RESUMEN
The effect of salinomycin sodium alone and in combination with functional oils on performance and microbiota of broiler infected Eimeria were evaluated. 512 broilers were randomly assigned to 4 treatments (8 replicates, 16 birds/pen): a Control group (any additives); Ionophore group: salinomycin supplementation at 66 ppm (SS66); Ionophore +0.075% Functional oil (FO) group (SS66 + FO supplementation at 750 ppm); and Ionophore +0.10% FO group (SS66 + FO supplementation at 1000 ppm). At 14 days of age, birds were gavaged with 1 mL of a saline solution containing sporulated oocysts of E. tenella, E. acervulina and E. maxima. Performance indices were measured weekly. At 28 days, intestinal content was collected for microbiota analysis. Broilers of Control group presented the worst performance indices. Broilers of Ionophore + FO (0.075% and 0.10%) groups exhibited a higher BW at 28 days of age. The supplementation of Ionophore +0.075% FO resulted in a higher relative proportion of Firmicutes and a lower proportion of Actinobacteria in the ileum-jejunum. Lactobacillaceae was the dominant family in the jejunal, and ileal microbiotas of broilers fed diets supplemented with Ionophore, Ionophore +0.075% FO and Ionophore +0.10% FO. The supplementation of ionophore yielded higher numbers of Lactobacillaceae, Enterobactereaceae and Cloritridiaceae in the cecal. Ionophore associated with FO controlled the Lactobacillaceae, Enterobactereaceae and Cloritridiaceae families present in the cecum. Therefore, the combination of salinomycin with functional oil showed synergistic effect on performance and modulation of intestinal microbiota of broilers challenged with Eimeria.
Asunto(s)
Alimentación Animal , Pollos , Coccidiosis , Dieta , Suplementos Dietéticos , Eimeria , Microbioma Gastrointestinal , Policétidos Poliéteres , Enfermedades de las Aves de Corral , Piranos , Animales , Pollos/crecimiento & desarrollo , Piranos/farmacología , Piranos/administración & dosificación , Coccidiosis/veterinaria , Coccidiosis/tratamiento farmacológico , Coccidiosis/parasitología , Microbioma Gastrointestinal/efectos de los fármacos , Eimeria/efectos de los fármacos , Enfermedades de las Aves de Corral/parasitología , Enfermedades de las Aves de Corral/microbiología , Enfermedades de las Aves de Corral/tratamiento farmacológico , Alimentación Animal/análisis , Dieta/veterinaria , Distribución Aleatoria , Ionóforos/farmacología , Ionóforos/administración & dosificación , Coccidiostáticos/farmacología , Coccidiostáticos/administración & dosificación , MasculinoRESUMEN
O presente estudo investigou a eficácia e o nível ideal de alimentação de folhas de Rumex nervosus (RNL) em frangos de corte infectados e não infectados com Eimeria tenella . Em um planejamento fatorial de 2 (desafio coccidiano ou não) 5 (tratamentos alimentares), pintos de corte de 250 dias de idade foram distribuídos aleatoriamente em um dos dez grupos e criados por 28 dias. Foram investigadas medidas intestinais, características de carcaça, índices bioquímicos séricos, leucogramas, desempenho e indicadores anticoccidianos. Todos os parâmetros selecionados não foram significativos ( p>0,05) alterado pelas interações entre dieta experimental e desafio aos 7 dias pós-infecção, com exceção dos níveis séricos de albumina e globulina, bem como do índice anticoccidiano. Os frangos infectados apresentaram menor indicador de desempenho, menor eficiência de produção, baixos índices anticoccidianos, moela mais pesada, intestino delgado mais longo e mais pesado, ceco mais curto e maior proporção de eosinófilos em comparação com frangos não infectados. O RNL apresentou eficácia anticoccidiana marcante na dose de 5 g. O presente estudo descobriu que o pó da folha de Rumex nervosus apresentou eficácia preventiva anticoccidiana de leve a acentuada, dependente da dose, em frangos de corte. No entanto, mais estudos são necessários para compreender completamente os mecanismos anticoccidianos.(AU)
Asunto(s)
Animales , Pollos/fisiología , Coccidiostáticos/efectos adversos , Rumex/química , Eimeria tenella/inmunologíaRESUMEN
Eimeria are ubiquitous parasites and eimeriosis treatment is based on coccidiostats or coccidicides used prophylactically, metaphylactically, or therapeutically. The long-term efficacy of toltrazuril (TZR, 15 mg/kg) against experimentally infected naïve calves was investigated. Seven groups (six treated and one control) of six animals each were formed. Animals of each group received a single TZR prophylactic oral treatment on days - 42, - 35, - 28, - 21, - 14, and - 7 before the challenge with infectious sporulated oocysts of Eimeria spp. (100,000 oocysts: 59.5% E. zuernii, 38.1% E. bovis, 1.2%, E. alabamensis, and 1.2% E. ellipsoidalis). The long-term efficacy was assessed based on Eimeria spp. oocyst excretion by fecal oocyst counts. Three calves from the control group presented diarrhea with blood, which was not observed in animals belonging to the treatment groups. The TZR achieved efficacy greater than 95.0% up to 14 and 7 days. This formulation showed efficacy above 95% for 7 to 14 days, between 82 and 84% for 21 to 28 days and between 50 and 64% for 35 to 42 days.
Asunto(s)
Enfermedades de los Bovinos , Coccidiosis , Coccidiostáticos , Eimeria , Animales , Bovinos , Enfermedades de los Bovinos/tratamiento farmacológico , Enfermedades de los Bovinos/parasitología , Enfermedades de los Bovinos/prevención & control , Coccidiosis/tratamiento farmacológico , Coccidiosis/prevención & control , Coccidiosis/veterinaria , Coccidiostáticos/uso terapéutico , Heces/parasitología , Oocistos , TriazinasRESUMEN
Adding ionophores to ruminant diets is a strategy to manipulate ruminal fermentation and improve milk yield. This study evaluates the effects of narasin supply to lactating ewes on dry matter intake (DMI), milk yield and composition, and performance of the lambs. Thirty lactating Santa Inês and Santa Inês × Dorper ewes fed a basal diet containing 50 % coastcross hay and 50 % concentrate were randomly assigned to two treatments: control (CON; without ionophores) or NAR (addition of 13 mg narasin kg-1 DM). From the 2nd to 10th week of lactation, DMI of ewes was determined, and once a week, their milk production and composition was measured over a 3-h interval. At the 10th week of lactation, lambs were weaned and their average daily gain (ADG) and starter DMI continued to be evaluated for two more weeks. Narasin supply did not affect weight and DMI of ewes. Ewes fed NAR had greater feed efficiency for milk production and displayed tendency for higher milk yield. Narasin supply reduced milk protein levels, but it did not affect other milk component levels. Ewes fed NAR had greater production of milk urea nitrogen and showed tendency for higher production of fat and total solids. Starter DMI of lambs was not affected by treatments; however, there was a tendency for greater weaning weight for NAR lambs. At the end of experiment, no differences were observed in the performance of lambs. The supply of 13 mg narasin kg-1 to lactating ewes improved milk yield efficiency and tended to increase the weaning weight of their lambs.(AU)
Asunto(s)
Animales , Femenino , Ovinos/fisiología , Coccidiostáticos/química , Leche/fisiología , Animales Lactantes/fisiología , Lactancia , Ionóforos/análisisRESUMEN
Avian coccidiosis continues to be one of the costliest diseases of commercial poultry. Understanding the epidemiology of Eimeria species in poultry flocks and the resistance profile to common anticoccidials is important to design effective disease prevention and control strategies. This study examined litter samples to estimate the prevalence and distribution of Eimeria species among broiler farms in 4 geographic regions of Colombia. A total of 245 litter samples were collected from 194 broiler farms across representative regions of poultry production between March and August 2019. The litter samples were processed for oocysts enumeration and speciation after sporulation. End-point polymerase chain reaction (PCR) analysis was conducted to confirm the presence of Eimeria species. Anticoccidial sensitivity was determined with 160 Ross AP males in 5 treatment groups: noninfected, nonmedicated control (NNC), infected, nonmedicated control (INC), infected salinomycin treated (SAL, dose: 66 ppm), infected diclazuril treated (DIC, dose: 1 ppm), and infected methylbenzocuate-Clopidol treated (MET.CLO, dose: 100 ppm), All birds were orally inoculated with 1 × 106 sporulated oocysts using a 1 mL syringe, except for the NNC- group who received 1ml of water.Eimeria spp. were found in 236 (96.3%) out of 245 individual houses, representing 180 (92.8%) out of 194 farms. Eimeria acervulina was the most prevalent species (35.0%) followed by Eimeria tenella (30.9%), Eimeria maxima (20.4%), and other Eimeria spp. (13.6%). However, mixed species infections were common, with the most prevalent combination being mixtures of E. acervulina, E. maxima, E. tenella, and other species in 31.4% of the Eimeria-positive samples. PCR analysis identified E. acervulina, E. maxima, E. tenella, Eimeria necatrix, Eimeria mitis, and Eimeria praecox with variable prevalence across farms and regions. Anticoccidial sensitivity testing of strains of Eimeria isolated from 1 region, no treatment difference (P > 0.05) was observed in final weight (BW), weight gain (BWG) or feed conversion (FCR). For the global resistance index (GI) classified SAL and MET.CLO as good efficacy (85.79 and 85.49, respectively) and DIC as limited efficacy (74.52%). These results demonstrate the ubiquitous nature of Eimeria spp. and identifies the current state of sensitivity to commonly used anticoccidials in a region of poultry importance for Colombia.
Asunto(s)
Coccidiosis , Coccidiostáticos , Eimeria , Enfermedades de las Aves de Corral , Animales , Pollos , Coccidiosis/tratamiento farmacológico , Coccidiosis/epidemiología , Coccidiosis/veterinaria , Coccidiostáticos/uso terapéutico , Colombia/epidemiología , Granjas , Masculino , Enfermedades de las Aves de Corral/tratamiento farmacológico , Enfermedades de las Aves de Corral/epidemiologíaRESUMEN
Neospora caninum causes heavy losses related to abortions in bovine cattle. This parasite developed a complex defense redox system, composed of enzymes as glutathione reductase (GR). Methylene blue (MB) impairs the activity of recombinant form of Plasmodium GR and inhibits the parasite proliferation in vivo and in vitro. Likewise, MB and its derivatives inhibits Neospora caninum proliferation, however, whether the MB mechanism of action is correlated to GR function remains unclear. Therefore, here, N. caninum GR (NcGR) was characterized and its potential inhibitors were determined. NcGR was found in the tachyzoite cytosol and has a similar structure and sequence compared to its homologs. We verified the in vitro activity of rNcGR (875 nM) following NADPH absorbance at 340 nM (100 mM KH2PO4, pH 7.5, 1 mM EDTA, ionic strength: 600 mM, 25 °C). rNcGR exhibited a Michaelian behavior (Km(GSSG):0.10 ± 0.02 mM; kcat(GSSG):0.076 ± 0.003 s-1; Km(NADPH):0.006 ± 0.001 mM; kcat(NADPH): 0.080 ± 0.003 s-1). The IC50 of MB,1,9-dimethyl methylene blue, new methylene blue, and toluidine blue O on rNcGR activity were 2.1 ± 0.2 µM, 11 ± 2 µM, 0.7 ± 0.1 µM, and 0.9 ± 0.2 µM, respectively. Our results suggest the importance of NcGR in N. caninum biology and antioxidant mechanisms. Moreover, data presented here strongly suggest that NcGR is an important target of phenothiazinium dyes in N. caninum proliferation inhibition.
Asunto(s)
Coccidiostáticos/farmacología , Inhibidores Enzimáticos/farmacología , Glutatión Reductasa/efectos de los fármacos , Azul de Metileno/análogos & derivados , Neospora/efectos de los fármacos , Cloruro de Tolonio/farmacología , Animales , Citoplasma/enzimología , Glutatión Reductasa/genética , Glutatión Reductasa/metabolismo , Cinética , Masculino , Azul de Metileno/farmacología , Ratones Endogámicos BALB C , Neospora/enzimología , Neospora/genética , Neospora/crecimiento & desarrolloRESUMEN
Rotation with different active ingredients is among the most effective and recommended strategies to preserve the efficacy of anticoccidial drugs and reduce the emergence of resistance. Tools such as anticoccidial sensitivity tests (ASTs) are ideally used to make rational rotation programs and bring benefits to production. The objective of this study was to evaluate the sensitivity of E. acervulina (EA) and E. maxima (EM) from 3 different regions in Brazil, by using four ASTs. Feces samples weighing 6 to 7 kg were collected in the regions of São Paulo, Paraná, and Minas Gerais. Prevalent oocysts from feces were filtered, identified, and quantified to conduct 2 ASTs with EA and 2 with EM. The same experimental design was used in every AST (4 replicates per treatment, with 6 birds each, for a total of 240 birds). Treatment groups were a nonchallenged and nonmedicated control group (T1), a challenged and nonmedicated control group (T2), and the other groups challenged and treated with the following compounds: lasalocid (90 ppm - T3), maduramycin (6 ppm - T4), decoquinate (30 ppm - T5), nicarbazin+semduramicin (66 ppm - T6), monensin (110 ppm - T7), salinomycin (66 ppm - T8), narasin+nicarbazin (100 ppm - T9), and nicarbazin (125 ppm - T10). At the end of each AST (20 d), the percent change (delta value) between the treated group (T3 to T10) and the control group (T2) was calculated for the following variables: body weight gain, feed conversion ratio, lesion score, and an indicator of percentage of optimal anticoccidial activity (POAA) that included T2. Different sensitivity levels of EA and EM isolates could be identified. As a whole, drugs from T5 and T3 groups showed higher delta values when compared to other compounds, whereas the lowest sensitivity levels of these isolates were observed in groups T4 and T7. Despite some limiting factors, ASTs can be a good tool for strategic selection of anticoccidial drugs in order to maintain efficacy and extend the lifespan of these molecules.
Asunto(s)
Coccidiosis , Coccidiostáticos , Eimeria , Preparaciones Farmacéuticas , Enfermedades de las Aves de Corral , Animales , Brasil , Pollos , Coccidiosis/tratamiento farmacológico , Coccidiosis/veterinaria , Coccidiostáticos/farmacología , Coccidiostáticos/uso terapéutico , Enfermedades de las Aves de Corral/tratamiento farmacológico , Enfermedades de las Aves de Corral/epidemiologíaRESUMEN
The objective of this research was to evaluate the control of coccidiosis in the litter of commercial poultry housing in the Western region of Paraná, Brazil, which adopts sanitary management to control Salmonellosis. Three litter treatments were selected, proposed by an integrating company in the region: fermentation associated with liming (FL); liming (L) and fermentation (F). Stool samples were collected from 18 poultry housing, in a completely randomized experimental design, testing different collection areas in the sheds, from the 5th day of the birds' housing, repeated weekly until the 40th day, during five successive flocks. The incidence of coccidiosis was determined by oocysts count in feces (OoPG), testing the interactions between treatment, age of birds and the number of flocks housed. Samples were selected to identify, through the Multiplex PCR, species of the genus Eimeria. circulating in the shed. The results showed that in litter where fermentation was adopted, the efficiency to control the sporulation of Eimeria spp. was significantly (p <0.05) higher than in the other treatments. The use of the Multiplex PCR technique requires improvements in the preparation of samples for the extraction of genetic material.
Asunto(s)
Coccidiosis , Coccidiostáticos , Eimeria , Enfermedades de las Aves de Corral , Animales , Brasil , Pollos , Coccidiosis/tratamiento farmacológico , Coccidiosis/prevención & control , Coccidiosis/veterinaria , Coccidiostáticos/uso terapéutico , Vivienda , Aves de Corral , Enfermedades de las Aves de Corral/prevención & controlRESUMEN
Eimeria spp. infection is one of the main diseases that affect young cattle in beef and dairy herds, leading to economic losses and compromising the performance and growth of animals. This study aimed to evaluate the effectiveness of different protocols of metaphylactic treatment with 5% toltrazuril (15 mg/kg) in naturally infected, extensively reared beef calves from birth to 1 year of age. We used 92 calves aged up to 2 weeks of life, initially divided into two experimental groups: treated and control. The animals were evaluated fortnightly with individual count of oocysts per gram of feces (OPG) tests until weaning; thereafter, they were again divided into four subgroups: I-treated at both birth and weaning; II-treated at birth but not treated at weaning; III-not treated at birth but treated at weaning; and IV-neither treated at birth nor at weaning (control). During the experimental period, the animals were evaluated for weight gain, excretion of oocysts, and presence of pathogenic species of Eimeria spp. In the first stage of the study, less oocysts were excreted in the treated group for up to 75 days and at 150 days of age (p < 0.05). In the final stage of the study, significant differences occur between groups I and II, I and IV, II and III, and III and IV (p = 0.3512), in the collection 20 days after treatment. Eimeria bovis was the most frequently identified species during the experimental period. Moreover, there was a positive correlation between the presence of diarrhea in the calves and the number of oocysts excreted, treated group (p = 0.0092) and untreated group (p = 0.2). There was no significant difference in weight gain of animals in any of the study periods (p > 0.05).
Asunto(s)
Enfermedades de los Bovinos , Coccidiosis , Coccidiostáticos , Eimeria , Animales , Bovinos , Enfermedades de los Bovinos/tratamiento farmacológico , Coccidiosis/tratamiento farmacológico , Coccidiosis/veterinaria , Coccidiostáticos/uso terapéutico , Heces , TriazinasRESUMEN
This study was conducted to evaluate the anticoccidial potential of Artemisia brevifolia extract (ABE) and its effect on biochemical parameters against experimental coccidiosis in broiler chickens. For this purpose, a total of 150 broiler chicks were procured and divided into 5 equal groups (30 birds per group). At one week of age, the first three groups (A, B and C) were orally fed with ABE at dose rates of 100, 200 and 300mg/kg respectively for seven consecutive days. Group D served as infected/medicated and was treated with Baycox® (1ml/L of water). Group E served as the infected/non-medicated control group. At two weeks of age, all groups were infected with 50,000 sporulated oocysts of Eimeria tenella. The anticoccidial potential was evaluated based on lesion score, oocyst score, fecal score, feed conversion ratio, and mortality (%). Furthermore, the effect of ABE on hematological parameters and serum chemistry was also evaluated by following standard procedures. The anticoccidial effects were compared with the standard drug Baycox® (p>0.05). Results of the study showed the anticoccidial activity of ABE in terms of lesion diminishing, oocyst and fecal scores, better feed conversion ratios, and mortality reduction (%). The ABE also improved hematological parameters and stabilized the serum enzymes (ALT, LDH, Creatinine) of infected chicks (p>0.05).
Asunto(s)
Animales , Coccidiostáticos/análisis , Coccidiostáticos/efectos adversos , Eimeria/aislamiento & purificación , Fenómenos Bioquímicos , Pollos/fisiologíaRESUMEN
This study was conducted to evaluate the anticoccidial potential of Artemisia brevifolia extract (ABE) and its effect on biochemical parameters against experimental coccidiosis in broiler chickens. For this purpose, a total of 150 broiler chicks were procured and divided into 5 equal groups (30 birds per group). At one week of age, the first three groups (A, B and C) were orally fed with ABE at dose rates of 100, 200 and 300mg/kg respectively for seven consecutive days. Group D served as infected/medicated and was treated with Baycox® (1ml/L of water). Group E served as the infected/non-medicated control group. At two weeks of age, all groups were infected with 50,000 sporulated oocysts of Eimeria tenella. The anticoccidial potential was evaluated based on lesion score, oocyst score, fecal score, feed conversion ratio, and mortality (%). Furthermore, the effect of ABE on hematological parameters and serum chemistry was also evaluated by following standard procedures. The anticoccidial effects were compared with the standard drug Baycox® (p>0.05). Results of the study showed the anticoccidial activity of ABE in terms of lesion diminishing, oocyst and fecal scores, better feed conversion ratios, and mortality reduction (%). The ABE also improved hematological parameters and stabilized the serum enzymes (ALT, LDH, Creatinine) of infected chicks (p>0.05).(AU)
Asunto(s)
Animales , Pollos/fisiología , Coccidiostáticos/efectos adversos , Coccidiostáticos/análisis , Fenómenos Bioquímicos , Eimeria/aislamiento & purificaciónRESUMEN
Abstract The objective of this research was to evaluate the control of coccidiosis in the litter of commercial poultry housing in the Western region of Paraná, Brazil, which adopts sanitary management to control Salmonellosis. Three litter treatments were selected, proposed by an integrating company in the region: fermentation associated with liming (FL); liming (L) and fermentation (F). Stool samples were collected from 18 poultry housing, in a completely randomized experimental design, testing different collection areas in the sheds, from the 5th day of the birds' housing, repeated weekly until the 40th day, during five successive flocks. The incidence of coccidiosis was determined by oocysts count in feces (OoPG), testing the interactions between treatment, age of birds and the number of flocks housed. Samples were selected to identify, through the Multiplex PCR, species of the genus Eimeria. circulating in the shed. The results showed that in litter where fermentation was adopted, the efficiency to control the sporulation of Eimeria spp. was significantly (p <0.05) higher than in the other treatments. The use of the Multiplex PCR technique requires improvements in the preparation of samples for the extraction of genetic material.
Resumo O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar a eficiência dos manejos sanitários aplicados à cama de aviários comerciais para o controle da salmonelose nas criações de frango de corte, na região Oeste do Paraná, e verificar seu efeito no controle da coccidiose. Foram selecionados três tratamentos de cama: a fermentação associada à calagem (FL); calagem (L) e fermentação (F). As amostras de fezes foram coletadas de 18 aviários, com um delineamento experimental inteiramente casualizado, testando-se diferentes áreas de coleta. As coletas foram realizadas a partir do 5° dia do alojamento e se repetiram semanalmente até o 40° dia, durante cinco lotes sucessivos. A incidência da parasitose foi determinada pela contagem de oocistos por grama de fezes (OoPG), testando as interações entre tratamento, idade das aves e número de lotes alojados. Amostras de fezes foram selecionadas para identificar os oocistos esperulados das espécies do gênero Eimeria circulantes no galpão, por meio do Multiplex PCR. Observou-se que a fermentação foi significativamente (p<0,05) mais eficiente, comparando-se o mesmo lote ao longo de todos os observados. A utilização da técnica de PCR Multiplex, precisa ser padronizada para amostras de campo.
Asunto(s)
Animales , Enfermedades de las Aves de Corral/prevención & control , Coccidiosis/prevención & control , Coccidiosis/tratamiento farmacológico , Coccidiosis/veterinaria , Coccidiostáticos/uso terapéutico , Eimeria , Aves de Corral , Brasil , Pollos , ViviendaRESUMEN
Natural products are ecofriendly agents that can be used against parasitic diseases. Eimeria species cause eimeriosis in many birds and mammals and resistance to available medications used in the treatment of eimeriosis is emerging. We investigated the in vitro and in vivo activity of Morus nigra leaf extracts (MNLE) against sporulation of oocysts and infection of mice with Eimeria papillata. Phytochemical analysis of MNLE showed the presence of seven compounds and the in vitro effects of MNLE, amprolium, DettolTM, formalin, ethanol, and phenol were studied after incubation with oocysts before sporulation. Furthermore, infection of mice with E. papillata induced an oocyst output of approximately 12 × 105 oocysts/g of feces. MNLE significantly decreased oocyst output to approximately 86% and the total number of parasitic stages in the jejunum by approximately 87%. In addition, the reduction in the number of goblet cells in the jejuna of mice was increased after treatment. These findings suggest that mulberry exhibited powerful anticoccidial activity.
Asunto(s)
Coccidiosis , Coccidiostáticos/farmacología , Eimeria , Morus/química , Extractos Vegetales/farmacología , Animales , Coccidiosis/tratamiento farmacológico , RatonesRESUMEN
It is known that the current treatment for toxoplasmosis causes side effects. Thus, it is essential to develop new therapies with reduced adverse effects while concurrently maintaining broad coverage and prophylactic therapy. Melatonin is a hormone that participates in the circadian cycle in vertebrates and has antioxidant, immunomodulatory, and antitumoral functions. In addition, it has been shown that melatonin can modulate immune responses and parasitic development during infection by Trypanosoma cruzi and Leishmania spp. Furthermore, studies indicate that melatonin increases the number of lymphocytes in rats infected by Toxoplasma gondii. However, there is no information on the possible effects of melatonin in T. gondii-infected host cells in vitro. This study analyzed the effects of melatonin treatment in the monkey kidney cell epithelial cell line, LLC-MK2, after infection with T. gondii. LLC-MK2 cells were infected and treated/not treated with melatonin, and the infection index was then quantified. Melatonin treatment did not alter host cell viability and was able to reduce parasite proliferation in LLC-MK2 cells at 24 and 48 h and at 6 days. Analysis by scanning electron microscopy confirmed reduction of parasite proliferation and alterations of tachyzoite shapes. Transmission electron microscopy images showed parasites with ruptured plasma membranes and cytoplasmic leakage. After treatment, parasites showed positive staining for apoptotic-like cell death. These results suggest that the use of melatonin as the lead compound for the synthesis of new compounds may constitute an alternative treatment for toxoplasmosis.
Asunto(s)
Coccidiostáticos/farmacología , Melatonina/farmacología , Toxoplasma/efectos de los fármacos , Toxoplasma/crecimiento & desarrollo , Animales , Muerte Celular/efectos de los fármacos , Línea Celular , Membrana Celular/efectos de los fármacos , Células Epiteliales/parasitología , Haplorrinos , Estadios del Ciclo de Vida/efectos de los fármacosRESUMEN
The aim of this study was to determine whether curcumin and yucca extract addition in broiler feed improves growth, health, and meat quality, and to measure coccidiostatic and antimicrobial activity so as to enable replacement of conventional performance enhancers. We used 240 birds in four treatments: CN, basal feed with antibiotics and coccidiostatic drugs; CU, feed with 100 mg/kg of curcumin; YE, feed with 250 mg/kg of yucca extract; and CU + YE, feed with the combination of 100 mg curcumin/kg and 250 mg yucca extract/kg. A significant reduction in oocysts was observed in birds supplemented with combined additives (CU + YE) at days 37 compared to other treatments and at 42 days in relation to the CU treatment. At 42 days, the total bacterial counts for the CN and CU treatments were lower than the others. Birds fed the additive had lower numbers of leukocytes, lymphocytes, and heterophils than did those in the CN treatment. The highest levels of antioxidants in meat were observed in the treatments with the additives, together with lower levels of lipid peroxidation compared to the CN. The lowest protein oxidation was observed in the CU + YE treatment in relation to the other treatments. Lower total levels of saturated fatty acids (SFA) were observed in the CU treatment than in the CN. There were lower levels of monounsaturated fatty acids (MUFA) in the meat of birds in the YE treatment in relation to the others. Higher levels of total polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) were observed in birds that consumed curcumin, individually and in combination with yucca extract. Taken together, the data suggest that curcumin and yucca extract are additives that can potentially replace conventional growth promoters; they improved bird health. Changes in the fatty acid profile of meat (increase in the percentage of omegas) are beneficial to the health of the consumer.
Asunto(s)
Antibacterianos/metabolismo , Pollos/metabolismo , Coccidiostáticos/metabolismo , Curcumina/química , Extractos Vegetales/metabolismo , Yucca/química , Alimentación Animal/análisis , Animales , Antibacterianos/administración & dosificación , Pollos/crecimiento & desarrollo , Coccidiostáticos/administración & dosificación , Dieta/veterinaria , Suplementos Dietéticos/análisis , Masculino , Carne/análisis , Extractos Vegetales/administración & dosificación , Distribución AleatoriaRESUMEN
Toxoplasma gondii is a protozoan that has great genetic diversity and is prevalent worldwide. In 2018, an outbreak of toxoplasmosis occurred in Santa Maria, Brazil, which was considered the largest outbreak ever described in the world. This paper describes the isolation and molecular characterization of Toxoplasma gondii from the placenta of two pregnant women with acute toxoplasmosis who had live births and were receiving treatment for toxoplasmosis during the outbreak. For this, placental tissue samples from two patients underwent isolation by mice bioassay, conventional PCR and genotyping using PCR-RFLP with twelve markers. Both samples were positive in isolation in mice. The isolate was lethal to mice, suggesting high virulence. In addition, the samples were positive in conventional PCR and isolates submitted to PCR-RFLP genotyping presented an atypical genotype, which had never been described before. This research contributes to the elucidation of this great outbreak in Brazil.
Asunto(s)
Coccidiostáticos/uso terapéutico , Placenta/parasitología , Complicaciones Infecciosas del Embarazo/tratamiento farmacológico , Toxoplasma/genética , Toxoplasmosis/tratamiento farmacológico , Animales , Brasil/epidemiología , Modelos Animales de Enfermedad , Brotes de Enfermedades , Femenino , Genotipo , Humanos , Leucovorina/uso terapéutico , Nacimiento Vivo , Ratones , Polimorfismo de Longitud del Fragmento de Restricción , Embarazo , Complicaciones Infecciosas del Embarazo/epidemiología , Complicaciones Infecciosas del Embarazo/parasitología , Pirimetamina/uso terapéutico , Sulfadiazina/uso terapéutico , Toxoplasma/aislamiento & purificación , Toxoplasmosis/epidemiología , Toxoplasmosis/parasitologíaRESUMEN
A method for the simultaneous determination of three commonly used coccidiostats in chicken liver was developed, comprising a multi-residue QuEChERS (quick, easy, cheap, effective, rugged and safe) extraction step, and a liquid chromatography-ultra violet-fluorescence (HPLC-UV/FL) analysis. The QuEChERS extraction was optimized using an experimental design approach that includes a screening step to obtain the critical variables, an optimization step using multiple response surface analysis and the calculation of a desirability parameter. The optimized method was validated with fortified samples, reaching an average recovery of 91% and an overall precision of 5.5% (mean of three analytes at three levels). Limits of detection calculated on fortified samples were 20 µg kg-1 for lasalocid, 15 µg kg-1 for nicarbazin and 120 µg kg-1 for diclazuril. These values resulted at least one order of magnitude lower than the maximum allowed residue limit (MRL) of the studied coccidiostats for chicken liver.
Asunto(s)
Pollos , Coccidiostáticos/análisis , Lasalocido/análisis , Nicarbazina/análisis , Nitrilos/análisis , Triazinas/análisis , Animales , Cromatografía Líquida de Alta Presión/métodos , Coccidiostáticos/aislamiento & purificación , Estudios de Factibilidad , Inocuidad de los Alimentos , Lasalocido/aislamiento & purificación , Extracción Líquido-Líquido , Hígado/química , Nicarbazina/aislamiento & purificación , Nitrilos/aislamiento & purificación , Aves de Corral , Proyectos de Investigación , Factores de Tiempo , Triazinas/aislamiento & purificaciónRESUMEN
Natural products are ecofriendly agents that can be used against parasitic diseases. Eimeria species cause eimeriosis in many birds and mammals and resistance to available medications used in the treatment of eimeriosis is emerging. We investigated the in vitro and in vivo activity of Morus nigra leaf extracts (MNLE) against sporulation of oocysts and infection of mice with Eimeria papillata. Phytochemical analysis of MNLE showed the presence of seven compounds and the in vitro effects of MNLE, amprolium, DettolTM, formalin, ethanol, and phenol were studied after incubation with oocysts before sporulation. Furthermore, infection of mice with E. papillata induced an oocyst output of approximately 12 × 105 oocysts/g of feces. MNLE significantly decreased oocyst output to approximately 86% and the total number of parasitic stages in the jejunum by approximately 87%. In addition, the reduction in the number of goblet cells in the jejuna of mice was increased after treatment. These findings suggest that mulberry exhibited powerful anticoccidial activity.(AU)
Os produtos naturais são agentes ecologicamente corretos que podem ser usados contra doenças parasitárias. As espécies de Eimeria causam eimeriose em muitas aves e mamíferos e a resistência aos medicamentos disponíveis usados no tratamento da eimeriose está emergindo. Foram investigadas as atividades in vitro e in vivo dos extratos de folhas de Morus nigra (MNLE) contra esporulação de oocistos e infecção de camundongos com Eimeria papillata. A análise fitoquímica do MNLE mostrou a presença de sete compostos e os efeitos in vitro do MNLE, amprolium, DettolTM, formalina, etanol e fenol foram estudados após incubação com oocistos antes da esporulação. Além disso, a infecção de camundongos com E. papillata induziu uma produção de oocistos de aproximadamente 12 × 105 oocistos / g de fezes. O MNLE reduziu significativamente a produção de oocistos para aproximadamente 86%, e o número total de estágios parasitários no jejuno em aproximadamente 87%. Além disso, a redução no número de células caliciformes no jejuno de camundongos aumentou após o tratamento. Esses achados sugerem que a amoreira exibia uma poderosa atividade anticoccidiana.(AU)
Asunto(s)
Animales , Ratones , Ratones/inmunología , Ratones/parasitología , Coccidiostáticos , Eimeria , MorusRESUMEN
Abstract Natural products are ecofriendly agents that can be used against parasitic diseases. Eimeria species cause eimeriosis in many birds and mammals and resistance to available medications used in the treatment of eimeriosis is emerging. We investigated the in vitro and in vivo activity of Morus nigra leaf extracts (MNLE) against sporulation of oocysts and infection of mice with Eimeria papillata. Phytochemical analysis of MNLE showed the presence of seven compounds and the in vitro effects of MNLE, amprolium, DettolTM, formalin, ethanol, and phenol were studied after incubation with oocysts before sporulation. Furthermore, infection of mice with E. papillata induced an oocyst output of approximately 12 × 105 oocysts/g of feces. MNLE significantly decreased oocyst output to approximately 86% and the total number of parasitic stages in the jejunum by approximately 87%. In addition, the reduction in the number of goblet cells in the jejuna of mice was increased after treatment. These findings suggest that mulberry exhibited powerful anticoccidial activity.
Resumo Os produtos naturais são agentes ecologicamente corretos que podem ser usados contra doenças parasitárias. As espécies de Eimeria causam eimeriose em muitas aves e mamíferos e a resistência aos medicamentos disponíveis usados no tratamento da eimeriose está emergindo. Foram investigadas as atividades in vitro e in vivo dos extratos de folhas de Morus nigra (MNLE) contra esporulação de oocistos e infecção de camundongos com Eimeria papillata. A análise fitoquímica do MNLE mostrou a presença de sete compostos e os efeitos in vitro do MNLE, amprolium, DettolTM, formalina, etanol e fenol foram estudados após incubação com oocistos antes da esporulação. Além disso, a infecção de camundongos com E. papillata induziu uma produção de oocistos de aproximadamente 12 × 105 oocistos / g de fezes. O MNLE reduziu significativamente a produção de oocistos para aproximadamente 86%, e o número total de estágios parasitários no jejuno em aproximadamente 87%. Além disso, a redução no número de células caliciformes no jejuno de camundongos aumentou após o tratamento. Esses achados sugerem que a amoreira exibia uma poderosa atividade anticoccidiana.
Asunto(s)
Animales , Conejos , Extractos Vegetales/farmacología , Coccidiosis/tratamiento farmacológico , Coccidiostáticos/farmacología , Morus/química , EimeriaRESUMEN
The diphenylurea 4,4'-dinitrocarbanilide (DNC) is the residue of concern left in edible tissues of broilers fed diets containing the anticoccidial nicarbazin. When chicken meat is submitted to thermal processing, p-nitroaniline (p-NA) is expected from DNC degradation. This work aimed at evaluating whether thermal processing of DNC-containing chicken meat induces p-NA appearance. First, a hydrolysis assay was performed in aqueous solutions at 100 °C in different pH, confirming that DNC cleavage yields p-NA. Then a novel LC-MS/MS method was used to detect traces of this aromatic amine in DNC-containing chicken breast fillets subjected to cooking methods. Our evidence showed p-NA occurrence in such chicken meat samples, which corroborated results from hydrolysis assay. The p-NA appearance in fillets was rather discrete during boiling treatment, but its concentration became pronounced over time for grilling, frying, and roasting, achieving respectively 326.3, 640.0, and 456.9 µg/kg. As far as we are concerned, no other research identified degradation products from DNC residue in heat-processed chicken fillets. Therefore, this study leads to additional approaches to assess impacts on food safety.