RESUMEN

Globally, the poultry industry is seriously threatened by coccidiosis caused by various species of Eimeria. This protozoan parasite inhabits the epithelial lining of the gastrointestinal tract of poultry globally and can cause serious clinical disease. The present study was carried out on poultry farms located in various regions of Kashmir, India, to investigate the prevalence and phylogenetic relationships of Eimeria species affecting broiler chickens. Over a period of one year, fecal samples were collected from 60 poultry farms in Kashmir and morphological and molecular techniques were employed for Eimeria species identification. Results revealed a high prevalence of coccidiosis, with 58.3% (35/60) of farms positive for Eimeria. The most prevalent species were E. tenella (31/35, 88.6%) followed by E. acervulina (25/35, 71.4%), E. maxima (19/35, 54.3%), E. mitis (18/35, 51.4%), and E. necatrix (9/35, 25.7%). Seasonal variation in prevalence was also observed, with the highest rates in autumn (86.7%) and summer (66.7%). Additionally, younger birds (3-4 weeks) exhibited higher infection rates (85.7%) compared to older birds (57.9%) (5-6 weeks). Mixed infection was found in 94.2% (33/35) of positive farms. Phylogenetic analysis using ITS1 sequences confirmed species clustering and revealed evolutionary relationships among Eimeria species. E. tenella and E. necatrix formed a distinct clade, while E. acervulina formed another. The study underscores the importance of molecular techniques in accurate species identification and provides valuable insights into the epidemiology of coccidiosis in poultry in Kashmir. Effective control strategies, including vaccination and improved management practices, are necessary to mitigate the economic losses associated with this widespread poultry disease.

Asunto(s)

Pollos , Coccidiosis , Eimeria , Heces , Filogenia , Enfermedades de las Aves de Corral , Estaciones del Año , Animales , Eimeria/genética , Eimeria/clasificación , Eimeria/aislamiento & purificación , Coccidiosis/veterinaria , Coccidiosis/epidemiología , Coccidiosis/parasitología , India/epidemiología , Pollos/parasitología , Enfermedades de las Aves de Corral/parasitología , Enfermedades de las Aves de Corral/epidemiología , Prevalencia , Heces/parasitología

RESUMEN

Neospora caninum is an apicomplexan (family: Sarcocystidae) protozoan parasite with a global distribution. In the N. caninum life cycle, dogs and other related canids are the definitive hosts, while other animals such as water buffaloes (Bubalus bubalis) constitute the intermediate host for this parasite. In many countries, the water buffalo is of high economic importance, providing valuable high-quality products for human needs. Although knowledge concerning the prevalence of this parasite in intermediate animal host populations is crucial, data from water buffalo are scarce. Keeping this in mind, the aim of this study was to examine the presence and assess the prevalence rates of N. caninum infection in water buffaloes in Northern Greece, where this animal husbandry sector started to raise, as well as to determine associated risk factors, with the application of a commercially available Neospora ISCOM ELISA test kit, developed for the detection of antibodies against N. caninum in milk samples The study was conducted during January-June 2023 in a total of 172 individual raw milk samples, collected from dairy buffaloes, reared under a semi extensive system, in three different farms. Information on the status of N. caninum infection in buffaloes from Greece was so far unknown with a lack of epidemiological or risk factors associated. For the detection of N. caninum, the commercially available Neospora ISCOM ELISA test kit (SANOVIR ®, Svanova Biotech AB, Uppsala, Sweden) was utilized. Results demonstrated the presence of N. caninum in water buffaloes from Greece for the first time. All positive N. caninum animal were asymptomatic, with absence of any disease signs. The overall prevalence of infection was 22.10%, whereas the main risk factors include the presence of dogs as well as the low biosecurity measures.

Asunto(s)

Búfalos , Coccidiosis , Ensayo de Inmunoadsorción Enzimática , Leche , Neospora , Animales , Neospora/aislamiento & purificación , Neospora/inmunología , Búfalos/parasitología , Coccidiosis/veterinaria , Coccidiosis/epidemiología , Coccidiosis/parasitología , Grecia/epidemiología , Factores de Riesgo , Femenino , Ensayo de Inmunoadsorción Enzimática/veterinaria , Prevalencia , Leche/parasitología , Anticuerpos Antiprotozoarios/sangre , Estudios Seroepidemiológicos

RESUMEN

Despite the high global impacts of canine vector-borne diseases (CVBD) due to their wide distribution and zoonotic potential, the current epidemiological situation of CVBD in many tropical and subtropical regions remains unknown. This study examines the seroprevalence and molecular prevalence of Ehrlichia canis and other pathogens causing CVBDs (Leishmania infantum, Dirofilaria immitis, Babesia spp., Anaplasma spp. and Hepatozoon canis) in dogs living on the island of Boa Vista (Cape Verde Republic). Blood samples and infesting ticks were taken from 150 dogs across the island (stray, shelter, and pet dogs). Serum samples were tested using a rapid immunochromatographic test (Uranotest® Quattro) that detects antibodies against E. canis, L. infantum, Anaplasma spp. and D. immitis antigen. Levels of serum antibodies against E. canis were measured using the immunofluorescence antibody test (IFAT). In addition, tick-borne pathogens in blood samples (Anaplasma spp., Babesia spp., Hepatozoon spp., and Ehrlichia canis) were detected by microscopy observation and/or PCR plus sequencing. The seroprevalence of E. canis was extremely high at 82% (123/150), as revealed by both immunochromatography and IFAT. Most dogs returning a seropositive test result (82.92%; 102/123) had antibody titres > 1:1280 but showed no clinical signs or notable laboratory abnormalities. Of the 123 animals testing seropositive for E. canis, 67 (54.47%) also presented antibodies against Anaplasma spp., and 13 (10.56%) showed the presence of Hepatozoon spp. gamonts in the blood smear. Ehrlichia canis infection was detected in 17.1% (25/146) of dogs tested by direct sequencing of polymerase chain reaction (PCR) products. Co-infections were detected in seven of these dogs: four dogs tested PCR-positive for both E. canis and A. platys, two dogs tested positive for E. canis and Hepatozoon spp., and one dog tested positive for E. canis, A. platys and Hepatozoon spp. Rhipicephalus sanguineus sensu lato was the only tick species found infesting the canine study population. The high prevalence of tick-borne pathogens detected in dogs from Boa Vista Island highlights a need for improved control measures designed to prevent the transmission of these pathogens.

Asunto(s)

Enfermedades de los Perros , Ehrlichia canis , Ehrlichiosis , Animales , Perros , Ehrlichia canis/aislamiento & purificación , Ehrlichia canis/genética , Ehrlichia canis/inmunología , Enfermedades de los Perros/epidemiología , Enfermedades de los Perros/parasitología , Enfermedades de los Perros/microbiología , Ehrlichiosis/epidemiología , Ehrlichiosis/veterinaria , Ehrlichiosis/microbiología , Estudios Seroepidemiológicos , Cabo Verde/epidemiología , Anaplasma/aislamiento & purificación , Anaplasma/genética , Anaplasma/inmunología , Leishmania infantum/inmunología , Leishmania infantum/aislamiento & purificación , Leishmania infantum/genética , Prevalencia , Babesia/aislamiento & purificación , Babesia/inmunología , Babesia/genética , Femenino , Enfermedades Transmitidas por Vectores/epidemiología , Enfermedades Transmitidas por Vectores/microbiología , Enfermedades Transmitidas por Vectores/veterinaria , Enfermedades Transmitidas por Vectores/parasitología , Masculino , Coccidiosis/epidemiología , Coccidiosis/veterinaria , Coccidiosis/parasitología , Anticuerpos Antibacterianos/sangre , Anaplasmosis/epidemiología , Anaplasmosis/microbiología , Enfermedades por Picaduras de Garrapatas/epidemiología , Enfermedades por Picaduras de Garrapatas/veterinaria , Enfermedades por Picaduras de Garrapatas/microbiología , Enfermedades por Picaduras de Garrapatas/parasitología , Dirofilaria immitis/inmunología , Dirofilaria immitis/aislamiento & purificación , Dirofilaria immitis/genética

RESUMEN

BACKGROUND: Hepatozoonosis has been reported in many species around the world. Few incidences have been reported in various species of wild felids. Tigers are endangered large cats and are protected under the Wildlife Protection Act, 1972 under Schedule I. The study was carried out to estimate the positivity rate of hepatozoonosis in tigers of the Vidarbha region of Maharashtra, India. METHODS: Blood (n = 21) or tissue samples (n = 5) were collected from 26 wild captured / zoo-born or dead tigers during the quarantine period/post-mortem examination. Blood smear examination along with Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR) studies were conducted for the detection of hepatozoonosis. All the amplicons from the positive samples were purified and sequenced, and the sequences were subjected to nBLAST analysis to detect the species of Hepatozoon. The sequences were deposited into public domain database of National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI) and accession numbers were allotted. A phylogenetic study was undertaken to understand the evolutionary lineage of the pathogen. Tissue distribution studies were carried out on tissue samples received during post mortem. A clinical case in a tiger cub was managed and sub-clinical cases were monitored for relapse. Age-wise, sex-wise, region-wise and captive time-wise positivity rate was estimated. The data was analyzed using statistical tools. RESULTS: A total of 12 tigers were found positive for H. felis during the screening. A clinical case was diagnosed and successfully treated. The age group of 0-3 years reported a positivity rate of 66.66%, and all the cases found positive were reported between the age group of 0-7 years. Males reported a positivity rate of 58.33 per cent, while females reported 35.71%. Taboba and Andhari Tiger Reserve of the state had a positivity rate of 52.94 per cent. However, the statistical analysis for blood parameters and positivity rate by 't' test and Chi-squared test were found to be non-significant. CONCLUSIONS: An overall positivity rate of 46.15% indicates the wide distribution of hepatozoonosis among wild tigers of the Vidarbha region of Maharashtra, India, which is strategically important considering the gene flow and migration of tigers. Hepatozoonosis can progress to clinical outcomes in young animals and require veterinary intervention. Molecular tools and phylogenetic studies can supplement important data on circulating species of Hepatozoon in the field. Further studies on the clinical management and epidemiology of the infection in wild felids will comprehend the cause of wildlife conservation.

Asunto(s)

Coccidiosis , Filogenia , Tigres , Animales , India/epidemiología , Coccidiosis/veterinaria , Coccidiosis/epidemiología , Coccidiosis/parasitología , Tigres/parasitología , Masculino , Femenino , Eucoccidiida/genética , Eucoccidiida/aislamiento & purificación , Reacción en Cadena de la Polimerasa/veterinaria

RESUMEN

Bovine neosporosis is a widespread parasitic disease associated with significant economic losses. Its effects on the reproductive performance of cows have resulted in losses that run into the hundreds of millions of US dollars in dairy industries in various countries (Reichel et al., Int J Parasitol 43:133-142, 2013). Due to outdated and scant information on the occurrence of Neospora caninum infection in South Africa, the study aimed to determine the seroprevalence and risk factors associated with infection in dairy cattle in South Africa. A total of 1401 blood samples were randomly collected from cattle on 48 dairy farms in seven of the nine provinces in South Africa. A close-ended questionnaire was used in a cross-sectional study to obtain farm-level and animal-level data. Serological testing was done using a commercial IDvet Screen® Neospora caninum Indirect ELISA. An overall seroprevalence, adjusted for test sensitivity and specificity, of 2.3% (95% CI, 1.3-4.1) was detected and 48% (23/48) of sampled farms had at least one animal testing positive. The highest seroprevalence of N. caninum was in the KwaZulu-Natal province with 7.5% (95% CI, 3.8-14.3), and the lowest in Western Cape with 0.1% (95% CI, 0-1.2). The highest within-farm seroprevalence of 25% was detected on a farm in the North West Province. In a multivariable logistic regression model, the odds of N. caninum seropositivity were higher in Holstein-Friesian cattle when compared to other breeds. Good hygiene was identified as a protective factor. Cattle left out on pasture had increased odds of testing positive for N. caninum compared to those that were penned. The odds of testing seropositive for N. caninum was higher on farms that practised segregation of cattle into different age groups. The purchase of replacement animals was a significant risk factor, as open herds had increased odds of N. caninum seropositivity. Cattle on farms that did not have a specific calving location were more likely to be seropositive. This is the first such study in South Africa and shows that N. caninum is widely distributed in the country at a low seroprevalence, but it may be a cause of concern on certain farms.

Asunto(s)

Anticuerpos Antiprotozoarios , Enfermedades de los Bovinos , Coccidiosis , Neospora , Animales , Bovinos , Coccidiosis/epidemiología , Coccidiosis/veterinaria , Coccidiosis/parasitología , Sudáfrica/epidemiología , Estudios Seroepidemiológicos , Neospora/inmunología , Neospora/aislamiento & purificación , Enfermedades de los Bovinos/epidemiología , Enfermedades de los Bovinos/parasitología , Factores de Riesgo , Estudios Transversales , Anticuerpos Antiprotozoarios/sangre , Femenino , Ensayo de Inmunoadsorción Enzimática/veterinaria , Industria Lechera , Encuestas y Cuestionarios

RESUMEN

PURPOSE: Tick-transmitted parasites as Babesia gibsoni, Babesia vogeli, Ehrlichia canis, and Hepatozoon canis are major health concern for dogs. Owing to prevalence and infection severity, there is need of sensitive, specific, and affordable test for their simultaneous detection. METHODS: Prevalence of B. gibsoni, B. vogeli, E. canis, and H. canis infections was assessed on 719 blood samples by microscopy and multiplex PCR assay targeting 18S rRNA (B. gibsoni & H. canis), ITS1 & 5.8S rRNA (B. vogeli) and VirB9 gene (E. canis). An internal control (canine-actin) was also included to increase the accuracy of assay and effect of associated risk factors with disease prevalence was also studied. RESULTS: Microscopic prevalence of B. gibsoni, B. vogeli, E. canis and H. canis was 5.0%, 0.1%, 1.4% and 1.0%, respectively, whereas with multiplex PCR assay, the corresponding values were 8.9%, 1.1%, 2.6% and 5.1% besides concurrent infections of B. gibsoni & H. canis (0.4%), B. gibsoni & E. canis (0.4%), E. canis & H. canis (0.3%) and B. gibsoni & B. vogeli (0.1%). Analytical sensitivity of developed assay was 0.1pg (B. gibsoni & H. canis), 0.01pg (B. vogeli), and 1.0pg (E. canis). A ″fair″ (B. vogeli & H. canis) to ″substantial″ (B. gibsoni & E. canis) agreement between two tests was observed with data as statistically significant. Breed, sex and location were significantly associated with B. gibsoni infection. CONCLUSION: The developed multiplex PCR assay offers a potential solution to detect these pathogens simultaneously, aiding in timely diagnosis and effective disease management in suspected dogs.

Asunto(s)

Babesia , Babesiosis , Enfermedades de los Perros , Ehrlichia canis , Reacción en Cadena de la Polimerasa Multiplex , Enfermedades por Picaduras de Garrapatas , Perros , Animales , Enfermedades de los Perros/parasitología , Enfermedades de los Perros/epidemiología , Enfermedades de los Perros/diagnóstico , Reacción en Cadena de la Polimerasa Multiplex/métodos , Reacción en Cadena de la Polimerasa Multiplex/veterinaria , India/epidemiología , Babesia/genética , Babesia/aislamiento & purificación , Prevalencia , Babesiosis/epidemiología , Babesiosis/parasitología , Babesiosis/diagnóstico , Enfermedades por Picaduras de Garrapatas/veterinaria , Enfermedades por Picaduras de Garrapatas/epidemiología , Enfermedades por Picaduras de Garrapatas/parasitología , Ehrlichia canis/genética , Ehrlichia canis/aislamiento & purificación , Ehrlichiosis/veterinaria , Ehrlichiosis/epidemiología , Ehrlichiosis/diagnóstico , ARN Ribosómico 18S/genética , Masculino , Femenino , Sensibilidad y Especificidad , Coccidiosis/veterinaria , Coccidiosis/epidemiología , Coccidiosis/parasitología , Coccidiosis/diagnóstico

RESUMEN

Neosporosis is a proven disease of farm animals and dogs caused by Neospora caninum. This cross-sectional study investigates N. caninum prevalence and seroprevalence among 268 dogs. Nc5 gene PCR was carried out on dog faeces and confirmed by sequencing. Seroprevalence was detected using an indirect fluorescent antibody test (IFAT). Three age groups, gender, locality (Amman, Irbid, and Zarqa Governorates), dog type (stray, pet, and breeding), place of living (indoor/outdoor), food type (raw/cooked), having diarrhoea, having abortion in the area, and having animals nearby were tested as independent variables for associations with positivity to N. caninum using univariate and multivariable logistic regression analyses. The true prevalence of N. caninum was 34.3% (95% CI 28.4, 40.5) using the Nc5-PCR test. The true seroprevalence rate of N. caninum among dogs in Jordan was 47.9% (95% CI 41.4, 54.5) using IFAT. The sequenced isolates of Nc5-PCR products (n = 85) matched three N. caninum strains, namely, NcHareGre (n = 70, 82.4%, 95% CI 72.6-89), NC MS2 (n = 14, 16.5%, 95% CI 9.3-26.1), and L218 (n = 1, 1.2%, 95% CI 0.03-6.4). The three strains were isolated previously from three different countries and continents. N. caninum shedding is associated with abortion among dogs and animals in the area (odds ratio = 3.6). In Amman and Zarqa, living indoors reduced seroprevalence at 0.45, 0.24, and 0.02 odds ratios, respectively. Jordan shares three molecular N. caninum strains with three different countries and continents.

Asunto(s)

Coccidiosis , Enfermedades de los Perros , Heces , Neospora , Animales , Perros , Neospora/genética , Neospora/inmunología , Neospora/aislamiento & purificación , Enfermedades de los Perros/epidemiología , Enfermedades de los Perros/parasitología , Coccidiosis/epidemiología , Coccidiosis/veterinaria , Coccidiosis/parasitología , Estudios Seroepidemiológicos , Jordania/epidemiología , Estudios Transversales , Femenino , Masculino , Heces/parasitología , Prevalencia , Anticuerpos Antiprotozoarios/sangre , Reacción en Cadena de la Polimerasa/veterinaria , Técnica del Anticuerpo Fluorescente Indirecta/veterinaria

RESUMEN

Backyard chickens usually have open housing and scavenge for food, facilitating contact with infective forms of parasites present in the environment and increasing the risk of parasitic infections. Coccidiosis and ascaridiosis are two internal parasites in scavenging chickens that cause production losses to farmers. Prevalence data of these two diseases are scarce in low-income and middle-income countries (LMICs) but necessary to assess the burden of disease in backyard chickens. This study estimates the clinical prevalence of coccidiosis and ascaridiosis at the country and regional levels in all LMICs using regression imputation methods. Regression models were developed with data of known prevalence of these parasites and using primarily climatic factors as predictors. A binomial random effects model was developed for each disease to impute prevalence. The overall estimated prevalence of coccidiosis was 0.39 (95 % CI: 0.37-0.42), with a higher mean prevalence in tropical countries. The overall estimated prevalence of ascaridiosis was 0.23 (95 % CI: 0.22-0.25) with a higher mean prevalence in countries with tropical, temperate and continental climates. The findings of this study can aid to identify the burdens of coccidiosis and ascaridiosis infections across countries and regions, which can inform disease control plans and, and encourage international alliances to facilitate access to preventive measures, improving animal health and reducing production losses.

Asunto(s)

Ascaridiasis , Pollos , Coccidiosis , Enfermedades de las Aves de Corral , Animales , Coccidiosis/epidemiología , Coccidiosis/veterinaria , Coccidiosis/parasitología , Pollos/parasitología , Enfermedades de las Aves de Corral/epidemiología , Enfermedades de las Aves de Corral/parasitología , Prevalencia , Ascaridiasis/veterinaria , Ascaridiasis/epidemiología , Ascaridiasis/parasitología , Países en Desarrollo

RESUMEN

Livestock industry is a pivotal sector for providing food, work places and monetary support for Egyptian people. Besnoitia besnoiti and Neospora caninum are protozoan parasites that are responsible for significant economic losses in ruminants, particularly in cattle. Besnoitia besnoiti can cause fertility problems and a general loss in productivity, while N. caninum is a major cause of abortion and neonatal abnormalities in infected animals. There is little information on the existence of these protozoa in Egypt, thus we conducted this study to reveal the current situation in cattle (n = 264), sheep (n = 151), and goats (n = 25). Serum samples were collected from governorates of Cairo, Giza, and Beni Suef, representing the most densely populated regions in Egypt. Using commercial ELISAs, an overall estimation among all tested animals (n = 440) revealed 7.7%, 13.2%, and 0.9% as seropositive rates for B. besnoiti, N. caninum, and mixed infection, respectively. Animal species (cattle vs sheep vs goat) and age of cattle (less than vs >1 year old) were analyzed as risk factors for infection. Regarding B. besnoiti, the seroprevalence was significantly higher in cattle than in sheep and goats and in adult cattle than calves. For N. caninum infection, no significant differences were recorded, although the seropositive rates were higher in cattle, and in adult cattle. This study provides the first seroprevalence data for B. besnoiti in all surveyed animals in the regions included, and in sheep and goats from Egypt, and supports the current knowledge for the occurrence of N. caninum in Egypt.

Asunto(s)

Anticuerpos Antiprotozoarios , Enfermedades de los Bovinos , Coccidiosis , Enfermedades de las Cabras , Cabras , Neospora , Sarcocystidae , Enfermedades de las Ovejas , Animales , Egipto/epidemiología , Neospora/inmunología , Coccidiosis/veterinaria , Coccidiosis/epidemiología , Coccidiosis/parasitología , Bovinos , Enfermedades de las Ovejas/epidemiología , Enfermedades de las Ovejas/parasitología , Ovinos , Enfermedades de los Bovinos/epidemiología , Enfermedades de los Bovinos/parasitología , Enfermedades de las Cabras/epidemiología , Enfermedades de las Cabras/parasitología , Anticuerpos Antiprotozoarios/sangre , Estudios Seroepidemiológicos , Sarcocystidae/inmunología , Sarcocystidae/aislamiento & purificación , Cabras/parasitología , Femenino , Ensayo de Inmunoadsorción Enzimática/veterinaria

RESUMEN

The general aim of this study is to analyse the risk factors for gastrointestinal parasitosis in small ruminants in order to contribute to the emergence of targeted treatment methods, at herd and agro-climatic zone levels, for the integrated and sustainable management of parasitic diseases in Sahelian livestock systems. The methodology was based on a questionnaire survey conducted in 37 villages and coprological analysis using the McMaster method on faecal samples from 968 small ruminants, including 555 goats and 413 sheep. Multiple logistic regression was used to highlight the risk factors associated with each type of parasitosis encountered. The results showed that the most widespread farming system remained 100% traditional, with feeding based essentially on natural grazing. Coprological results showed the prevalence of nematodosis (70.2%), Cestodosis (4.1%) and Coccidiosis (79.9%), with an average prevalence of coinfection of 56.9%. These parasite loads were significantly higher during the rainy season and in the more arid northern Sahelian zone, with a marked reduction at the end of the season. Average parasitic egg excretions were 1089 EPG of nematodes and 6864 EPG of coccidia. Parasite loads were higher in the wetter southern strip and varied significantly by breed. Of the five breeds of small ruminants studied, the ara-ara sheep had the highest parasitic loads and prevalences for nematodosis (78.6%), coccidiosis (89,3%) and coinfection (70.9%), appears to be the most susceptible to parasitosis. As for risk factors for severe parasite pressure, animals at the end of the rainy season, older animals and those with poor body condition were at risk of nematodiasis or coinfection. On the other hand, animals at the beginning of the rainy season, farms located in less arid southern Sahelian zones and male subjects were the groups at significant risk of coccidiosis. In these extensive Sahelian farming conditions, the control of these parasitoses by selective treatment of animals could be developed, targeting in particular the risk groups highlighted in this study.

Asunto(s)

Enfermedades de las Cabras , Cabras , Enfermedades de las Ovejas , Animales , Factores de Riesgo , Prevalencia , Enfermedades de las Ovejas/epidemiología , Enfermedades de las Ovejas/parasitología , Ovinos , Enfermedades de las Cabras/parasitología , Enfermedades de las Cabras/epidemiología , Cabras/parasitología , Masculino , Femenino , Niger/epidemiología , Heces/parasitología , Coccidiosis/veterinaria , Coccidiosis/epidemiología , Coccidiosis/parasitología , Estaciones del Año , Parasitosis Intestinales/veterinaria , Parasitosis Intestinales/epidemiología , Parasitosis Intestinales/parasitología , Crianza de Animales Domésticos/métodos , Enfermedades Gastrointestinales/veterinaria , Enfermedades Gastrointestinales/parasitología , Enfermedades Gastrointestinales/epidemiología , Encuestas y Cuestionarios , Infecciones por Nematodos/veterinaria , Infecciones por Nematodos/epidemiología , Infecciones por Nematodos/parasitología , Recuento de Huevos de Parásitos/veterinaria

RESUMEN

Neospora caninum is a major cause of reproductive loss in cattle worldwide as it leads to abortion and animal repositioning. Although Toxoplasma gondii does not cause a reproductive problem in cattle, consuming raw or uncooked beef poses the risk of transmission. This study aimed to evaluate the occurrence of anti-N. caninum and anti-T. gondii antibodies in dairy cattle in the West and Northwest regions of São Paulo State, Brazil. A total of 653 serum samples from dairy cows were analyzed using an indirect immunofluorescence assay (IFA). Epidemiological data from the farms were associated with the serological results of the animals by logistic regression based on the presence of antibodies. The frequencies of the antibodies against N. caninum and T. gondii were 41.6% (272/653) and 11.5% (75/653), respectively. A statistically significant association was observed between: the serum anti-N. caninum antibodies and breed, history of food supplementation for calves, introduction of outside animals that later presented reproductive problems, and history of reproductive problems by the trimester of gestation. The present study highlights the importance of neosporosis in dairy cattle in the study regions and that the inclusion of this parasite in the investigation of animals with reproductive disorders is important.

Asunto(s)

Anticuerpos Antiprotozoarios , Enfermedades de los Bovinos , Coccidiosis , Neospora , Toxoplasma , Toxoplasmosis Animal , Animales , Bovinos , Neospora/inmunología , Brasil/epidemiología , Coccidiosis/veterinaria , Coccidiosis/epidemiología , Enfermedades de los Bovinos/epidemiología , Enfermedades de los Bovinos/parasitología , Toxoplasmosis Animal/epidemiología , Toxoplasmosis Animal/diagnóstico , Factores de Riesgo , Estudios Seroepidemiológicos , Toxoplasma/inmunología , Femenino , Anticuerpos Antiprotozoarios/sangre , Industria Lechera , Técnica del Anticuerpo Fluorescente Indirecta/veterinaria

RESUMEN

Neospora spp. and Toxoplasma gondii are two closely related protozoan parasites that are widely distributed throughout the world. Horses can act as intermediate hosts for both parasites and can acquire disease. Blood samples were taken from 487 clinically healthy horses from 17 different mechanized stables in Tehran, the capital of Iran, during September and November of 2022. IFAT and ELISA were employed to detect antibodies directed against Neospora spp. and T. gondii. The anti-N. caninum antibodies were detected in 52 of the horses (10.67%) based on IFAT and in 86 of the 487 horses (17.65%) based on the ELISA test. Also, antibodies against T. gondii were detected in 41 horses (8.42%) based on IFAT and in 63 of 487 horses (12.94%) based on the ELISA test. Also, in 6 of the horses (1.23%) based on IFAT and in 13 of the 487 horses (2.67%) based on the ELISA test, double positivity suggested co-infection with both parasites. Gender, age groups, and the presence of dogs for neosporosis, and age groups and the presence of cats for toxoplasmosis, could be considered factors having an influence on the seroprevalences (P < 0.05). The results proved the importance of the urgent implementation of stringent regulatory measures to prevent and control the spread of these parasites.

Asunto(s)

Anticuerpos Antiprotozoarios , Coccidiosis , Enfermedades de los Caballos , Neospora , Toxoplasma , Toxoplasmosis Animal , Animales , Caballos/parasitología , Toxoplasma/inmunología , Neospora/inmunología , Irán/epidemiología , Toxoplasmosis Animal/epidemiología , Toxoplasmosis Animal/parasitología , Toxoplasmosis Animal/sangre , Toxoplasmosis Animal/inmunología , Estudios Seroepidemiológicos , Enfermedades de los Caballos/epidemiología , Enfermedades de los Caballos/parasitología , Enfermedades de los Caballos/sangre , Coccidiosis/epidemiología , Coccidiosis/veterinaria , Coccidiosis/sangre , Masculino , Femenino , Anticuerpos Antiprotozoarios/sangre , Ensayo de Inmunoadsorción Enzimática/veterinaria

RESUMEN

Hepatozoon spp. are tick-borne apicomplexan parasites of terrestrial vertebrates that occur worldwide. Tissue samples from small rodents and their parasitizing fleas were sampled for molecular detection and phylogenetic analysis of Hepatozoon-specific 18S rRNA gene region. After alignment and tree inference the Hepatozoon-sequences retrieved from a yellow-necked mouse (Apodemus flavicollis) placed into a strongly supported single clade demonstrating the presence of a novel species, designated Hepatozoon sp. SK3. The mode of transmission of Hepatozoon sp. SK3 is yet unknown. It is important to note that this isolate may be identical with the previously morphologically described Hepatozoon sylvatici infecting Apodemus spp.; however, no sequences are available for comparison. Furthermore, the previously reported variants Hepatozoon sp. BV1/SK1 and BV2/SK2 were detected in bank voles (Clethrionomys glareolus). It has been suggested that these variants should be identified as Hepatozoon erhardovae leading to the assumption that BV1 and BV2 are paralogous 18S rRNA gene loci of this species. Evidence has also been presented that fleas are vectors of H. erhardovae. In this study, we show with high significance that only the Hepatozoon sp. BV1 variant, but not BV2, infects the studied flea species Ctenophthalmus agyrtes, Ctenophthalmus assimilis, and Megabothris turbidus (p < 0.001). This finding suggests that Hepatozoon sp. BV2 represents an additional species besides H. erhardovae (= Hepatozoon sp. BV1), for which alternative arthropod vectors or non-vectorial modes of transmission remain to be identified. Future studies using alternative molecular markers or genome sequencing are required to demonstrate that BV1/SK1 and BV2/SK2 are different Hepatozoon species.

Asunto(s)

Coccidiosis , Eucoccidiida , Filogenia , ARN Ribosómico 18S , Animales , ARN Ribosómico 18S/genética , Coccidiosis/parasitología , Coccidiosis/veterinaria , Coccidiosis/epidemiología , Eucoccidiida/genética , Eucoccidiida/clasificación , Eucoccidiida/aislamiento & purificación , Europa (Continente) , ADN Protozoario/genética , Roedores/parasitología , Siphonaptera/clasificación , Análisis de Secuencia de ADN , ADN Ribosómico/genética , Enfermedades de los Roedores/parasitología , Enfermedades de los Roedores/epidemiología , Murinae/parasitología

RESUMEN

This study focuses on the occurrence, identification, and molecular characterization of Eimeria species causing coccidiosis in cattle in the Kashmir Valley, India. Coccidiosis, caused by apicomplexan parasites of the genus Eimeria, poses a significant threat to global cattle farming. Conventional techniques for identification, which rely on the morphology of sporulated oocysts, have drawbacks, leading to the adoption of molecular techniques to accurately delimit species. A total of 190 cattle were sampled in nine farms and parasitological examination revealed an occurrence of 45.7% for Eimeria spp. Molecular analysis using PCR and sequencing identified three predominant species: E. zuernii, E. alabamensis, and E. bovis. The study highlights the widespread occurrence of these species globally, as supported by previous research conducted in Bangladesh, Austria, Egypt, and Brazil. The phylogenetic analysis based on internal transcribed spacer (ITS-1) gene sequences revealed distinct clusters for E. zuernii and E. bovis, while E. alabamensis formed a separate clade. The genetic diversity and phylogenetic connections provide insights into the evolutionary relationships among these Eimeria species. This study contributes valuable information for understanding the epidemiology and genetic diversity of cattle coccidiosis in the Kashmir Valley, emphasizing the importance of molecular characterization for accurate species identification.

Asunto(s)

Enfermedades de los Bovinos , Coccidiosis , Eimeria , Variación Genética , Animales , Bovinos , Coccidiosis/epidemiología , Coccidiosis/parasitología , Coccidiosis/veterinaria , Eimeria/clasificación , Eimeria/genética , Enfermedades de los Bovinos/epidemiología , Enfermedades de los Bovinos/parasitología , India/epidemiología , Filogenia , Reacción en Cadena de la Polimerasa , ADN Espaciador Ribosómico/genética

RESUMEN

Understanding the normal physiology of the body is the key to study the changes that occur due to any infection. It is known that enteric infections play a considerable role in affecting normal body status. Thus, this study was designed for investigating the enteric infections in Arabian camels in Al-Muthanna Province. In this investigation, 588 fecal and blood serum samples (for diarrheic camels only) were collected from the camels in different areas of Al-Muthanna Province, Iraq from both sexes of different ages during the period from October 2020 up to the end of August 2021. The samples were examined using routine microscopic examination techniques, hematological techniques, and ELISA for parasitic and viral identification. Eimeria rajasthani, Isospora orlovi were recorded for the first time in Iraqi camels with clinical signs of diarrhea, dehydration, and emaciation. The study recorded four types of protozoa: Eimeria spp., Isospora, Cryptosporidium and Balantidium coli. The recorded types of Eimeria were E. dromedarii, E. cameli, and E. rajasthani. There was a significant effect of age on infection rates with Eimeria spp. as the highest Eimeria ratio was in ages of less than two years animals. The infection rates were also affected with months which reached the highest ratios of Eimeria in October while the lowest ratio of Eimeria was recorded in July. BVDV infection rate was found in camels that suffered from diarrhea. There is no significant effect of sex on the onset of the viral disease in camels. For hematological parameters, there were significant differences in RBCs, WBCs, Hb, and PCV values in protozoal and BVDV infections. In conclusion, different kinds of protozoal and viral infections were recorded. Some of the recorded infections were associated with acute clinical signs and have zoonotic importance.

Asunto(s)

Camelus , Coccidiosis , Diarrea , Eimeria , Heces , Animales , Camelus/parasitología , Heces/parasitología , Heces/virología , Irak/epidemiología , Masculino , Femenino , Diarrea/veterinaria , Diarrea/epidemiología , Diarrea/parasitología , Diarrea/virología , Coccidiosis/veterinaria , Coccidiosis/epidemiología , Coccidiosis/parasitología , Eimeria/aislamiento & purificación , Isospora/aislamiento & purificación , Balantidium/aislamiento & purificación , Cryptosporidium/aislamiento & purificación , Isosporiasis/veterinaria , Isosporiasis/epidemiología , Isosporiasis/parasitología , Criptosporidiosis/epidemiología

RESUMEN

BACKGROUND: Multiple species of the genera Cytauxzoon and Hepatozoon can infect wild felines, but the diversity of these and other apicomplexan parasites in Eurasian lynx is scarcely known. The aim of this study was to detect Cytauxzoon and Hepatozoon species with molecular methods in Eurasian lynxes and their ticks in northwestern China. METHODS: DNA was extracted from the heart, liver, spleen, lung, and kidney samples of three Eurasian lynxes as well as from their five ixodid ticks. These DNA samples were screened with polymerase chain reactions (PCRs) for Cytauxzoon with the partial cytochrome b gene (CytB), cytochrome c oxidase subunit I gene (COI), and small subunit ribosomal RNA gene (18S rRNA), and Hepatozoon with three different fragments of small subunit ribosomal RNA gene (18S rRNA). PCR products were sequenced, aligned, and phylogenetically analyzed. RESULTS: One adult female of Eurasian lynx (#1, adult female) was co-infected with Cytauxzoon manul and Hepatozoon felis genotype I, while an adult male lynx (#2) was infected with C. manul. Interestingly, H. felis genotype I was both detected in a male cub (#3) and two out of five infesting Hyalomma asiaticum ticks. CONCLUSIONS: For the first time, Cytauxzoon manul is reported here from Eurasian lynx. In addition, H. felis has not been known to occur in this host species in China and Central Asia. Thus, the findings of this study extend our knowledge on the geographical distribution and host range of these haemoprotozoan parasites. Moreover, this is also the first evidence of C. manul and H. felis co-infection in Eurasian lynx.

Asunto(s)

Lynx , Filogenia , Piroplasmida , Infecciones Protozoarias en Animales , ARN Ribosómico 18S , Animales , Lynx/parasitología , China , Femenino , Masculino , Infecciones Protozoarias en Animales/parasitología , Infecciones Protozoarias en Animales/epidemiología , Piroplasmida/genética , Piroplasmida/aislamiento & purificación , Piroplasmida/clasificación , ARN Ribosómico 18S/genética , ADN Protozoario/genética , Coccidiosis/veterinaria , Coccidiosis/parasitología , Coccidiosis/epidemiología , Ixodidae/parasitología , Ixodidae/clasificación , Ixodidae/genética , Reacción en Cadena de la Polimerasa , Complejo IV de Transporte de Electrones/genética

RESUMEN

Toxoplasma gondii and Neospora caninum infections may be associated with neuromuscular disorders in dogs. The aim of this study was to assess the seroprevalence to these protozoan parasites in dogs with neuromuscular disease from urban areas of Buenos Aires province, Argentina, over a period of 20 years, and to evaluate the association of seropositivity and antibody titres with different variables such as sex, breed and age. For this, a total of 7238 serum samples from urban owned dogs were analysed by the indirect fluorescence antibody test (IFAT) for specific IgG antibodies. The observed seropositivity rates were 35.7 % for T. gondii and 25.7 % for N. caninum. Crossbred dogs had a significantly higher seroprevalence for T. gondii than purebred dogs (41 % vs. 29.3 %), while a trend towards significance was observed for N. caninum, which was slightly higher in purebred dogs (26 % vs. 23.6 %). Seroprevalence for both parasites increased with age and was higher in older animals. Regarding the distribution of specific antibody titres, the most frequent IFAT T. gondii titre found was 100 and for N. caninum it was ≥800. For toxoplasmosis, there was no association with age group, and low titres (50, 100 and 200) predominated in all groups. However, for neosporosis, age and titres were significantly associated for one age group, with dogs under 12 months of age having a higher proportion of high titres (400 and 800). The trend in the seroprevalence for T. gondii is increasing over the years and lower antibody titres predominate in the dogs studied, which may be more related to the presence of chronic infections and not necessarily to the clinical signs of the animals. Despite the generally low titres observed for toxoplasmosis in this study, it is important to highlight the high seroprevalence found in our region, as dogs can act as sentinels of environmental contamination and as indicators of possible human infection. In the case of neosporosis, although the trend in seroprevalence in dogs with signs appears to be decreasing over the years, our work shows that higher antibody titres predominate, and are probably related to the clinical signs presented by the dogs. This study provides the most recent epidemiological data and serological profiles of T. gondii and N. caninum infections in a large number of canine sera from urban areas in Argentina, providing relevant information for clinical veterinarians and epidemiologists in order to understand the circulation of the parasites.

Asunto(s)

Anticuerpos Antiprotozoarios , Coccidiosis , Enfermedades de los Perros , Neospora , Toxoplasma , Toxoplasmosis Animal , Animales , Perros , Neospora/inmunología , Argentina/epidemiología , Enfermedades de los Perros/epidemiología , Enfermedades de los Perros/parasitología , Coccidiosis/veterinaria , Coccidiosis/epidemiología , Coccidiosis/parasitología , Toxoplasma/inmunología , Toxoplasmosis Animal/epidemiología , Toxoplasmosis Animal/parasitología , Estudios Seroepidemiológicos , Femenino , Masculino , Anticuerpos Antiprotozoarios/sangre

RESUMEN

This study documents the presence of anti-Neospora caninum antibodies and their association with certain risk factors in 2 deer species from the central region of Veracruz State, Mexico. A total of 90 blood samples, 20 from temazate deer (Mazama temama) and 70 from white-tailed deer (Odocoileus virginianus), were taken from 3 farms, and serum samples were subjected to ELISA indirect test to detect N. caninum antibodies; the association between the serological status and the possible risk factors was then estimated. The overall presence of anti-N. caninum antibodies was 57.7% (52/90; 95% CI 46.9-67.9), with positive animals identified on all farms; in white-tailed deer it was 57% and in temazate deer 60%. Prevalence was higher in females than males. Adult animals had a higher prevalence than young ones. The risk analysis identified the age in the adult animal category (odds ratio 5.8) as being associated with the presence of anti-N. caninum antibodies. These results provide evidence of the significant contamination of oocysts in the environment and allow us to estimate the contribution of deer to the sylvatic cycle.

Asunto(s)

Anticuerpos Antiprotozoarios , Coccidiosis , Ciervos , Ensayo de Inmunoadsorción Enzimática , Neospora , Animales , Anticuerpos Antiprotozoarios/sangre , Coccidiosis/veterinaria , Coccidiosis/epidemiología , Coccidiosis/parasitología , Ciervos/parasitología , México/epidemiología , Femenino , Masculino , Neospora/inmunología , Ensayo de Inmunoadsorción Enzimática/veterinaria , Estudios Seroepidemiológicos , Factores de Riesgo , Factores de Edad , Factores Sexuales

RESUMEN

Pathogens have traditionally been studied in isolation within host systems; yet in natural settings they frequently coexist. This raises questions about the dynamics of co-infections and how host life-history traits might predict co-infection versus single infection. To address these questions, we investigated the presence of two parasites, a gut parasite (Isospora coccidians) and a blood parasite (Plasmodium spp.), in House Finches (Haemorhous mexicanus), a common passerine bird in North America. We then correlated these parasitic infections with various health and condition metrics, including hematological parameters, plasma carotenoids, lipid-soluble vitamins, blood glucose concentration, body condition, and prior disease history. Our study, based on 48 birds captured in Tempe, Arizona, US, in October 2021, revealed that co-infected birds exhibited elevated circulating lutein levels and a higher heterophil:lymphocyte ratio (H/L ratio) compared to those solely infected with coccidia Isospora spp. This suggests that co-infected birds experience heightened stress and may use lutein to bolster immunity against both pathogens, and that there are potentially toxic effects of lutein in co-infected birds compared to those infected solely with coccidia Isospora sp. Our findings underscore the synergistic impact of coparasitism, emphasizing the need for more co-infection studies to enhance our understanding of disease dynamics in nature, as well as its implications for wildlife health and conservation efforts.

Asunto(s)

Enfermedades de las Aves , Coccidiosis , Coinfección , Pinzones , Isospora , Malaria Aviar , Plasmodium , Animales , Pinzones/parasitología , Coinfección/veterinaria , Coinfección/parasitología , Coinfección/epidemiología , Malaria Aviar/epidemiología , Malaria Aviar/parasitología , Malaria Aviar/sangre , Enfermedades de las Aves/parasitología , Enfermedades de las Aves/epidemiología , Enfermedades de las Aves/sangre , Isospora/aislamiento & purificación , Coccidiosis/veterinaria , Coccidiosis/epidemiología , Coccidiosis/parasitología , Plasmodium/aislamiento & purificación , Isosporiasis/veterinaria , Isosporiasis/epidemiología , Isosporiasis/parasitología , Arizona/epidemiología , Masculino , Femenino

RESUMEN

Dogs play an important role as hosts and reservoirs for many zoonotic diseases. Ehrlichiosis, babesiosis and hepatozoonosis are a group of canine vector-borne diseases that can be transmitted via ectoparasites from dog to dog and also from dog to humans. This study focused on three main blood parasites of dog (i.e., Babesia spp., Ehrlichia spp. and Hepatozoon spp.) among two different landscape types of eight villages of Santhong Sub-district, Nan Province, Thailand. In this study, 149 dogs were surveyed and blood samples were collected. Blood parasite infections in dogs were assessed using molecular detection approach. Babesia canis vogeli, Babesia gibsoni, Ehrlichia canis and Hepatozoon canis were detected with prevalence of infection at 10.7%, 8.1%, 3.4% and 0.7%, respectively. In terms of landscape type, prevalence of overall blood parasites, particularly Babesia spp. infections were higher in dogs living in upland forested areas (28.3%) compared to dogs from lowland agricultural areas (12.3%). Data obtained from the questionnaires on perceptions of dog owners showed that dogs raised all the time outside owner's house, and those dogs whose owners have never bathed and cleaned were more likely to be exposed to blood parasites. As infected dogs could play an important role as reservoirs of the blood parasites, attitude of dog owners may affect public health in terms of zoonotic disease transmission. Effective control measures and surveillance program of arthropod vectors and blood parasite infection in dogs still need to be advocated to minimize zoonotic disease transmission.

Asunto(s)

Babesia , Babesiosis , Enfermedades de los Perros , Animales , Perros , Tailandia/epidemiología , Enfermedades de los Perros/epidemiología , Enfermedades de los Perros/parasitología , Babesiosis/epidemiología , Babesiosis/parasitología , Femenino , Masculino , Prevalencia , Babesia/aislamiento & purificación , Humanos , Ehrlichiosis/veterinaria , Ehrlichiosis/epidemiología , Zoonosis/parasitología , Coccidiosis/veterinaria , Coccidiosis/epidemiología , Coccidiosis/parasitología , Eucoccidiida/aislamiento & purificación , Ehrlichia canis/aislamiento & purificación