RESUMEN

Fruit peels such as Banana, Orange, and Pineapple can be used to produce eco-enzymes producing diverse chemical compounds. Eco-enzymes are derived from the organic fermentation process of the specified ingredients. The objective of this study was to characterize the organic compounds present in Eco-enzymes derived from various raw materials. The research phase involved the extraction of eco-friendly Eco-enzymes from different raw materials and the identification of the chemical compounds in them. The results of this study are expected to contribute to organic waste management, highlighting the importance of utilizing waste as an economically and environmentally viable resource and strategic steps in a more sustainable waste management. Data analysis of the Eco-enzyme extraction results was carried out using high-liquid chromatography (HPLC) to ascertain the levels of organic chemical compounds produced. The findings revealed eight organic compounds categorized into organic acids (acetic acid, citric acid, lactic acid, oxalic acid) Acetic acid compound in pineapple fermentation 1.83 (g/L). Citric acid compound in banana peel fermentation 3.39 (g/L). Lactic acid compounds in orange fermentation 4.89 (g/L). The highest oxalic acid compound was identified in orange fermentation with a content of 0.1764 (g/L).

Asunto(s)

Ananas , Citrus sinensis , Musa , Ananas/química , Ananas/enzimología , Musa/química , Citrus sinensis/química , Cromatografía Líquida de Alta Presión , Fermentación , Frutas/química

RESUMEN

This study aimed to assess the impact of adaptation of ten strains of O157:H7 and non-O157 Escherichia coli to low pH (acid shock or slow acidification) and the effects of this exposure or not on the resistance of E. coli strains to UV radiation in orange juice (pH 3.5). The acid-shocked cells were obtained through culture in tryptic soy broth (TSB) with a final pH of 4.8, which was adjusted by hydrochloric, lactic, or citric acid and subsequently inoculated in orange juice at 4 °C for 30 days. No significant differences (p > 0.05) in survival in orange juice were observed between the serotypes O157:H7 and non-O157:H7 for acid-shocked experiments. After slow acidification, where the cells were cultured in TSB supplemented with glucose 1% (TSB + G), a significant increase (p < 0.05) in survival was observed for all strains evaluated. The D-values (radiation dose (J/cm2) necessary to decrease the microbial population by 90%) were determined as the inverse of the slopes of the regressions (k) obtained by plotting log (N/N0). The results show that among the strains tested, E. coli O157:H7 (303/00) and O26:H11 were the most resistant and sensitive strains, respectively. According to our results, the method of acid adaptation contributes to increasing the UV resistance for most of the strains tested.

Asunto(s)

Adaptación Fisiológica , Citrus sinensis , Escherichia coli O157 , Jugos de Frutas y Vegetales , Rayos Ultravioleta , Escherichia coli O157/efectos de la radiación , Escherichia coli O157/crecimiento & desarrollo , Escherichia coli O157/efectos de los fármacos , Jugos de Frutas y Vegetales/microbiología , Jugos de Frutas y Vegetales/análisis , Citrus sinensis/microbiología , Citrus sinensis/química , Concentración de Iones de Hidrógeno , Escherichia coli/efectos de la radiación , Escherichia coli/efectos de los fármacos , Ácidos/farmacología , Recuento de Colonia Microbiana , Microbiología de Alimentos , Viabilidad Microbiana/efectos de la radiación , Viabilidad Microbiana/efectos de los fármacos , Irradiación de Alimentos

RESUMEN

The influence of environmental factors on Salmonella sensitivity to nisin in vitro and in refrigerated orange juice were investigated. Nisin activity was observed in the different conditions, but the highest efficiency was achieved at lower pH (4.0) and with higher bacteriocin concentration (174 µM). Moreover, the bactericidal action was directly proportional to the incubation period. When tested in orange juice, nisin caused a reduction of up to 4.05 logarithm cycles in the Salmonella population. So, environmental factors such as low pH and low temperature favored the sensitization of Salmonella cells to the bactericidal action of nisin. Therefore, this may represent an alternative to control Salmonella in refrigerated foods.

Asunto(s)

Antibacterianos , Citrus sinensis , Jugos de Frutas y Vegetales , Nisina , Refrigeración , Salmonella typhimurium , Nisina/farmacología , Jugos de Frutas y Vegetales/microbiología , Citrus sinensis/química , Citrus sinensis/microbiología , Salmonella typhimurium/efectos de los fármacos , Concentración de Iones de Hidrógeno , Antibacterianos/farmacología , Microbiología de Alimentos , Pruebas de Sensibilidad Microbiana , Conservación de Alimentos/métodos

RESUMEN

Pectin is widely used in several products in the industry. Conventionally, strong and harmful acids are used for its extraction. This study optimized the extraction of orange peel's pectin using citric acid, considering yield and degree of esterification (DE) as response variables. Proximal analyses were performed, and the samples were subjected to a Box-Behnken design on three central points, considering as variables the temperature, time, and pH. The results of proximate analyses of the orange peels revealed 11.76 % moisture content, 87.26 % volatiles, 0.09 % ash, 50.45 % soluble carbohydrates, 70.60 % total carbohydrates, 0.89 % fixed carbon, 5.35 % lipids, and 36.75 mg GAE/g of phenolic compounds. The resulting second-order polynomial model described the relation of the input and output variables related to each other. The best performance to obtain a higher yield (18.18 %) of high methoxyl pectin (DE 50 %) was set at 100 °C/30 min/pH 2.48. Pectin showed antioxidant properties by ABTS and DPPH assays and similar thermal properties to the commercial polymer. Its equivalent weight was 1219.51 mol/g, and the methoxyl and anhydrouronic acid were 2.23 and 67.10 %, respectively. Hence, pectin extraction with citric acid results in a high-quality polymer and could be used as a gelling agent, stabilizer, or texturizer in food products.

Asunto(s)

Citrus sinensis , Pectinas , Pectinas/química , Citrus sinensis/química , Ácido Cítrico/química , Temperatura , Antioxidantes/farmacología , Excipientes

RESUMEN

Orange juice is an important food source of bioactive compounds, mainly the flavanones hesperidin and narirutin. This study aimed to investigate the underlying molecular mechanisms of action of orange juice's health properties by analyzing changes in the plasma proteome of healthy Brazilian volunteers after consuming juices made from 'Bahia' (BOJ-source of flavanones) and 'Cara Cara' (CCOJ-source of flavanones and carotenoids) oranges cultivated in Brazil. We used an untargeted proteomic approach, with a particular emphasis on the juices' effects on blood coagulant activity. We identified 247 differentially expressed proteins, of which 170 significantly increased or decreased after BOJ consumption and 145 after CCOJ. These proteins are involved in 105 processes that can significantly regulate cell adhesion, cell signaling, cell metabolism, inflammation, or others. Bioinformatic analysis evidenced proteins with major cellular regulatory capacity (e.g., FN1 and GAPDH) and predicted transcription factors (TFs) (e.g., SP1 and CEBPA) and miRNAs (e.g., miR-1-3p and miR-615-3p) that could be involved in the regulation of differentially expressed proteins. In-silico docking analyses between flavanone metabolites and TFs evidenced the higher binding capacity of narirutin phase II metabolites with akt1 and p38, interactions that suggest how the expression of genes of differentially expressed proteins were activated or inhibited. Moreover, the study shed light on proteins of coagulation cascade that presented expression modulated by both juices, proposing the modulation of blood coagulant activity as a potential benefit of OJ (mainly CCOJ) consumption. Taken together, this study revealed that BOJ and CCOJ consumption affected plasma proteome in healthy individuals, suggesting potential molecular targets and mechanisms of OJ bioactive compounds in humans.

Asunto(s)

Citrus sinensis , Coagulantes , Flavanonas , MicroARNs , Humanos , Citrus sinensis/química , Brasil , Proteoma/análisis , Proteómica , Flavanonas/metabolismo , Jugos de Frutas y Vegetales , Frutas/química , MicroARNs/metabolismo , Coagulantes/análisis , Coagulantes/metabolismo

RESUMEN

Orange peels contain a considerable number of bioactive compounds such as carotenoids, that can be used as ingredients in high-value products. The aim of this study was to compare orange peel extracts obtained with different green solvents (vegetable oils, fatty acids, and deep eutectic solvents (DES)). In addition, the chemical characterization of a new hydrophobic DES formed by octanoic acid and l-proline (C8:Pro) was performed. The extracts were compared in terms of carotenoid extraction, antioxidant activity by three methods, color, and environmental impact. The results confirmed that the mixture of C8:Pro is a DES and showed the highest carotenoid extraction (46.01 µg/g) compared to hexane (39.28 µg/g). The antioxidant activity was also the highest in C8:Pro (2438.8 µM TE/mL). Finally, two assessment models were used to evaluate the greenness and sustainability of the proposed extractions. These results demonstrated the potential use of orange peels in the circular economy and industry.

Asunto(s)

Antioxidantes , Citrus sinensis , Solventes/química , Antioxidantes/química , Citrus sinensis/química , Carotenoides/química , Extractos Vegetales/química

RESUMEN

The purpose of this paper was to avaliate of the concentration of hydrocolloids (low methoxyl pectin [LMP], guar gum [GG], and carrageenan gum [CG]) in low-calorie orange jellies in order to maximize the amount of bioactive compounds and antioxidant capacity, and to study the influence on degradation these compounds. A mixture design with seven tests was used to analyze the total phenolic compounds, ascorbic acid (vitamin C) and antioxidant capacity (ABTS, DPPH and ß-carotene/linoleic acid methods). The results were analyzed by response surface methodology and the Scott-Knott mean test at a significance level of 5% (p ≤ 0.05). In general, the regions containing 0.5% GG and 0.5% GC had higher levels of the variables under study, and this combination preserved the bioactive compounds and antioxidant activity of jellies in relation to that of orange juice.

Asunto(s)

Antioxidantes , Citrus sinensis , Antioxidantes/farmacología , Citrus sinensis/química , Ácido Ascórbico/farmacología , Vitaminas , Coloides

RESUMEN

The present study aimed to investigate the potential utilization of orange peel essential oil (OPEO), as a natural feed additive in poultry nutrition. The impact of incorporating OPEO into the diets of laying quails was examined with respect to various performance criteria, including feed consumption and efficiency, as well as egg production, weight, and shelf life. A total of 120 female egg quails, aged 16 weeks, were allocated into three main groups, and fed with control rations supplemented with OPEO at levels of 0 mg/kg (control group), 200 mg/kg, and 300 mg/kg. Throughout the study, egg production was monitored on a daily basis, feed consumption was recorded every two weeks, and egg weights were measured twice a week on consecutive days. Moreover, the levels of malondialdehyde, a lipid peroxidation marker, in the egg yolks were quantified. The results indicated that the inclusion of OPEO in quail rations did not exert a significant influence on feed consumption and efficiency. However, OPEO supplementation had a positive impact on egg production and weight, leading to substantial increases in both crucial performance parameters. Furthermore, the study elucidated a statistically significant impact of OPEO on the levels of malondialdehyde in the egg yolks. In summary, the incorporation of OPEO into quail diets showcased remarkable efficacy in significantly augmenting egg yield and weight, while leaving feed consumption unaffected. These results highlight the potential of utilizing OPEO as a natural feed additive to improve the performance and egg quality of laying quails in commercial production systems.(AU)

Asunto(s)

Animales , Aceites Volátiles/efectos adversos , Coturnix/fisiología , Yema de Huevo/fisiología , Citrus sinensis/química , Aditivos Alimentarios/análisis

RESUMEN

A route based on pyrolysis and physical activation with H2O and CO2 was proposed to reuse citrus waste traditionally discarded. The citrus wastes were orange peel (OP), mandarine peel (MP), rangpur lime peel (RLP), and sweet lime peel (SLP). The main aim was to use the solid products of this new route as adsorbents for Cu(II) ions. Copper ions are among the most important water pollutants due to their non-degradability, toxicity, and bioaccumulation, facilitating their inclusion and long persistence in the food chain. Besides the solid products, the liquid and gaseous fractions were evaluated for possible applications. Results showed that the citrus waste composition favored the thermochemical treatment. In addition, the following yields were obtained from the pyrolysis process: approximately 30 % wt. of biochar, 40 % wt. of non-condensable gases, and 30 % wt. of bio-oil. The biochars did not present a high specific surface area. Nevertheless, activated carbons with CO2 and H2O presented specific surface areas of 212.4 m2/g and 399.4 m2/g, respectively, and reached Cu(II) adsorption capacities of 28.2 mg g-1 and 27.8 mg g-1. The adsorption kinetic study revealed that the equilibrium was attained at 60 min and the pseudo-second-order model presented a better fit to the experimental data. The main generated gases were CO2, which could be employed as an activating agent for activated carbon production. d-limonene, used for food and medicinal purposes, was the main constituent of the bio-oil.

Asunto(s)

Citrus sinensis , Citrus , Contaminantes Químicos del Agua , Adsorción , Dióxido de Carbono , Carbón Orgánico/química , Citrus sinensis/química , Iones , Cinética , Limoneno , Pirólisis

RESUMEN

Orange fruit is one of the most popular types of fruit in the world, and its juice is the main product of its processing. This study aimed to evaluate a simple, fast, and eco-friendly methodology, atmospheric solids analysis probe mass spectrometry (ASAP-MS), to assess the chemical profile of four oranges varieties (Valencia, Folha Murcha, Pera, and Iapar). The oranges' varieties were evaluated for the physicochemical composition (extraction yield, pH, total titratable acidity, total soluble solids [TSS], °Brix), ratio (TSS/TA), and bioactive compounds (ASAP-MS analysis). The characterization of oranges resulted in great values of oranges yield according to the varieties (44.00-48.10% [w/w], adequate and characteristic acidity [0.73-1.35%], soluble solids content (10.24-13.80°Brix), pH (3.30-3.96), and ratio (7.59-19.90) level for this fruit. This powerful method showed that all analysis procedures were simple, fast, and easy because there is no need to prepare the sample and the analysis time lasted 2 min. Besides, results obtained exhibited a vast array of chemical groups. Principal component analysis (PCA) defined and distinguished the varieties of the orange. Therefore, ASAP-MS and PCA showed that they are very attractive candidates for routine analysis to monitor the varieties of the orange with its pronounced advantages, besides being contributing to the environment because it does not use any quantities of organic solvents. This methodology was applied for the first time to this type of sample.

Asunto(s)

Citrus sinensis , Citrus sinensis/química , Frutas/química , Jugos de Frutas y Vegetales , Espectrometría de Masas , Análisis de Componente Principal

RESUMEN

Hesperidin and narirutin are the major flavanones present in orange juice, and they are associated with a reduction in risk of cardiometabolic disease. However, there is heterogeneity in their biological responses, which is partly due to the large interindividual variation in these flavonoids' bioavailability. We investigated the relation between interindividual variability in the excretion of phase II conjugates and gut-derived phenolic acids, and cardiometabolic biomarkers response. Seventy-four subjects, both men and women, were included in a single-arm study. Over the 60 days, volunteers consumed 500 mL of orange juice daily. All measurements and blood collections were performed before and after the intervention period. Moreover, 24 h urine collection was performed after first consumption. Individuals were stratified according to the excretion of phase II conjugates and, for the first time, according to phenolic acids in high, medium, and low excretors. Furthermore, for the first time, the ratio between phenolic acids and flavanones-phase II conjugates has shown groups with different metabolization patterns. Groups with a low or intermediate ratio, corresponding to a higher amount of phase II conjugates excreted, showed a significant reduction in body fat % and blood pressure. This finding suggests that these improvements could be associated in a major way to flavanones-phase II conjugates, as well as to phenolic acids and stratification of volunteers according to metabolite excretions could be a good strategy to better understand the effects of orange juice on metabolism and health.

Asunto(s)

Tejido Adiposo/efectos de los fármacos , Presión Sanguínea/efectos de los fármacos , Citrus sinensis/química , Flavanonas/farmacología , Hidroxibenzoatos/farmacología , Adulto , Femenino , Jugos de Frutas y Vegetales , Humanos , Masculino , Adulto Joven

RESUMEN

Chemical and thermochemical transformations were performed on orange peel to obtain materials that were characterized and further tested to explore their potential as adsorbents for the removal of methylene blue (MB) from aqueous solutions. The results show the high potential of some of these materials for MB adsorption not only due to the surface area of the resulting substrate but also to the chemistry of the corresponding surface functional groups. Fitting of the kinetic as well as the equilibrium experimental data to different models suggests that a variety of interactions are involved in MB adsorption. The overall capacities for these substrates (larger than 192.31 mg g-1) were found to compare well with those reported for activated carbon and other adsorbents of agro-industrial origin. According to these results and complementary with theoretical study using Density Functional Theory (DFT) approximations, it was found that the most important adsorption mechanisms of MB correspond to: (i) electrostatic interactions, (ii) H-bonding, and (iii) π (MB)-π (biochar) interactions. In view of these findings, it can be concluded that adsorbent materials obtained from orange peel, constitute a good alternative for the removal of MB dye from aqueous solutions.

Asunto(s)

Citrus sinensis/química , Frutas/química , Azul de Metileno/aislamiento & purificación , Aguas Residuales/química , Contaminantes Químicos del Agua/aislamiento & purificación , Adsorción , Carbón Orgánico/química , Teoría Funcional de la Densidad , Humanos , Enlace de Hidrógeno , Concentración de Iones de Hidrógeno , Cinética , Polvos , Electricidad Estática , Residuos/análisis

RESUMEN

The present investigation aimed to provide novel information on the chemical composition and in vitro bioaccessibility of bioactive compounds from raw citrus pomaces (mandarin varieties Clemenule and Ortanique and orange varieties Navel and Valencia). The effects of the baking process on their bioaccessibility was also assessed. Samples of pomaces and biscuits containing them as an ingredient were digested, mimicking the human enzymatic oral gastrointestinal digestion process, and the composition of the digests were analyzed. UHPLC-MS/MS results of the citrus pomaces flavonoid composition showed nobiletin, hesperidin/neohesperidin, tangeretin, heptamethoxyflavone, tetramethylscutellarein, and naringin/narirutin. The analysis of the digests indicated the bioaccessibility of compounds possessing antioxidant [6.6-11.0 mg GAE/g digest, 65.5-97.1 µmol Trolox Equivalents (TE)/g digest, and 135.5-214.8 µmol TE/g digest for total phenol content (TPC), ABTS, and ORAC-FL methods, respectively; significant reduction (p < 0.05) in Reactive Oxygen Species (ROS) formation under tert-butyl hydroperoxide (1 mM)-induced conditions in IEC-6 and CCD-18Co cells when pre-treated with concentrations 5-25 µg/mL of the digests], anti-inflammatory [significant reduction (p < 0.05) in nitric oxide (NO) production in lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced RAW264.7 macrophages], and antidiabetic (IC50 3.97-11.42 mg/mL and 58.04-105.68 mg/mL for α-glucosidase and α-amylase inhibition capacities) properties in the citrus pomaces under study. In addition, orange pomace biscuits with the nutrition claims "no-added sugars" and "source of fiber", as well as those with good sensory quality (6.9-6.7, scale 1-9) and potential health promoting properties, were obtained. In conclusion, the results supported the feasibility of citrus pomace as a natural sustainable source of health-promoting compounds such as flavonoids. Unfractionated orange pomace may be employed as a functional food ingredient for reducing the risk of pathophysiological processes linked to oxidative stress, inflammation, and carbohydrate metabolism, such as diabetes, among others.

Asunto(s)

Citrus sinensis/química , Citrus/química , Extractos Vegetales/química , Extractos Vegetales/farmacología , Animales , Antiinflamatorios/química , Antiinflamatorios/farmacología , Antioxidantes/química , Línea Celular , Cromatografía Líquida de Alta Presión/métodos , Digestión/fisiología , Flavonoides/química , Flavonoides/farmacología , Frutas/química , Tracto Gastrointestinal/fisiología , Humanos , Ratones , Estrés Oxidativo/efectos de los fármacos , Células RAW 264.7 , Espectrometría de Masas en Tándem/métodos

RESUMEN

Fermentable fibres are used in commercial dog food to promote intestinal health by providing substrates for better metabolic activity of the gut microbiota. Brazil is the world's largest producer of oranges, from which it is possible to obtain fibre with a relevant soluble fraction. The present study compared the effects of two inclusions of orange fibre (1% and 3%, on as fed basis) with a negative control (without addition of fibre source) and two positive controls, beet pulp (3%) and purified inulin (1%), totalling five extruded diets for dogs. The experiment followed a randomised block design with 4 blocks of 10 dogs, 2 dogs per food in each block, totalling 8 dogs per diet. The apparent total tract nutrient digestibility was determined by total faecal collection. Faecal pH and fermentation product content were also measured. The digesta mean retention time (DMRT) was evaluated using plastic markers. The inclusion of a 3% fibre source in diets with 3% orange fibre and beet pulp reduced DM, OM, and energy digestibility (p < 0.05). Diets with 3% orange fibre, beet pulp and 1% inulin presented lower crude protein digestibility than the control (p < 0.05). Dietary fibre digestibility was higher for orange fibre-supplemented diets than inulin (p < 0.05). Beet pulp and 3% orange fibre inclusions resulted in increased moisture content in the faeces of dogs (p < 0.05) but did not alter DMRT. Total short-chain fatty acids were higher than the control in the faeces of dogs fed both orange fibre levels and the beet pulp-supplemented diet (p < 0.05), and the inulin diet-fed dogs presented intermediate values. Butyrate was higher in the faeces of dogs fed the diets supplemented with 1% and 3% orange fibre (p < 0.05), and similar values to the control were observed for beet pulp- and inulin-fed animals. Thus, it was concluded that orange fibre presented higher apparent total tract dietary fibre digestibility than beet pulp and had a fermentation profile in the colon that promoted the generation of butyrate, an effect not observed for inulin and beet pulp.

Asunto(s)

Citrus sinensis/química , Fibras de la Dieta/metabolismo , Digestión , Perros/fisiología , Heces/química , Fermentación , Contenido Digestivo/química , Nutrientes/fisiología , Alimentación Animal/análisis , Fenómenos Fisiológicos Nutricionales de los Animales , Animales , Dieta/veterinaria , Suplementos Dietéticos/análisis , Femenino , Masculino , Distribución Aleatoria

RESUMEN

This study reports the preparation of microspheres of pectin and magnetite nanoparticles coated by chitosan to encapsulate and deliver drugs. Magnetic-pectin microspheres were obtained by ionotropic gelation followed by polyelectrolyte complexation with chitosan. Characterization data show that magnetite changes the physicochemical and morphological properties of the microspheres compared to the non-magnetic samples. Using metamizole (Mtz) as a drug model, the magnetic microspheres showed appreciable encapsulation efficiency (85 %). Release experiments performed in simulated gastric (pH 1.2) and intestinal (pH 6.8) fluids suggested that the release process is pH-dependent. At pH 6.8, the Mtz release is favored achieving 75 % after 12 h. The application of an external magnetic field increased the release to 91 % at pH 6.8, indicating that the release also is magnetic-dependent. The results suggest that the magnetic microspheres based on pectin/chitosan biopolymers show the potential to be used as a multi-responsive drug delivery system.

Asunto(s)

Quitosano/química , Dipirona/química , Sistemas de Liberación de Medicamentos/métodos , Nanopartículas de Magnetita/química , Microesferas , Pectinas/química , Animales , Biopolímeros/química , Citrus sinensis/química , Composición de Medicamentos/métodos , Liberación de Fármacos , Contenido Digestivo/química , Geles/química , Humanos , Concentración de Iones de Hidrógeno , Campos Magnéticos , Espectroscopía Infrarroja por Transformada de Fourier/métodos

RESUMEN

Annually, millions of tons of foods are generated with the purpose to feed the growing world population. One particular eatable is orange, the production of which in 2018 was 75.54 Mt. One way to valorize the orange residue is to produce bioethanol by fermenting the reducing sugars generated from orange peel. Hence, the objective of the present work was to determine the experimental conditions to obtain the maximum yield of reducing sugars from orange peel using a diluted acid hydrolysis process. A proximate and chemical analysis of the orange peel were conducted. For the hydrolysis, two factorial designs were prepared to measure the glucose and fructose concentration with the 3,5-DNS acid method and UV-Visible spectroscopy. The factors were acid concentration, temperature and hydrolysis time. After the hydrolysis, the orange peel samples were subjected to an elemental SEM-EDS analysis. The results for the orange peel were 73.530% of moisture, 99.261% of volatiles, 0.052% of ash, 0.687% of fixed carbon, 19.801% of lignin, 69.096% of cellulose and 9.015% of hemicellulose. The highest concentration of glucose and fructose were 24.585 and 9.709 g/L, respectively. The results highlight that sugar production is increased by decreasing the acid concentration.

Asunto(s)

Carbohidratos/química , Citrus sinensis/metabolismo , Residuos/análisis , Carbohidratos/aislamiento & purificación , Citrus sinensis/química , Fermentación , Hidrólisis , Temperatura

RESUMEN

A dynamic system mimicking the gastrointestinal tract (GIT) conditions (fluids, pH, temperature, and residence time) was used to evaluate the behavior of Bacillus coagulans GBI-30, 6086 (BC) incorporated in yogurt and orange juice. BC counts were monitored in samples collected before the in vitro digestion, after initial contact with gastric fluids (30 min), static (1 h 15 min) and dynamic (2 h) stages in the gastric compartment, static (3 h) and dynamic (4 h) stages in the duodenal compartment, static (5 h) and dynamic (6 h) stages in the jejunal compartment, and after digestion. BC presented high survival in juice and yogurt over the digestion stages. The number of decimal reductions (γ) of BC caused by exposure to simulated GIT conditions was ≥0.89 in orange juice and ≥1.17 in yogurt. No differences (p ≥ 0.05) were observed on the survival of BC among the samples collected over the digestion in juice or yogurt, or between these matrices. After the in vitro digestion, BC counts were ≥7 log CFU/mL or g. Results show the great survival of BC under GIT conditions and suggest both, juice and yogurt as appropriate carries for delivering this probiotic to the diet. The semi-dynamic in vitro system was easily built and to operate, comprising an intermediate approach to assess the resistance of probiotic or potentially probiotic strains under simulated gut conditions.

Asunto(s)

Bacillus coagulans/crecimiento & desarrollo , Citrus sinensis/química , Jugos de Frutas y Vegetales/microbiología , Probióticos/análisis , Yogur/microbiología , Bacillus coagulans/fisiología , Citrus sinensis/microbiología , Digestión , Humanos , Viabilidad Microbiana , Modelos Biológicos , Estómago/microbiología

RESUMEN

Large interindividual variations in the biological response to citrus flavanones have been observed, and this could be associated with high variations in their bioavailability. The aim of this study was to identify the main determinants underlying interindividual differences in citrus flavanone metabolism and excretion. In a randomized cross-over study, non-obese and obese volunteers, aged 19-40 years, ingested single doses of Pera and Moro orange juices, and urine was collected for 24 h. A large difference in the recovery of the urinary flavanone phase II metabolites was observed, with hesperetin-sulfate and hesperetin-sulfo-O-glucuronide being the major metabolites. Subjects were stratified according to their total excretion of flavanone metabolites as high, medium, and low excretors, but the expected correlation with the microbiome was not observed at the genus level. A second stratification was proposed according to phase II flavanone metabolism, whereby participants were divided into two excretion groups: Profiles A and B. Profile B individuals showed greater biotransformation of hesperetin-sulfate to hesperetin-sulfo-O-glucuronide, as well as transformation of flavanone-monoglucuronide to the respective diglucuronides, suggestive of an influence of polymorphisms on UDP-glucuronosyltransferase. In conclusion, this study proposes a new stratification of volunteers based on their metabolic profiles. Gut microbiota composition and polymorphisms of phase II enzymes may be related to the interindividual variability of metabolism.

Asunto(s)

Citrus sinensis , Flavanonas/metabolismo , Jugos de Frutas y Vegetales/análisis , Metaboloma , Adulto , Variación Biológica Individual , Citrus sinensis/química , Estudios Cruzados , Flavanonas/análisis , Flavanonas/orina , Microbioma Gastrointestinal/genética , Humanos , ARN Ribosómico 16S/genética , Adulto Joven

RESUMEN

BACKGROUND: Orange bagasse (OB) is an agroindustrial residue of great economic importance that has been little explored for the extraction of cellulose. The present study aimed to investigate different combinations of chemical (sodium hydroxide, peracetic acid and alkaline peroxide) and physical (autoclaving and ultrasonication) treatments performed in one-step processes for cellulose extraction from OB and to characterize the materials obtained according to their composition, morphology, crystallinity and thermal stability. RESULTS: The processing yields ranged from 140 to 820 g kg-1 , with a recovery of 720-1000 g kg-1 of the original cellulose. Treatments promoted morphological changes in the fiber structure, resulting in materials with higher porosity, indicating partial removal of the noncellulosic fractions. The use of combined chemical treatments (NaOH and peracetic acid) with autoclaving was more efficient for obtaining samples with the highest cellulose contents. CONCLUSION: Therefore, ACSH (processed by autoclaving with NaOH) was the most effective one-step treatment, resulting in 71.1% cellulose, 0% hemicellulose and 19.0% lignin, with a crystallinity index of 42%. The one-step treatments were able to obtain materials with higher cellulose contents and yields, reducing reaction times and the quantity of chemical reagents employed in the overall processes compared to multistep conventional processes. © 2020 Society of Chemical Industry.

Asunto(s)

Celulosa/aislamiento & purificación , Fraccionamiento Químico/métodos , Citrus sinensis/química , Extractos Vegetales/aislamiento & purificación , Residuos/análisis , Celulosa/química , Frutas/química , Hidrólisis , Lignina/química , Lignina/aislamiento & purificación , Ácido Peracético/química , Extractos Vegetales/química , Polisacáridos/química , Polisacáridos/aislamiento & purificación , Hidróxido de Sodio/química

RESUMEN

Native extracts from orange peels were obtained by a conventional method using acetone and, an alternative method using ionic liquid (1-butyl-3-methylimidazolium chloride ([C4mim]Cl)). The bioaccessibilities and cellular uptakes of carotenoids, esters and chlorophylls were evaluated, since the influence of esterification on bioaccessibility and bioavailability is not well established. For this, the extracts were emulsified, submitted to in vitro simulated digestion model according to the INFOGEST protocol, followed by uptake by Caco-2 cells. Compounds were separated, identified and quantified by HPLC-PDA-MS/MS. After digestion, 22.0% and 26.2% of the total carotenoids and 45.9% and 68.7% of the chlorophylls were bioaccessible from the acetone and [C4mim]Cl extracts, respectively. The bioaccessibilities of xanthophylls and carotenes were significantly higher than those of the mono- and diesters. The uptake by Caco-2 cells varied from 130.2 to 131.9 ng/mg cell protein for total carotenoids and from 243.8 to 234.2 ng/mg cell protein for chlorophylls in the acetone and [C4mim]Cl extracts, respectively. In general, xanthophylls and esters were better absorbed than carotenes.

Asunto(s)

Carotenoides/farmacocinética , Fraccionamiento Químico/métodos , Clorofila/farmacocinética , Citrus sinensis/química , Disponibilidad Biológica , Células CACO-2 , Carotenoides/análisis , Carotenoides/aislamiento & purificación , Clorofila/análisis , Clorofila/aislamiento & purificación , Cromatografía Líquida de Alta Presión , Digestión , Ésteres/farmacocinética , Frutas/química , Humanos , Líquidos Iónicos/química , Extractos Vegetales/química , Extractos Vegetales/aislamiento & purificación , Extractos Vegetales/farmacocinética , Espectrometría de Masas en Tándem , Xantófilas/análisis , Xantófilas/aislamiento & purificación , Xantófilas/farmacocinética