). Se ha estimado que la incidencia de esta entidad en niños se encuentra entre el 0,15 y el 0,22 por ciento, con un importante aumento en la pubertad. La colecistitis aguda es la complicación más frecuente de la litiasis vesicular y registra en 6-22 por ciento de los pacientes sintomáticos con una media de aparición entre los siete y once años de seguimiento. Por la importancia de las manifestaciones clínicas en la conducta diagnóstica y terapéutica se dividen en grado I (leve), grado II (moderada), grado III (severa). El diagnóstico se lleva a cabo teniendo en cuenta el antecedente de litiasis, el cólico biliar persistente, los vómitos y la fiebre, son los elementos clínicos más constantes. El ultrasonido abdominal es el estudio de imagen más utilizado para corroborar el diagnóstico. Los pilares más importantes son la antibioticoterapia de amplio espectro, el tratamiento del dolor y los síntomas acompañantes, así como la actitud quirúrgica. Esta puede ir desde una colecistostomía en los casos graves o la colecistectomía convencional o videolaparoscópica según los recursos de la institución y la experiencia del equipo tratante. Entre las complicaciones encontramos el empiema vesicular, gangrena vesicular, perforación vesicular, plastrón vesicular, absceso subfrénico, pancreatitis aguda, íleo biliar, fístula biliar externa, fístula biliar interna, síndrome de Mirizzi colangitis obstructiva aguda supurada(AU)

Acute cholecystitis is the acute inflammation of the gall bladder caused by the obstruction of the bile output usually caused by gallstones (lytos). It has been estimated that the incidence of this entity in children is between 0.15 and 0.22 percent, with a significant increase in puberty. Acute cholecystitis is the most common complication of cholelithiasis and it is present in the 6 to 22 percent of the symptomatic patients with an average onset between the seven to eleven years of follow-up. Due to the importance of clinical manifestations in the diagnostic and therapeutic behaviour, they are divided into grade I (mild), grade II (moderate), grade III (severe). The diagnosis is carried out taking into account the history of lithiasis, and persistent biliary colic, vomiting and fever are the most constant clinical elements. Abdominal ultrasound is the most widely used imaging study to corroborate the diagnosis. The most important pillars are the broad-spectrum antibiotic therapy, the treatment of pain and the accompanying symptoms as well as the surgical approach. This last can go from a cholecystectomy in severe cases or conventional video-assisted laparoscopic cholecystectomy depending on the institution's resources and the experience of the medical staff. Between the complications, we can find vesicular empyema, vesicular gangrene, vesicular perforation, vesicular plastron, subphrenic abscess, acute pancreatitis, ileus gallstone, external biliary fistula, internal biliary fistula, Mirizzi syndrome, and obstructive acute suppurative cholangitis(AU)

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Introducción: el ultrasonido abdominal tiene un alto valor para el diagnóstico de la colecistitis aguda, enfermedad frecuente en mujeres y la mayoría de las veces de causa litiásica. Objetivo: caracterizar el diagnóstico ultrasonográfico de la colecistitis aguda.Método: se realizó un estudio descriptivo transversal en pacientes sometidos a colecistectomía, previo diagnóstico ultrasonográfico preoperatorio; en el Hospital Clínico Quirúrgico Manuel Ascunce Domenech de Camagüey en el período de agosto de 2011 a julio de 2012. Se trabajó con un universo de 104 pacientes operados de forma consecutiva, que cumplieron con los criterios de inclusión y firmaron el consentimiento para participar.Resultados: el rango de edad fue de 15 a 94 años, con media de 48,32, prevaleció el grupo etario de 46 a 60 años y predominó el sexo femenino. El diagnóstico de colecistitis aguda se hizo casi exclusivamente por el método clínico, exámenes de laboratorio y ultrasonido abdominal. El hallazgo ecográfico más frecuente fue el signo de Murphy positivo seguido del engrosamiento con edema de la pared y litiasis vesicular. Sin embargo por los exámenes de anatomía patológica, el diagnóstico no siempre fue Coincidente.Conclusiones: la coincidencia del diagnóstico clínico y ultrasonográfico fue elevada. Al igual que la concomitancia entre ambos, con el signo ecográfico de Murphy positivo, el engrosamiento y edema de la pared vesicular, que fueron los signos más útiles en el diagnóstic(AU)

Introduction: abdominal ultrasound has a high value for the diagnosis of acute cholecystitis, a disease frequent in women and most often of lithiasic cause.Objective: to characterize the ultrasonographic diagnosis of acute cholecystitis. Method: a descriptive cross-sectional study was carried out in patients undergoing cholecystectomy, previous preoperative ultrasonographic diagnosis; at the Surgical Clinical Hospital Manuel Ascunce Domenech of Camagüey from August 2011 to July 2012. The universe was composed of 104 consecutively patients operated, which met the inclusion criteria and signed the consent to participate.Results: the age range was from 15 to 94 years, with an average of 48,32, the age group from 46 to 60 years prevailed and the female sex predominated. The diagnosis of acute cholecystitis was made almost exclusively by the clinical method, laboratory tests and abdominal ultrasound. The most frequent ultrasound finding was the positive Murphy sign followed by thickening with wall edema and vesicular lithiasis. However, respect to pathological anatomy tests, the diagnosis was not always coincident.Conclusions: the coincidence of the clinical and ultrasonographic diagnosis was high. As well as the concomitance between both, with the positive Murphy echographic sign, the thickening and edema of the vesicular wall, which were the most useful signs in the diagnosis(AU)

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RESUMEN Introducción: El ultrasonido es una prueba de imagen segura y efectiva que ha ayudado a los médicos por más de medio siglo en el diagnóstico de enfermedades y se ha convertido en el estetoscopio del siglo XXI. El dolor abdominal agudo es una causa muy frecuente en los departamentos urgencia y emergencias de todo el mundo. Objetivo: Exponer la utilidad del ultrasonido en la evaluación del dolor abdominal agudo. Método: Se realizó una revisión bibliográfica del tema en las bases de datos PubMed, BVS-BIREME y Cochrane. Se consideraron en la búsqueda todo tipo de estudios publicados desde enero de 1958 hasta junio de 2018, a los cuales se tuvo acceso. Los idiomas utilizados en la búsqueda fueron el español y el inglés. Resultados: De forma general, la tomografía axial computarizada es el estudio por imagen de mayor sensibilidad y especificidad en evaluación del dolor abdominal agudo, lo que supera objetivamente al ultrasonido. Sin embargo, la utilización del ultrasonido por médicos no radiólogos, como complemento del examen físico gana cada día más espacio, sobre todo después del surgimiento del Point-of-Care Ultrasonography. Conclusiones: El ultrasonido realizado por radiólogos es una herramienta útil en la evaluación del dolor abdominal agudo. El cirujano general puede diagnosticar con precisión los cálculos biliares pero el diagnóstico de colecistitis y de apendicitis es más desafiador. Son necesarios más estudios para avalar la utilización del ultrasonido por cirujanos generales en la evaluación del dolor abdominal agudo(AU)

ABSTRACT Introduction: Ultrasound is a safe and effective imaging test that has helped physicians for more than half a century in the diagnosis of diseases and has become the stethoscope of the 21st century. Acute abdominal pain is a common cause in urgency departments and emergency rooms worldwide. Objective: To present the usefulness of ultrasound in the assessment of acute abdominal pain, performed in the department of radiology, emergency and by general surgeons. Method: A literature review of the subject was carried out in the databases PubMed, BVS-BIREME and Cochrane. All types of studies published from January 1958 to June 2018, which were accessed, were considered in the search. The languages used in the search were Spanish and English. Results: Generally speaking, the computed tomography is the imaging study of greater sensitivity and specificity in the assessment of acute abdominal pain, objectively surpassing ultrasonography. However, the use of ultrasound by non-radiological physicians, as a complement to the physical examination, gains more space each day, especially after the emergence of point-of-care ultrasonography. Conclusions: Ultrasonography performed by radiologists is a useful tool in the assessment of acute abdominal pain. The general surgeon can accurately diagnose gallstones, but the diagnosis of cholecystitis and appendicitis is more challenging. More studies are needed to support the use of ultrasound by general surgeons in the assessment of acute abdominal pain(AU)

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INTRODUCTION AND OBJECTIVES: There is currently more evidence suggesting that early surgery should be the treatment of choice for acute calculous cholecystitis, although initial conservative treatment is also reported to be safe. Treatment decision depends on the conditions of the patient, surgical experience, and hospital infrastructure, given that early surgery cannot always be carried out. The aim of the present study was to correlate C-reactive protein values with other variables to determine those situations in which surgery cannot be delayed. MATERIALS AND METHODS: A retrospective study was conducted on patients admitted to the hospital from the emergency service with the diagnosis of acute calculous cholecystitis. The patients were divided into 2groups: 1) patients that required urgent cholecystectomy and 2) patients that responded well to conservative medical treatment and later underwent deferred cholecystectomy. RESULTS: A total of 238 patients (♂ 54.6%, ♀ 45.4%) were analyzed. Urgent surgery was performed on 158 patients, whereas the remaining 80 patients were released from the hospital following conservative treatment. The odds ratio of gangrenous cholecystitis presenting in acute cholecystitis for C-reactive protein was calculated in the logistic regression analysis, obtaining an OR of 1.088 and a 95% CI of 1.031-1.121. CONCLUSION: In patients diagnosed with acute calculous cholecystitis, the combination of elevated values of C-reactive protein levels, gallbladder wall thickness, and number of leukocytes was correlated with less favorable clinical and gallbladder histologic states, resulting in a greater need for urgent surgical treatment.

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Chilaiditi sign is the incidental radiologic finding of intestinal interposition between the liver and diaphragm, whereas Chilaiditi syndrome describes the presence of accompanying clinical symptoms including abdominal pain, constipation, vomiting, and respiratory distress. We describe a case of radiotracer accumulation over the liver dome on Tc-mebrofenin hepatobiliary scan performed on a 72-year-old man with acute cholecystitis mimicking a bile leak. However, chest radiograph and CT revealed intestinal hepatodiaphragmatic interposition. This case illustrates the importance of being familiar with the scintigraphic appearance of the Chilaiditi sign and correlating abnormal nuclear medicine scan findings with other available radiologic modalities.

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INTRODUCCIÓN. Desde la introducción de la colecistectomía laparoscópica, numerosos autores han documentado las ventajas de esta técnica sobre la colecistectomía abierta, y se considera el abordaje estándar para el tratamiento de la colelitiasis no complicada. Sin embargo, existía cierta resistencia por parte de los cirujanos cuando se trataba de la colecistitis aguda. El objetivo de nuestro estudio fue presentar los resultados obtenidos con el tratamiento laparoscópico precoz de la colecistitis aguda en nuestro servicio. MÉTODOS. De un total de 142 pacientes ingresados con el diagnóstico de colecistitis aguda, 49 fueron intervenidos mediante colecistectomía laparoscópica de urgencia durante el período comprendido entre febrero del 2003 y febrero del 2007. Se establecieron 5 criterios para la selección de los pacientes: comienzo de los síntomas antes de 72 h, diagnóstico clínico y ultrasonográfico de colecistitis aguda, vía biliar principal no dilatada, ausencia de imagen sugestiva de litiasis coledociana, ausencia de cirugía del abdomen superior y pacientes sin contraindicación para la cirugía laparoscópica. RESULTADOS. El tiempo quirúrgico promedio fue de 65 min. Hubo una lesión de la vía biliar principal que se detectó durante la cirugía (herida de colédoco), 2 infecciones de la herida, 2 pacientes precisaron de conversión: uno por lesión de la vía biliar y otro por sangrado del lecho vesicular. La estadía hospitalaria promedio fue de 2,5 días. No hubo reintervenciones ni mortalidad en esta serie. CONCLUSIONES. Se concluyó que el método laparoscópico en la colecistitis aguda, cuando se indica precozmente, es seguro y factible. Recomendamos que sea la primera opción terapéutica en estos pacientes(AU)

INTRODUCTION: From introduction of laparoscopic cholecystectomy, many authors have verified advantages of this technique on open cholecystectomy, and it is consider the standard approach for treatment of non-complicated cholelitiasis. However, there was some resistance by surgeons when to be about the acute cholecystitis. Aim of present paper was to present results achieved with early laparoscopic treatment of acute cholecystitis in our service. METHODS: From a total of 142 patients admitted diagnosed with acute cholecystitis, 49 of them were operated on by means emergent laparoscopic cholecystectomy from February 2003 to February 2007. Five criteria was established for patients selection: start of symptoms before 72 hours, clinical and ultrasound diagnosis of acute cholecystitis, non-dilated main biliary route, lack of suggestive image of choledochal lithiasis, lack of high abdomen surgery, and patients with contraindications for laparoscopic surgery. RESULTS: Average surgical time was of 65 minutes. There was a lesion of main biliary route detected at surgery (choledochal wound), two wound infections, and two patients needed conversion: one by biliary route lesion and another by vesicular roof bleeding. Average hospital stay was or 2, 5 days. There were neither re-interventions nor mortality in this series. CONCLUSIONS: We conclude that laparoscopic method in case of acute cholecystitis, when it is early prescribed, is safe and feasible. We suggested that it be the first therapeutical option in these patients(AU)

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