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Resumen La epidemiología de las posibles poblaciones en riesgo de sufrir una infección por bacterias anaerobias a nivel nacional es desconocida, se debería de incentivar el conocimiento en los servicios de salud sobre este tipo de infecciones. Las bacterias anaerobias están relacionadas en los medios hospitalarios como causa importante de morbilidad, razón por la cual es conveniente conocer la epidemiologia y prevalecía de especies involucradas. En el Laboratorio de Bacteriología del Hospital San Juan de Dios, durante tres años, se analizaron un total de 1545 pacientes sospechosos de microorganismos anaerobios en medios prerreducidos, mediante un tamizaje se redujeron a un total de 469 posibles muestras, las cuales, fueron enviadas al Laboratorio de Investigación en Bacteriología Anaerobia (LIBA) para su correspondiente identificación. A lo largo de las semanas epidemiológicas de los tres años se encontraron en promedio de 1.77 casos confirmados / semana, con razón de sexo positiva a favor de los masculinos. Se determinó que solo 245 de las muestras enviadas presentaban uno o varios microorganismos anaerobios estrictos representando un 15.85% del total, identificándose 39 especies diferentes, en 306 cepas aisladas. Las mayormente importante fue el género Bacteriodes, provenientes de cavidad abdominal seguido de abscesos y heridas de piel. El presente estudio tiene como objetivo presentar datos que respalden la importancia clínica de la búsqueda de microorganismos anaerobios y que ayuden a los analistas de bacteriología a guiar cuales son los principales microorganismos esperables en muestras clínicas, además de conocer la prevalencia en general.

Abstract The epidemiology of the possible populations at risk of suffering an infection by anaerobic bacteria a national level is unknown, it should be encouraged the knowledge in the health services about this type of infections. Anaerobic bacteria are related in hospital environments as an important cause of morbidity, which is why it is convenient to know the epidemiology and prevalence of species involved. In the Bacteriology Laboratory of the Hospital San Juan de Dios, for three years, a total of 1545 patients suspected of anaerobic microorganisms in prereduced media were analyzed, through a screening was reduced to a total of 469 possible samples, which were sent to the Anaerobic Bacteriology Research Laboratory (LIBA) for its corresponding identification. Throughout the epidemiological weeks of the three years were found on average of 1.77 confirmed cases / week, with a positive sex ratio in favor of men. It was determined that only 245 of the samples sent had one or several strict anaerobic microorganisms representing 15.85% of the total, identifying 39 different species, in 306 isolated strains. The most important was the genus Bacteriodes, coming from the abdominal cavity followed by abscesses and skin wounds. The present study aims to present data that support the clinical importance of the search for anaerobic microorganisms and that help the analysts of bacteriology to guide which are the main expected microorganisms in clinical samples, in addition to knowing the prevalence in general.

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Abstract The aim of this study was to identify different Clostridium spp. isolated from currency notes from the Ha’il region of Saudi Arabia in September 2014 using MALDI–TOF-MS. Clostridium spp. were identified by Bruker MALDI–TOF-MS and compared with VITEK 2. The confirmation of the presence of different Clostridium spp. was performed by determining the sequence of the 16S ribosomal RNA gene. In this study, 144 Clostridium spp. were isolated. Among these specimens, MALDI–TOF-MS could identify 88.8% (128/144) of the isolates to the species level and 92.3% (133/144) to the genus level, whereas, VITEK 2 identified 77.7% of the (112/144) isolates. The correct identification of the 144 isolates was performed by sequence analysis of the 500 bp 16S rRNA gene. The most common Clostridium spp. identified were Clostridium perfringens (67.36%), Clostridium subterminale (14.58%), Clostridium sordellii (9%) and Clostridium sporogenes (9%). The results of this study demonstrate that MALDI–TOF-MS is a rapid, accurate and user friendly technique for the identification of Clostridium spp. Additionally, MALDI–TOF-MS has advantages over VITEK 2 in the identification of fastidious micro-organisms, such as Clostridium spp. Incorporating this technique into routine microbiology would lead to more successful and rapid identification of pathogenic and difficult to identify micro-organisms.

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The aim of this study was to identify different Clostridium spp. isolated from currency notes from the Ha'il region of Saudi Arabia in September 2014 using MALDI-TOF-MS. Clostridium spp. were identified by Bruker MALDI-TOF-MS and compared with VITEK 2. The confirmation of the presence of different Clostridium spp. was performed by determining the sequence of the 16S ribosomal RNA gene. In this study, 144 Clostridium spp. were isolated. Among these specimens, MALDI-TOF-MS could identify 88.8% (128/144) of the isolates to the species level and 92.3% (133/144) to the genus level, whereas, VITEK 2 identified 77.7% of the (112/144) isolates. The correct identification of the 144 isolates was performed by sequence analysis of the 500bp 16S rRNA gene. The most common Clostridium spp. identified were Clostridium perfringens (67.36%), Clostridium subterminale (14.58%), Clostridium sordellii (9%) and Clostridium sporogenes (9%). The results of this study demonstrate that MALDI-TOF-MS is a rapid, accurate and user friendly technique for the identification of Clostridium spp. Additionally, MALDI-TOF-MS has advantages over VITEK 2 in the identification of fastidious micro-organisms, such as Clostridium spp. Incorporating this technique into routine microbiology would lead to more successful and rapid identification of pathogenic and difficult to identify micro-organisms.

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O comércio varejista brasileiro expõe o bacalhau salgado seco inteiro ou porcionado sem refrigeração. Esta condição, tradicionalmente aceita pelos consumidores, contraria as especificações do fabricante de manter o produto sob refrigeração, o que frequentemente gera conflitos entre as autoridades sanitárias e o comércio. Perante este fato, o presente estudo avaliou parâmetros microbiológicos e físico-químicos de 56 amostras de bacalhau obtidas no município de São Paulo, armazenadas sob refrigeração (0 a 5ºC) e em temperatura ambiente (20ºC a 25ºC), nos tempos zero, sete e 14 dias de armazenamento. As amostras foram agrupadas em 4 categorias: A-amostras refrigeradas não manipuladas e B, C e D manipuladas, respectivamente, com zero, 7 e 14 dias de armazenamento em temperatura ambiente. A temperatura ambiente variou de 20,5 a 23,5ºC e a umidade relativa do ar de 52,5 a 67%. Pesquisaram-se: Staphylococcus coagulase positiva, Clostridium sulfito redutores, coliformes totais e termotolerantes, Salmonella spp, bolores, leveduras e bactérias halofílicas. As análises físico-químicas realizadas foram: umidade, pH, atividade de água (Aa) e resíduo mineral fixo. Não houve diferenças nos resultados obtidos entre as 4 categorias e estes apresentaram-se dentro dos limites estabelecidos pela legislação brasileira. Com relação às análises físico-químicas também não houve diferença estatística entre as 4 categorias. Os valores médios obtidos, por categoria, foram: A: 54,9% de umidade; Aa=0,748; pH=6.0; B: 54,0% de umidade; Aa=0,749; pH=6.0; C: 49,1% de umidade; Aa=0,749; pH=6.0 e para a categoria D: 50,7% de umidade; Aa=0,748; pH=6.0 e 21,6% de resíduo mineral fixo. Todos os valores de umidade encontrados estavam acima do padrão (45%); os valores de pH obtidos estavam de acordo com o padrão (6 a 7) e os valores de resíduo mineral fixo contemplaram a legislação vigente (mín. 10%). Com relação à Aa, os valores sugerem que esta é uma importante barreira para o desenvolvimento microbiano e, embora não haja padrão para este parâmetro, julga-se necessário determinar um valor referência como limite máximo. Conclui-se que, nas condições do presente estudo, o comércio do bacalhau salgado seco mantido sob refrigeração ou em temperatura ambiente por 14 dias oferece as mesmas condições de segurança sanitária para o consumidor

The Brazilian retail exposes the dried salt cod, whole or portioned without refrigeration. This condition is traditionally accepted by consumers, contrary to the manufacturer specifications to keep the product refrigerated, which often create conflicts between health authorities and traders. Given this fact, this study evaluated microbiological parameters and physico-chemical properties of 56 samples of cod collected in São Paulo, stored refrigerated (0-5 ° C) and ambient temperature (20 ° C to 25 ° C), for zero, seven and 14 storage days. The samples were grouped into four categories: A-refrigerated samples unmanipulated and B, C and D manipulated, respectively, zero, 7 and 14 days of storage at ambient temperature. The temperature ranged from 20.5 to 23.5 ° C and relative humidity from 52.5 to 67%. The following investigations were conducted: coagulase positive Staphylococcus, Clostridium sulfite reducer, total and fecal coliforms, Salmonella spp, molds, yeasts and bacteria halophilic. The following physic chemical analyzes were carried out: moisture, pH, water activity (Aw) and ash. The results presented no differences between the four categories and respected the limits established by Brazilian legislation. With respect to physical and chemical analyzes, they also showed no statistical differences among the four categories. The average results for each category were: A: 54.9% moisture, Aa = 0.748, pH = 6.0, B: 54.0% moisture, Aa = 0.749, pH = 6.0, C: 49.1% moisture, Aa = 0.749, pH = 6.0 and for D: 50.7% moisture, Aa = 0.748, pH = 6.0 and 21.6% of ash. All results had higher humidity values compared to the standard threshold (45%), pH results were obtained in accordance with the pattern limits (6-7) and the ash results contemplated the legislation limit (min. 10%). With respect to Aa, the figures suggest that this is an important barrier to microbial growth and, although there is no standard limits for this parameter, it is necessary to determine a reference threshold for this parameter. We conclude that, under the conditions of the present study, the trade of dried salt cod kept refrigerated or at ambient temperature for 14 days offer the same health and safety conditions for the consumer

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